English Language Lessons

English Language Lessons
*Politically Incorrect Opinion Texts: https://drjamesmanos.blogspot.com/2022/03/politically-incorrect-opinion-texts-of.html *Τexts with Ηealth-related Τopics: https://mymedicaltexts.blogspot.com *Herbs & Supplements: https://herbsanddietarysupplementsdatabase.blogspot.com *Source for the image (free to use): Hypothetical flag quartering the British and American flags (January 11, 2009). Author: Lunar Dragoon. Source: Wikipedia Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK-US_flag.png

Sunday, September 29, 2019

TIPS for English (61): Words (III)



Drone (My comment: I know that you all know the small aircraft, but this word has other meanings as well that are mentioned here!) = (noun) A low continuous humming sound. Synonyms: hum, buzz.// For car exhaust drone See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EV0vqjWyLik and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEQY_N_8ZHc  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrioaI1HcFQ // e.g., He nodded off to the drone of the car engine.// e.g., Across the Channel the night thundered with the drone of 1,600 planes.// e.g., ‘We were silent for a few moments, the drone of the lesson buzzing like a fly in my ears.’ // A male bee in a colony of social bees, which does not work but can fertilize a queen. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Drone_bee_%2832-image_macro_stack%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Drohn_im_Flug_08-3.jpg  and (drone honey bee)  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Onhfrh2diTo and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wp0nIyShw50 // e.g., According to scientific descriptions, a honeybee colony consists of one queen, several thousand worker bees, and at certain times of the year, a few to several thousand drones, or male bees./// A fertile male ant ((*****) for this definition)./// (also known as unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)) A remote-controlled pilotless aircraft or missile. For drone army aircraft See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjWwmZ0JHqA and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_%28cropped%29.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/S-100-OE-VXX.jpg   and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Anakonda_2012_03.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg For a drone firing a missile See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lt9CDMd3yt8 For a recreational drone See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/MQ-9_Reaper_in_flight_%282007%29.jpg For a quadcopter drone See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Ardrone-img5-front.jpg   For a parcel delivery drone See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Connect_Robotics_Delivery_Drone.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flirtey%27s_Kitty_Hawk_Moment.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Package_copter_microdrones_dhl.jpg  For an ambulance drone See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-rEI4bezWc   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DvublZZ5fqU   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nd7NSKZVKew /// (informal) A monotonous speech; e.g., Only fourteen minutes of the hour-long drone had passed.// e.g., ‘So,  when I reach my classroom, I listen to the monotonous drone of the teacher.’ // e.g., A continuous musical note of low pitch; e.g., The drone rose by a third to A./// A musical instrument, or part of one, sounding a continuous note of low pitch, in particular (also drone pipe) a pipe in a bagpipe or (also drone string) a string in an instrument such as a hurdy-gurdy or a sitar.////  A person who does no useful work and lives off others (My comment: like the suitors (suitor = a woman's lover with a view to marriage) of Penelope in Homer's Odyssey!); e.g., The University takes all the profit and redistributes it to drones like him.// e.g., Angry mindless drones swarm in and complain about the review because they're too dense to realize it’s a joke.//// (verb) Make a continuous low humming sound; e.g., In the far distance a machine droned.// e.g., The low, humming buzz from the many computer screens droned constantly on.///  Speak tediously (= in a boring way that continues for a long time (*)) in a dull monotonous tone; e.g., He reached for another beer while Jack droned on.// e.g., Mr. Smith continued droning on about the Samurai warriors./// (with adverbial of direction) Move with a continuous humming sound; e.g., Traffic droned up and down the street.// e.g., ‘There are bumblebees buzzing and droning around my spring flowers.’

Rag-and-tatter = (adjective) Full of or characterized by rags and tatters, ragged. See http://www.oogaboogastore.com/shop/books/img/Boro-RagsAndTattersD1.jpg
(In) tatters (pronounced ˈtæt.əz) = (plural noun) (especially of cloth) badly torn. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4TAkCk4abY  // e.g., His clothes were old and in tatters.// e.g., Her clothes were in tatters (= torn apart).// e.g., Their footwear had been in tatters, with no possibility of any repair./// Badly damaged or completely spoiled; e.g., After the newspaper story appeared his reputation was in tatters.// e.g., Not only was the global economy in tatters, but international relations were incredibly strained.// e.g., The war has also left our theatre education system in tatters and the training of actors has been seriously affected (*).
Ghastly (pronounced ˈɡɑːst.li in British English and ˈɡæst.li in North American English) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (adjective) Causing great horror or fear; e.g., One of the ghastliest crimes ever committed.// e.g., But the horror was just too ghastly to verbalize.// e.g., It was a ghastly crime ((**) for the 3rd example)..///  Extremely unwell; e.g., He had sobered (sober = make or become sober  (= not drunk) after drinking alcohol) up, but he felt ghastly./// Deathly white; e.g., A ghastly pallor.// e.g., ‘You look ghastly - are you okay?’ ((**) for the 3rd example)./// (informal) (UK English) Very objectionable, bad, or unpleasant; e.g., The weather was ghastly.// e.g., It was all a ghastly mistake.// e.g., ‘I thought her outfit was ghastly’ ((**) for the last 2 examples).
Pickaxe (pickax in North American English) (pronounced ˈpɪkaks) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) a tool for breaking hard surfaces, with a long wooden handle and a curved metal bar with a sharp point. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Pickaxe.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pickaxe.jpg/1200px-Pickaxe.jpg and   http://www.dhresource.com/0x0s/f2-albu-g4-M00-39-07-rBVaEVc24X2AN2gUAAShW2AHoOA679.jpg/35cm-mini-camping-pickaxe-wood-handle-powerful.jpg  /// Note: A pickaxe handle (also called a "pick handle" or "pick helve") without the head is sometimes used, often unofficially, as a baton; e.g., in the British Army (*****). See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Aa_flyingwedge_plain.jpg and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickaxe#/media/File:Aa_flyingwedge_plain.jpg  and https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0775/4789/products/British-Army-Pickaxe-_3_1024x1024.jpg?v=1490882941
Chisel (pronounced ˈtʃɪz.(ə)l) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) A long-bladed hand tool with a beveled cutting edge and a handle which is struck with a hammer or mallet, used to cut or shape wood, stone, or metal. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/CHISEL.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Carving_tools_2.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Chisel.jpeg and http://www.irwin.com/uploads/products/large/marples-construction-chisel-1455.jpg // e.g., ‘Cut away the tiles (tile = a thin rectangular slab of baked clay, concrete, or other material, used in overlapping rows for covering roofs) with a broad-bladed steel chisel.’
Splitting maul (pronounced mɔːl) (beware of the pronunciation!) (also known as a blockbuster, block splitter, sledge ax, go-devil or hamaxe) = a heavy, long-handled ax (US English (‘axe’ in British English)) used for splitting a piece of wood along its grain. One side of its head is like a sledgehammer, and the other side is like an ax (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Maul-1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Monster_Maul.jpg 
Mattock (pronounced ˈmatək) = (noun) An agricultural tool shaped like a pickaxe, with an adze and a chisel edge at the ends of the head. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cutter_mattock.jpg/1200px-Cutter_mattock.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Mattocking.jpg
Sledgehammer = (noun) a tool with a large, flat, often metal head, attached to a long handle. The shape of its head allows a sledgehammer to apply more force than other hammers of similar size. Along with the mallet, it shares the ability to distribute force over a wide area. This contrasts with other types of hammers, which concentrate force in a relatively small area (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Hammer_straight_pane_sledge.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Sledgehammers-1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/SVG_Drilling_Hammer.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Verlegung_Stolperstein_Rathaus_K%C3%B6ln_-_Mei%C3%9Fel_und_F%C3%A4ustel.webm and (sledgehammer workout by a Croatian guy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fatkkmx_bXE
Maul (pronounced mɔːl) (as a tool) = (noun) may refer to any number of large hammers, including: War hammer, a medieval weapon. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Indo-Persian_war_hammer.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/OHM_-_Streithammer.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Paolo_Uccello_037.jpg  //// Post maul, a type of sledgehammer (mentioned above).//// Spike maul, a railroad hand tool. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Ray_Lyman_Wilbur_with_first_spike_from_Boulder_Dam_cph.3b21644.jpg //// Splitting maul, a heavy wood-splitting tool resembling both ax and hammer. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Monster_Maul.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Maul-1.jpg
Mallet (pronounced ˈmalɪt) = (noun) A hammer with a large, usually wooden head. See (rubber mallet) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Mallet.jpg and (wooden mallet) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Wooden_mallet.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Kn%C3%BCpfel_retouched.jpg and (copper mallet) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Round_copper_mallet.JPG //// A long-handled wooden stick with a head like a hammer, used for hitting a croquet (game) or polo ball.///// A wooden stick with a padded head, used for hitting percussion instruments. Mallet percussion includes: xylophone, glockenspiel (or bells), vibraphone, marimba, metallophone, crotales, balafon, aluphone ((*****) for the mallet percussion). See (crotales and glockenspiel) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Crotales1.jpg and (playing the vibraphone using four mallets) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Wolfgang_Lackerschmid-Unterfahrt-2011-07-14-001.jpg and (pixiphone) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Pixiphone_N.52.jpg //// A  small-tree form of Eucalyptus found in Western Australia ((*****) for this definition). See (both images show a ‘swamp mallet’) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Eucalyptus_spathulata.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Eucalyptus_spathulata_-_Leaning_Pine_Arboretum_-_DSC05517.JPG
Bevel (pronounced ˈbev.əl) = (noun) A slope from the horizontal or vertical in carpentry and stonework; a sloping surface or edge. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Bevel_%28PSF%29.png  // e.g., A very small 45° bevel is ground on the top surface.// e.g., ‘Push toward and diagonally across the sharp edge, maintaining the factory bevel.’ /// A tool for marking angles in carpentry and stonework./// (verb) (often as adjective bevelled (or beveled in North American English); pronounced  ˈbev.əld) = reduce a square edge on an object to a sloping edge; e.g., A beveled mirror.// e.g., The quality and finish of the cooler is very good, the base is smooth and the edges are even beveled nicely.// e.g., Pads should have beveled edges and a curved rear edge.// e.g., There are available needles with a beveled tip or a sharp tip.
Provision = (mass noun) The action of providing or supplying something for use; e.g., New contracts for the provision of services./// Provision for/ against = financial or other arrangements for future eventualities or requirements; e.g., Farmers have been slow to make provision for their retirement.// e.g., But it is the duty of government to make provision for the future and to keep its citizens equipped to compete in a globalized market./// (countable noun) An amount set aside out of profits in the accounts of an organization for a known liability (= a thing for which someone is responsible, especially an amount of money owed; pronounced lʌɪəˈbɪlɪti), especially a bad debt or the diminution (= a reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something) in value of an asset; e.g., He also warned against taking the company's bad debt provisions at face value./// An amount or thing supplied or provided; e.g., Changing levels of transport provision.// e.g., The Scandinavians have tended to favor high taxation rates with correspondingly high levels of social provision./// Provisions = supplies of food, drink, or equipment, especially for a journey; e.g., ''Please be aware that you bring all your food and drinks, provisions will not be made.'' // e.g., There's just enough time to buy provisions for the journey before the long-dormant sleeper train pulls up./// (countable noun) A condition or requirement in a legal document; e.g., ''If you want me to proceed to trial in respect of Mr. Smith then under the provisions of the Law Society guidelines I am required to notify you of my terms of business.'' // e.g., The first private prosecution under the provisions of the 1989 Water Act./// (countable noun) (Christian Church) (historical) An appointment to a benefice, especially directly by the Pope rather than by the patron, and originally before it became vacant; e.g., ''Let us take another medieval example, the case of papal provisions in medieval England.'' /// (verb with object) Supply with food, drink, or equipment, especially for a journey; e.g., Civilian contractors were responsible for provisioning these armies./// (as noun ''provisioning'') e.g., The provisioning of US ships./// (verb; no object) Set aside an amount in an organization's accounts for a known liability; e.g., Financial institutions have to provision against loan losses.

Provisional = (adjective) for the present time but likely to change; temporary; e.g., A provisional government.// e.g., These dates are only provisional.// e.g., A provisional compromise has been reached in this case, which forms the basis for the future bill.

Pertinent (pronounced ˈpəːtɪnənt) = (adjective) Relevant or applicable to a particular matter; apposite; e.g., He asked me a lot of very pertinent questions.// e.g., Practitioners must consider all factors pertinent to a situation.// e.g., ‘That leads me to another point in the fight against crime that is very pertinent to the discussion.’ // e.g., It is pertinent that all parties involved in the peace process remain engaged.
Apposite (pronounced ˈapəzɪt) (beware of the pronunciation!) (not to be confused with ‘opposite’) = (adverb) Apt (= appropriate or suitable in the circumstances) in the circumstances or in relation to something// suitable and right for the occasion; e.g., An apposite phrase/ remark.// e.g., The film starts in a graveyard, an apposite image for the decaying society which is the theme of the film ((*) for the second part of the definition and the first 2 examples). e.g., An apposite quotation (= a group of words taken from a text or speech and repeated by someone other than the original author or speaker).// e.g., The observations are apposite to the discussion.// e.g., ‘It couldn't have come at a more apposite moment!’ // e.g., ‘What could be more apposite, more relevant to our predicament (= a difficult, unpleasant, or embarrassing situation) as a nation, today?’
Privation (pronounced prʌɪˈveɪʃ(ə)n) (beware of the pronunciation!) (not related to /private/) = (mass noun) A state in which food and other essentials for well-being are lacking; e.g., Years of rationing and privation.// e.g., (countable noun) e.g., The privations of life at the front.// e.g.,  It is true that the Scottish health service has not suffered the privations reported in London, for instance.// e.g., ‘I arrived in blitzed London - no heating, rationing, all the privations of the day.’ /// (formal) The loss or absence of a quality or attribute that is normally present; e.g., Cold is the privation of heat.// e.g., It points to a privation of being, to the absence of moral, spiritual being, in Panurge.

Libido [pronounced lɪˈbiː.dəʊ (ləˈbiː.doʊ in North American English)] (beware of the pronunciation!) (plural = libidos) (My comment: I know that you know this word; just mentioning it for the pronunciation!) = (noun) sexual desire; sex drive; e.g., Loss of libido.

Strand = (adjective) (of a boat, sailor, or sea creature) Left aground on a shore. For a stranded cruise ship See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0fI-rSJTis   For aa stranded shipwrecked See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fURFAodAj18 For stranded people in Puerto Rico (that was struck (or hit) by Hurricane Maria) See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-59WpjF0TM  For the rescue of stranded dolphins See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2BiMEeirC_M and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekmMD8oYtJ0  For stranded whales See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7t3xN53J0-c  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uxrg5HRAQaM // e.g., A stranded whale.// e.g., The ships were stranded in shallow (= of little depth) water.// e.g., Quantities of sea creatures were left stranded./// (of a thread, rope, or similar) Arranged in single thin lengths twisted together. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Cut_splice.PNG  and http://whatknot.tripod.com/knots/rope1.gif and http://www.lamhongs.com.sg/images/products/steelwirerope_construction.jpg   e.g., Stranded cotton./// (verb) Drive or leave (a boat, sailor, or sea creature) aground on a shore e.g., The ships were stranded in shallow water.


Aground = (adjective) (concerning a ship) on or onto the bottom in shallow (= of little depth) water. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lp6a7yyIFeM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqYeFcYcEdY // (as an adverb) e.g., The ships must slow to avoid running aground./// (as a predicative adjective) e.g., A cargo ship aground in the Pentland Firth.// e.g., The tanker ran aground and leaked 10 million gallons of crude oil ((**) for the last example).

Iteration (pronounced ɪtəˈreɪʃ(ə)n) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) The repetition of a process or utterance (= a spoken word, statement, or vocal sound); e.g., The most dramatic iteration came on the floor of the Senate when he made it the centerpiece of a carefully prepared 15-minute oration.// e.g., Of course, the announcements were largely iterations of existing products and concepts.// e.g., ‘Start with a relatively simple service and move forward in short iterations.’ //// The process of doing something again and again, usually to improve it, or one of the times you do it; e.g., The repetition and iteration that goes on in designing something.// e.g., The software is on its 4th iteration.//// (mathematics, computing) An amount that you get when you use a mathematical rule several times ((**) for the previous 2 definitions & their examples).

Oration (Note: the public speaker is called ''orator,'' pronounced ˈɒr.ə.tər (beware of the pronunciation!)) = (noun) A formal speech, especially one given on a ceremonial occasion. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Maccari-Cicero.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6lsiUwSmLc and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4JDAdB4ygE For Pericles’ funeral oration See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2pTCIiFD2Q and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48IQRInj1cw   // e.g., They've done mock interviews, funeral orations, series of imagined letters from the famous person to a grandchild, or from an invented friend to the famous person.// e.g., Pericles’ (pronounced ˈpɛrɪkliːz) famous funeral oration.// e.g., Many leaders spoke at the conference, and he summarizes a number of their orations.

Gobble = (verb) Eat something hurriedly and noisily. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdEs8pEfbN8  // e.g., He gobbled up a burger./// (of a male turkey) Make a characteristic swallowing sound in the throat. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gHhHH7pwYE For a guy gobbling at turkeys that reply by gobbling See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9zvgcOrTtw // e.g., Back in 1505, turkeys were still gobbling innocently around America (My comment: they still do before ending up roasted as the main meal of the Thanksgiving dinner!)

Beverage (pronounced ˈbɛv(ə)rɪdʒ) (beware of the pronunciation!)) = (noun) a drink, especially one other than water. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Aufse%C3%9F_Bier.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/White_Wine_Glas.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Champagne_flute_and_bottle.jpg  and https://www.azamaraclubcruises.com/sites/default/files/heros/beverage-packages_12.jpg and http://www.ddwcolor.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/beverages-colored.jpg // e.g., In this country each individual is free to decide whether or not to drink an alcoholic beverage.// e.g., ''You would not believe what an infinite (= impossible to measure or calculate) variety of alcoholic beverages are out there!''

Moat = (noun) A deep, wide ditch surrounding a castle, fort, or town, typically filled with water and intended as a defense against attack. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Baddesley.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Castle_moat_and_watermill_Steinfurt.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Naarden_kl.JPG  and  https://wonderopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1468_F_1.jpg  and https://i2.wp.com/www.exploring-castles.com/image-files/beaumaris_castle_autumn.jpg?resize=512%2C384 // e.g., Think of a castle with a deep moat and a dozen cannon on the turrets./// (verb with object) (often as adjective ''moated'') = Surround a place with a moat e.g., A moated castle.// e.g., In August 1552 the young Tsar led a Russian army of 150,000 soldiers to besiege Kazan, a walled and moated town set on a hill.

Storm (as a verb) = (as a verb with object) (of troops) Suddenly attack and capture a building or other place using force. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n75PgMSxAOw For the storming of the Bastille See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Prise_de_la_Bastille%2C_H._Jannin%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9%26volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizille.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Lallemand_-_Arrestation_du_gouverneur_de_la_Bastille_-_1790.jpg  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eWhu2jQaIs   // e.g., Commandos (SWAT team) stormed a hijacked plane early today.// e.g., About 15,000 Canadians stormed the beaches that day, with 350 losing their lives and hundreds more wounded (My comment: I guess it refers to the D-Day, also known as the Normandy landings).

Cycle (or Bicycle) Rickshaw (pronounced ˈrɪkʃɔː) (or ricksha) = (noun) (in South Asia) A three-wheeled bicycle for public hire, with a covered seat for passengers behind the driver. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Cycle_rickshaw_Beijing.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Cycle_rickshaw_in_Hanoi.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Rickshaw_Thailand.JPG                                            For an auto-rickshaw See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Tuk-tuk_in_Nairobi_2.JPG

Otter (pronounced ɒt.ə(r)) = (noun) A semi-aquatic fish-eating mammal of the weasel family, with an elongated body, dense fur, and webbed feet. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Otter_in_Southwold.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Fischotter%2C_Lutra_Lutra.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Giantotter.jpg For people swimming with otters See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMfYfoBxOVM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQ7503tokT0 /// A piece of board used to carry fishing bait in the water.

Billhook = (noun) A tool having a sickle-shaped blade with a sharp inner edge, used for pruning (prune = to cut off branches from a tree, bush, or plant, especially so that it will grow better in the future) or lopping branches or other vegetation. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Devon_Billhook.jpg/1200px-Devon_Billhook.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Antique_billhooks_at_Ludlow_market.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Kentish_billhooks_2027_3.jpg  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhqYy4P_w3I and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQwWCZWVxuk  [My comment: this tool is like a machete!]

Lop (pronounced lɑp) = (verb) Cut off a branch, limb, or other protrusion from the main body of a tree. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue3wL6CsD4w and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzVMWRrbBUE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM2ASNqGAyQ // e.g., They lopped off more branches to save the tree.// e.g., Big branches and branches only on the side of overhanging wires are lopped off, leaving the tree unbalanced./// Remove branches from a tree; e.g., They had lopped some trees without permission./// (informal) Remove something regarded as unnecessary or burdensome; e.g., The new rail link lops an hour off journey times.// e.g., ‘This gives me even more incentive (= motivation) to do the Swimathon (= an open water swimming event) as the training will help lop off a few pounds.’ //// Hang loosely or limply; droop; e.g., A stomach that lopped over his belt./// (noun) Branches and twigs (twig = a slender woody shoot growing from a branch or stem of a tree or shrub) lopped off trees; e.g., The discarded lop and top is a potential source of wood fuel.// e.g., In many forests they took the lop and top, and in some cases the stump, of trees.

Vendor (ˈven.də(r)) = (noun) A person or company offering something for sale, especially a trader in the street; a seller. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaNXJzLLs-U and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAfi5By9h4Y  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfQFBHXH-I4  and  https://cdn.newsday.com/polopoly_fs/1.12146557.1470661177!/httpImage/image.JPG_gen/derivatives/landscape_1280/image.JPG and http://bsmib.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/30.06.2015.jpg // e.g., An Italian ice cream vendor.// e.g., A vendors selling snacks.// e.g. She’s been working as a street vendor selling fruits and vegetables.// e.g., In Peru's informal economic sector, street vendors sell anything from food to flowers./// (vender in American English) A company or person that sells a particular product; e.g., They are the nation’s leading vendor of organic dairy products.// e.g., Software vendors.// e.g., Street vendors sell hot dogs outside the museum ((*) for this definition))./// (Law) The seller in a sale, especially of property; e.g., He must be sure that the vendor of the property is really entitled to sell it.// e.g., The purchaser and vendor need to agree on the details of the contract ((**) for the last example).

Vending machine = an automated machine that provides items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes and lottery tickets to consumers after money, a credit card, or specially designed card is inserted into the machine. Vending machines exist in many countries, and in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created and provided to consumers (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/CandiesVendingMachine1952.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/%E9%A7%84%E8%8F%93%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%8B%E3%81%95%E3%82%93_%283430471083%29.jpg and (selling parking tickets) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Pardubice%2C_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD_Republiky%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_automat_%2801%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/HK_Sunday_night_West_Kln_Promenade_Food_Vending_Machine_%E5%B0%8F%E9%A3%9F_01.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBuLzMEXfDk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZmUuRG87sU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev93FNJy7Ws

Fair (pronounced feər) (as a noun and as an adjective with a meaning other than ‘right’) = (adjective) (of skin) pale, or (of hair) pale yellow or gold.// For fair hair (blond on males and blonde on females) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Lucy_Merriam.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Monroecirca1953.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Young_blond_man.jpg  For fair complexion See  http://haircolorsidea.com/wp-content/uploads/imgp/blonde-hair-colors-for-fair-skin-2-3986.jpg   and http://www.beststylo.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/fair-clear-skin.jpg /// e.g., She got fair hair and blue eyes.// e.g., He is fair-haired.// e.g., All my family are fair skinned./// (adjective) (before a noun) Quite large; e.g., ‘We’ve had a fair amount of rain this week.’// e.g., We had a fair number of applicants.// e.g., We've come a long way, but there's still a fair way (= quite a long distance) to go./// (adjective) (after a verb) Neither very good nor very bad; (My comment: i.e., moderate) e.g., Films are rated on a scale of poor, fair good and excellent.// e.g., ‘I was fair at science but it was never my thing.’/// (adjective) (before a noun) (of an idea, guess, or chance) good, but not excellent; e.g., ‘I think I've got a fair idea of (= I understand reasonably well) what you want.’ /// (adjective) (of weather) pleasant and dry; e.g., Fair-weather was forecast for the following day./// (adjective) (old use or literary) (of a woman) Beautiful; e.g., A fair maiden (= a girl or young woman, especially an unmarried one (dated))./// (noun) A large public event where goods are bought and sold, usually from tables that have been specially arranged for the event, and where there is often entertainment. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaDp1vLLgyw  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=px6eXLirD-M     and    http://www.ustopwines.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/wine-fair.jpg       // e.g., ‘I bought a wooden salad bowl at the local craft fair.’//// Also known as Funfair (UK English) or carnival (US English) = an outside event where you can ride on large machines for pleasure and play games to win prizes. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/2008Overview1.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Goose_Fair_Roundabout.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/1590_Mostaert_Dorfkirmes_anagoria.JPG and http://www2.pictures.zimbio.com/gi/Tight+Economy+Local+Fairs+Provide+Summer+Entertainment+8zxqhbXmTMal.jpg and http://all4desktop.com/data_images/original/4249016-fair.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlVhCqyn5fk and  https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/b6/9c/c0/b69cc0cb1bdb1c85561a2a5c21037006.jpg and http://www.leedsguide.co.uk/wp-content/themes/sharp/timthumb.php?src=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leedsguide.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2Ffull_20782_101943.jpg&q=90&w=750&h=420&zc=1    /// A large show at which people who work in a particular industry meet, and sell and advertise their products; e.g., A book/ antiques/ toy fair./// Also known as Cattle/ agriculture fair (UK English) or County/ state fair (US English) = a public event in the countryside where farm animals and farm products are sold. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IlzLaueza4  and   http://news.ai/ref/images/99agrifair01.jpg and http://sandeepachetan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/tumblr_mz2dfd2zfh1s2js0yo1_1280-e1391487349685.jpg //// Also known as Fete (or fête) (pronounced feɪt) (beware of the pronunciation!) (fair in North American English) (UK English) A public event, often held outside, where you can take part in competitions and buy small things and food, often organized to collect money for a particular purpose. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJqUvqMH_fc and   http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02975/E1A7MH_2975216b.jpg // e.g., The school fair (*)./// Trade fair (or trade show, or trade exhibition, or expo) = an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products and services, meet with industry partners and customers, study activities of rivals, and examine recent market trends and opportunities. In contrast to consumer fairs, only some trade fairs are open to the public, while others can only be attended by company representatives (members of the trade such as professionals) and members of the press. So, trade shows are classified as either ‘public’ or ‘trade only.’ A few fairs are hybrids of the two (***** for this definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/IBM_CeBIT_2010.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/MESAP_2017._-_%C5%A1tand_HGK.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/A_Photo_of_the_LDI_2013_Conference_in_Las_Vegas%2C_NV.jpg

Fairground = (noun) An outdoor area where a fair is held. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/2008Overview1.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Goose_Fair_Roundabout.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/1590_Mostaert_Dorfkirmes_anagoria.JPG  and http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2007/08_03/fairgroundDM2608_468x353.jpg   // His job was to make up a story, as dramatic as possible, to accompany films (without sub-titles) shown at fairgrounds in the area.

Roam = (verb, no object, with adverbial of direction) Move about or travel aimlessly or unsystematically, especially over a wide area. For a lion roaming at downtown See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uc2XtkVEcVU // For a humanoid creature roaming in the Portuguese desert See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTuGwTpsHQ4  // e.g., Tigers once roamed over most of Asia.// e.g., He roamed around America for a year, working in bars and restaurants ((**) for this example)./// (verb with object) Travel unsystematically over, through or about a place; e.g., Gangs of youths roamed the streets unopposed.// e.g.., After the bars close, gangs of youths roam the city streets ((**) for this example)./// (of a person’s eyes or hands) Pass lightly over something without stopping; e.g., His eyes roamed over the chattering women./// (verb with object) e.g., She let his eyes roam her face./// (verb) (no object) (of a person’s mind or thoughts) Drift along without dwelling on anything in particular; e.g., She let her mind roam as she walked./// Use a mobile phone on another operator’s network, typically while abroad; e.g., They now allow Pay As You Go mobile phone customers to roam in the US.// My comment: the verb is ‘roaming’ (roaming cell phone)./// An aimless walk; e.g., ''Did you get to explore the city or have a roam around Bath?'' (My comment: Bath is a thermal spa city in the UΚ – Not to be confused with Ba'ath, the political party in Iraq that for many years was under the leadership of Saddam Hussein).

Pen (as a noun with the meaning of enclosed space) = (noun) A small enclosure in which sheep, pigs, or other farm animals are kept. For animal pen See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Sheep_Fold.jpg and https://i.pinimg.com/originals/dc/26/a5/dc26a5a86009487ec53593bfbe6432d1.jpg  For pet pen See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Dog_in_IS4P_Fabric_Exercise_Pen.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Exercise_pen_for_dogs.jpg For a pigpen or hogpen (hog = a domesticated pig, especially one over 120 pounds (54 kg) and reared for slaughter) or pigsty (or sty) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Three_Pigs_Sleeping.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Fourneau_St-Michel_-_Porcherie_%28Forri%C3%A8res%29.JPG  For a Baby playpen See https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cb/79/df/cb79df6e7744c43dcb99f55030b2bd39.jpg and http://media.4rgos.it/i/Argos/6109998_R_Z003A?$Web$&w=570&h=513 // e.g., A sheep pen.// e.g., The trick was to move the gate into the pen scattering the sheep and then quickly bringing the gate back to only let a couple out./// A number of animals in or sufficient to fill a pen; e.g., A pen of 20 Cheviots (large sheep)./// Any small enclosure in which someone or something can be confined; e.g., She took the baby out of the pen and played with it./// A covered dock for a submarine or other warship. For a submarine pen See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Uboatsafterthewar.jpg/300px-Uboatsafterthewar.jpg   // e.g., U-boat pens./// (in the West Indies) a farm or plantation.

U-boat (noun) = a German submarine, used especially in the world wars I and II (^^). See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/U995_2004_1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/U534.jpg

Cheviot (pronounced ˈtʃɛvɪət (or ˈtʃiːvɪət)) = (noun) A large sheep of a breed with short, thick wool. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Cheviot_ewe_and_lamb.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dJ3zzIwmOV8

Survive (with relation to someone’s death) = (verb with object) Remain alive after the death of a particular person; e.g., He was survived by his wife and 5 children.// e.g., His special companion preceded him in death and he is survived by many close friends.// e.g., He married thrice and his third wife Mary survived him./// To live longer than someone else; e.g., If the wife survives the husband, she will be entitled to a share of his pension.// e.g., The booklet gives details on how to claim benefits for a surviving spouse.

Thrice = (literary, formal) (adverb) Three times; e.g., A dose of (medicine) 20 mg thrice daily (My comment: in medical prescriptions it is abbreviated as TDS or t.i.d.).// e.g., Emirates will continue to fly to Jordan thrice daily./// (as submodifier) Extremely; very; e.g., ‘I was thrice blessed’ // e.g., I’m a thrice-damned fool!’

Stump (not to be confused with the ‘stamp’ of a letter) = (noun) the part of something such as a tree, tooth, arm, or leg that is left after most of it has been removed. For a tree stump see https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Tree_stump1_30u06.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Junge_Fichte_auf_Baumstumpf_-_young_picea_on_stump_-_Saprobiont.jpg   // e.g., The stump of a tree.// e.g., Her smile broadened to reveal two rows of brown stumps.///  Stumps = 3 vertical wooden poles at which the ball is thrown in cricket. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Cricket_stumps_without_bails.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Cricket_Stumps_en.svg   /// Be stumped = (verb) to be unable to answer a question or solve a problem because it is difficult; e.g., ‘I'm completely stumped - how did she manage to escape?’ // e.g., Scientists are stumped by this mystery virus.// e.g., She seemed stumped by our questions./// (US English) (politics) To travel around an area giving speeches and trying to get political support; e.g., He remembers when his dad ran for governor and stumped the south of the state.// e.g., Senator Jones stumped for him throughout the state. /// Stump up something = (phrasal verb) to pay an amount or type of money for something, especially unwillingly; e.g., It can be cheaper to stump up for a new washing machine than to get your old one repaired.// e.g., Western governments should stump up the cash to fund land distribution (^^), (*).

Twine (pronounced twaɪn) = (noun) A strong thread or string consisting of two or more strands of hemp, cotton, or nylon twisted together. See https://smhttp-ssl-17653.nexcesscdn.net/media/catalog/product/cache/1/thumbnail/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/g/p/gp505a.jpg  For a twine tied around trees See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/Twinetrees2006.jpg  For a thread spool of linen twine See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Bindfaden.jpg and https://www.pipii.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/n/a/natural-linen-twine-on-spool.jpg For  a twine thread winding machine See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l66s1G_zZdc and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7WyxqJIF_E and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OukA5UfVdw  /// e.g., An empty plastic two-liter bottle is tied to a rock, or bag of stones with strong twine or string./// (verb) Cause to wind (pronounced wʌɪnd) or spiral round something; e.g., She twined her arms around his neck.// e.g., The vine twines around/ up the pole (= a long, thin stick of wood or metal, often used standing straight up in the ground to support things).// e.g., ‘Twine the different colored threads together.’ (** for the last 2 examples)

Spool = (noun) A cylindrical device on which film, magnetic tape, thread, or other flexible materials can be wound (wind-wound-wound; wind = to turn or cause something to turn// to wrap something around an object several times or twist it repeatedly around itself; pronounced wʌɪnd); a reel. For film spool See http://www.photoscapes.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/MG_2940.jpg For cinema film on spool See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Super-8-mm-film-on-a-spool-01.jpg For a thread spool of linen twine See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Bindfaden.jpg and https://www.pipii.co.uk/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/n/a/natural-linen-twine-on-spool.jpg For an electrical cable spool reel See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Steel_wire_reel_in_Finland.jpg   and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Coax_reel.JPG and  http://store.fastcardirect.co.uk/ekmps/shops/fastcar/images/30-metre-car-marine-electrical-copper-single-coil-wire-cable-spool-reel-roll-7348-p.jpg // e.g., Spools of electrical cable.// (verb) To wind (pronounced wʌɪnd) magnetic tape or thread onto a spool; e.g., She was trying to spool his tapes back into the cassettes with a pencil eraser./// (of an engine) Increase its speed of rotation, typically to that required for operation. For jet turbine engines spooling up See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLIvrh2JQJ8   // e.g., A jet engine can take up to six seconds to spool up.

Reel = (noun) a cylinder (pronounced ˈsɪl.ɪn.də(r)) on which film, wire, thread, or other flexible materials can be wound (wind = to turn or cause something to turn// to wrap something around an object several times or twist it repeatedly around itself; pronounced wʌɪnd).                       For a film reel See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/35mm_reels_and_boxes.jpg and https://dclrc.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/film-reel.jpg  For a wire reel See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/ElectricWireOnReel.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Steel_wire_reel_in_Finland.jpg   and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Coax_reel.JPG and http://www.in.all.biz/img/in/catalog/589702.jpeg             For a thread reel See https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/reel-thread-4603159.jpg   /// A length of something wound on to a reel; e.g., A reel of copper wire.// e.g., In 1991, the bulk (= the mass or magnitude of something large) of the Newton manuscripts were released on forty-three reels of microfilm.//// A part of a film; e.g., In the final reel he is transformed from unhinged sociopath into local hero.// e.g., ‘Beyond that, where are the bloopers, gag reels, and other fun material?’ // e.g., What starts well deteriorates in the last reels of the movie./// Fishing reel = a device for winding and unwinding a line as required, in particular the line attached to a fishing rod. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Abu_Garcia_Ambassadeur_baitcasting_reel.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Fishing_reel.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Nottingham_reel.jpg  // e.g., George reached around to the box and pulled out a metal rod, then a smaller reel and assembled the fishing line./// A lively Scottish or Irish folk dance. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=laQJSgebiys For Scottish reel See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnFTMu85A2Q  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5byCvG6lTd8  For Irish reel See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGEg2ztQuUA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXUEsgfmacw  // e.g., ‘We put on the record player and danced reels.’ // e.g., An eightsome reel./// A piece of music for a reel, typically in simple or duple time; e.g., At the climax of ‘La Londe’, he breaks out into a spirited reel, completely changing the direction of this Baka children's song.//// (verb) Reel something in (verb with object) Wind (to turn or cause something to turn// to wrap something around an object several times or twist it repeatedly around itself; pronounced wʌɪnd); something on to a reel by turning the reel; e.g., Sailplanes are often launched by means of a wire reeled in by a winch./// Bring in a fish attached to a line by turning a reel and winding in the line; e.g., He reeled in a good perch (= an edible freshwater fish)./// (verb; no object) Lose one’s balance and stagger (= walk or move unsteadily, as if about to fall) or lurch (lurch = to move in a way that is not regular or normal, especially making sudden movements backward or forward or from side to side; pronounced lɜːtʃ (*)) violently; e.g., He punched Tom in the ear, sending him reeling.// e.g., He reeled back against the van./// (with adverbial of direction) Walk in a staggering or lurching manner, especially while drunk. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVbYCG8LTu0   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IewGl6vMJDA  // e.g., The two reeled out of the bar arm in arm.// e.g., He reeled away from me, a string of violent curses flying from his mouth.//// Feel shocked, bewildered (bewilder = cause someone to become perplexed and confused), or giddy (= dizzy); e.g., The Prime Minister was reeling from a savaging inflicted in the (House of) Commons.// e.g., ‘The alcohol made my head reel.’ /// (verb; no object) Dance a reel; e.g., Anyone who wanted to dance could reel to the sound of the ceilidh band playing at the Butter Cross.

Mulch (pronounced mʌlt) = (noun) A material – such as decaying leaves, bark, or compost – spread around or over a plant to enrich or insulate the soil. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Mulch.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Mulch2.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Broken-stones.JPG and  http://anlscape.com.au/images/products/small/mpm-playground-mulch.jpg?Action=thumbnail&Width=285&Height=285&algorithm=fill and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mulch.jpg/220px-Mulch.jpg // e.g., The new straw mulch also helps control weeds.// e.g., ''Add mulch to control soil temperatures and insulate roots in winter; the tops may freeze.''// (verb) Treat or cover with mulch; e.g., Mr. Smith said there is a range of things people can do to save water, including mulching the garden and covering swimming pools to reduce evaporation.

Compost (pronounced ˈkɒmpɒst) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) Decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Compost_site_germany.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Compost_pile.JPG  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Food-scraps-compost.jpg  and http://www.buryhilltopsoilandlogs.co.uk/surrey-topsoil-blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/MultiCompost01.jpg and https://t1.uc.ltmcdn.com/en/images/1/3/9/img_how_compost_helps_plants_grow_9931_orig.jpg // e.g., Mulch with an organic material such as compost or alfalfa hay./// (verb) Make vegetable matter or manure (= solid waste from animals, especially horses, that is spread on the land in order to make plants grow well) into compost; e.g., ''Don't compost heavily infested plants.''

Purview (pronounced ˈpəːvjuː) (beware of the pronunciation!) (not to be confused with ''preview'') = (noun) (formal) The scope (= the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant) of the influence or concerns of something; e.g. Such a case might be within the purview of the legislation.// e.g., That is why we view with concern a proposal to partially exempt NSW (New South Wales; in Australia) politicians from the purview of the state’s anti-corruption watchdog.// e.g., Clearly, regulation of the truthfulness of such statements is properly within the purview of government regulation./// Range of experience or thought; e.g., Social taboos meant that little information was likely to come within the purview of women generally.// e.g., The film points out that these novels were written by a man who had never been to America, and links Hitler to him as also a man who had no experience of cultures outside his purview.

Watchdog = (noun) A person or group that monitors the practices of companies providing a particular service or utility; e.g., The consumer watchdog for transport in London.// e.g., He also pledged to be a watchdog for the council’s spending habits.// e.g., The official said that that the watchdog body was unwilling to upset any political parties ahead of the presidential election./// A dog kept to guard private property; e.g., Some policies even consider the dog's lifestyle; for instance, whether your dog is purely a pet or a watchdog, too./// (verb with object) Monitor a person, activity, or situation; e.g., ‘How can we watchdog our investments?’ // e.g., ‘Yours truly enjoys watchdogging the media coverage of our activities.’// e.g., If only Britain had someone to watchdog its press, his public reputation would still gleam (= shine brightly, especially with reflected light). 
Ration  (pronounced ˈraʃ(ə)n) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) A fixed amount of a commodity (= a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee) officially allowed to each person during a time of shortage, as in wartime; e.g., 1947 saw the bread ration reduced on two occasions.// e.g., Two pounds of food a day was their ration, including ‘meat fiber mixed with fat.’ // e.g., Petrol was scarce in the world let alone Ireland and was available on ration for essential services such as fire, ambulance, police, taxi, and doctors.//// Rations = an amount of food supplied on a regular basis, especially to members of the armed forces during a war; e.g., British rations were highly prized by American soldiers.// e.g., Refugees queued for their meagre ((meager in American English) = (of something provided or available) lacking in quantity or quality) rations.//// Rations = food; provisions; e.g., Their emergency rations ran out.// e.g., Supplies were limited and fresh food rations were rare.// e.g., They are completely dependent on the meagre rations provided by the Colombo government.//// A fixed amount of a particular thing; e.g., Holidaymakers who like a generous ration of activity.// e.g., They were fed on a simple ration of barley, sugar beet pulp, soya and minerals.// e.g., He remembers his shock in the infant class when he was expected to work with the tiniest ration of clay he had ever seen./// (verb with object) Allow each person to have only a fixed amount of a commodity; e.g., Petrol was so strictly rationed that bikes were always in demand.// e.g., The solution, according to my vet (= a veterinary surgeon), is carefully rationing her food.// e.g., Herring was one of the few foods that were not rationed during the war.//// Ration someone to = allow someone to have only a fixed amount of a commodity; e.g., The population was rationed to four litres (liters in North American English; symbol: L or l) of water per person per day (L/person/day).// e.g., He also remembers droughts, when the farmers were rationed to 1,000 gallons of water per day (GPD).’ // e.g., Beer is rationed to the slaves building the Egyptian pyramids.
Pine cone (or pinecone) = the conical or rounded woody fruit of a pine tree, with scales that open to release the seeds. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Pinus_coulteri_MHNT_Cone.jpg and https://dictionary.cambridge.org/images/thumb/pineco_noun_002_27704.jpg?version=5.0.45
Chute (pronounced ʃuːt) = (noun) (shoot in British English) A sloping channel or slide for conveying things to a lower level. For a natural chute (falls) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Chutes-Coulonge_1024x584.JPG  For a construction chute See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Sch%C3%BCtte_fcm.jpg  For a mail chute See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/U.S._Mail_Chute.jpg For a garbage chute See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Musoroprovod_in_the_stairwell_on_the_eighth_floor_of_multistory_homes.jpg For a laundry chute See   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Residential_Laundry_Chute.jpg  // e.g., Cement was loaded onto barges (barge = a flat-bottomed boat for carrying freight, typically on canals and rivers, either under its own power or towed by another) via (= through) chutes.// e.g., ‘We slid (slide – slid – slid) down a short chute and landed on a soft mattress with everyone looking at us.’ // e.g., The main way to spread out concrete is directly from the truck chute, keeping a uniform level.//// Mail chute = a largely defunct letter collection device used in early multi-story office buildings, hotels, apartment buildings, and other high-rise structures. Letters were dropped from the upper storeys and collected (usually at the ground level) at a central depository by the postal service. This innovation was before the time of the modern "mailroom" normally associated nowadays with high rise buildings. It was for the convenience of the users of the building so they would not have to take their mail to an outside mailbox or to the post office ((*****) for this definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Mail_Chute.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Mail_Chute_1910.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/IdahoBldgMailChute02026.JPG   /// A water slide into a swimming pool. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtfAZk1xGxY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpRlNYoF9wE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjyG7Lp8Km0    // e.g., There are water parks where you can splash out in wave pools, super chutes and whitewater rides.// e.g., The new baths being built just yards away from the old Water Place with its water chutes and fun pool, which is soon to be bulldozed.//// Cattle chute or cattle race = (in North America) a channel for handling and sorting farm animals ((*****) for this definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Cattle_race.jpg   and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Portable_yards.JPG and   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Calf_cradle.JPG   //// Squeeze chute or livestock crush = A narrow metal enclosure for holding or restraining livestock, in which an animal may be vaccinated, branded, etc. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Cattle_crush.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Mouthing_cattle.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cattle_inspected_for_ticks.jpg   // e.g., Cattle tend to be calmer in a chute with solid sides./// Escape chute = an emergency exit utilized where conventional fire escapes are impractical ((*****) for this definition).  See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Fire_Escape_Daegu.jpg and (old school) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Monroe%2C_Nebraska_school_building_from_NW_1.JPG and   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Fire_escape_tube_-_NARA_-_285282.jpg  //// (informal) A parachute.//// (Sailing) A spinnaker (= a large three-cornered sail, typically bulging when full, set forward of the mainsail of a racing yacht when running before the wind; pronounced ˈspɪnəkə).  See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Amante_Choate_48_photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Bear_of_Britain_spinnaker.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Spinnakers.JPG  
Culprit (pronounced ˈkʌlprɪt) = (noun) a person who is responsible for a crime or other misdeed (= a wicked or illegal act). Synonym = guilty party.// e.g., The culprits behaved like seasoned thugs but claimed that they were guardians of law and order.// e.g., The car’s front nearside door had been smashed in but the culprits had fled.// e.g., The invaders are the real culprits in all cases.//// The cause of a problem or defect; e.g., Low-level ozone pollution is the real culprit.// e.g., What this book shows quite clearly is that the real culprit is the lack of political will.// e.g., The person you see in that little mirror is the real culprit in the current crisis.
Misdeed (pronounced mɪsˈdiːd) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) A wicked or illegal act; e.g., His past misdeeds were forgiven.// e.g., He added that the low income of the force’s members could not be a justification for the officers to commit misdeeds.// e.g., Luckily, all these people are the victims of vile plots and political misdeeds.
Peddle = (verb) try to sell something, especially small goods by going from house to house or place to place.  See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3me_FoiKFuo  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCA9zHKpiQs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbLvPdct6Jw     // e.g., He peddled art and printing materials around the country.// e.g., Nineteenth-century medicine vendors (vendor = a person or company offering something for sale, especially a trader in the street) often peddled tonics as a cure-all for symptoms as varied as a mild cough or severe rash.// e.g., These are then peddled in factory canteens and through catalogs./// Sell an illegal drug or stolen item.  See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mD2n5sIFCjM  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIDdztliNds and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24i-uFEFqrU // e.g., He was arrested after trying to peddle guns.// e.g., They were charged with such heavy-duty crimes as petty theft, peddling phony (= not genuine; fraudulent) driver’s licenses, and making unlicensed money transfers.// e.g., Youths involved in drug peddling./// Promote an idea or view persistently or widely; e.g., He criticized his fellow candidate for peddling risky ideas.// e.g., He accused them of peddling the ‘myth’ that only a few were brainy enough to do well.// e.g., ‘I believe it is unreasonable for people who have obviously never been to the city to peddle their stereotypical views as facts.’
Peddler (US English) or Pedlar (UK English) = (noun) A person who goes from place to place selling small goods. For a street peddler See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Preziosi_-_Cherry_peddler%2C_1869.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Dogcart3.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Peddler%2C%E8%A1%8C%E5%95%86%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%81PB300529.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7TI8rdmWoo  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfzCNSv2LQM   // e.g., Tea vendors (= retailers, sellers) pass by, and peddlers sell clothes, snacks, and herbs from strategic positions on the ground.// e.g., The visit of the peddler to Irish country houses was a very special event in the lives of children in the 1950s.// e.g., Take a look on the face of the young wife whose husband is thinking of the price of the cloth a pedlar is showing her.//// A person who sells illegal drugs or stolen goods. See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZMc6icCg1s and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0nKBvwpe2U and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nl8R7-Ddq0Q    /// A drug peddler.//// A person who promotes an idea or view persistently or widely; e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZg9cBpaxBA // e.g., Peddlers of dangerous Utopianism.//// (US English) variant spelling of ‘pedlar.’ 
Phoney (phony in North American English) (pronounced ˈfəʊni) (adjective: phonier, phoniest/// noun – plural = phoneys or phonies) = (adjective) not genuine; fraudulent; e.g., Phony cruise-ship job offers.// e.g., ‘I thought your accent was a bit phony.’// e.g., They were charged with such heavy-duty crimes as petty theft, peddling phony driver’s licenses, and making unlicensed money transfers.//  e.g., ‘You have to show genuine empathy, not phony sympathy.’ /// (noun) A fraudulent person or thing; e.g., What a miserable bunch of phonies they are, both the traitors and their spin doctor.// e.g., By any normal standard most of these guys are liars and phonies..// e.g., But other merchants recognized the bills as phonies right away.’
Arsenal (pronounced ˈɑːs(ə)n(ə)l) = (noun) A collection of weapons and military equipment. For nuclear arsenal See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/National_Guard_Armory_%28Concordia%2C_Kansas%29.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Russia-Moscow-Arsenal.jpg  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Armeria001.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ee/RoyalArmoryLeeds.JPG  // e.g., UK’s nuclear arsenal.// e.g., Now each has an arsenal of nuclear weapons and the means to deliver them.// e.g., The Allies rapidly improvised antidotes and embodied the weapon in their own arsenals, making the conduct of the war yet more complex and inhumane./// A place where weapons and military equipment are stored or made; e.g., AMC operates research, development, and engineering centers, the Army Research Laboratory, depots, arsenals, and ammunition plants./// An array of resources available for a certain purpose e.g., We have an arsenal of computers at our disposal.// e.g., It is there that the victim unleashes (= release from a leash or restraint) his entire arsenal of aggression, which has been stored up for just this occasion.// e.g., The phrase was first coined in the 1970s, when the SEC had few resources and remedies in its arsenal.
Destitute (pronounced ˈdes.tɪ.tʃuːt) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (adjective) Extremely poor and lacking the means to provide for oneself. See http://www.spinfold.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/destitute.jpgand https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSzCp4y5Uujqn1gYRGIMPOboZHcj2EGyQE1sEU7rmDz3HWF1QOMmbQC9fWXxBn4sUspbsQlFlsU35iQXl9ajVefjh6bmGUm_aVD-EczrNBTXKrGSdr7Gutj8SOUlywNKMr_tVmY-mtqqB2/s1600/hobo.png and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/IWrjphObUnI/maxresdefault.jpg // e.g., The charity cares for destitute children.// e.g., ''How does Dr. Smith give 300 million of the poor and the destitute a stake in Indian democracy?'' // e.g., The floods left thousands of people destitute.// e.g., These groups gathered clothing, schoolbooks, and medical supplies for the destitute flood victims ((**) for the previous 2 examples)./// Destitute of = not having e.g., Towns destitute of commerce.// e.g., Its last coal shipment occurred in 1959 and, destitute of viable alternatives, it ceased trading in 1961.//// Destitution (noun) e.g., Destitution has become a major problem in the capital.// e.g., Poverty and destitution are widespread in the country. ((*)) for the last 2 examples).
Caption (pronounced ˈkæp.ʃən) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) A title or brief explanation accompanying an illustration, cartoon, or poster.// (captioning) Subtitle. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Example_of_SDH_-_speaker_ID_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Example_of_SDH_-_non-speech_information_1_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Example_of_SDH_-_lyrics_%28Charade_1963%29.jpg  and http://www.kaamranhafeez.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Cartoon-Caption-Contest-9.jpg and http://www.berkeley.edu/news2/2013/04/cartoon400.jpg and http://www.steverichterart.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/cartoon-caption-contestDale-Stout-winner-1-1024x712.jpg // e.g., He designed a series of posters with the caption: ‘No One is Innocent.’// e.g., Bournemouth Council now uses cartoon captions on its posters to attract attention.// e.g., The caption to the cartoon says, ‘Awkward predicament for you to solve.’ /// A piece of text appearing on a cinema or television screen as part of a film or broadcast. See http://unrealitymag.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/movie_craptions_9.jpg and http://brightcove04.o.brightcove.com/4221396001/4221396001_5446741987001_5446731780001-vs.jpg?pubId=4221396001&videoId=5446731780001 For  TV news caption  See http://www.anorak.co.uk/wp-content/gallery/tv-captions-even-more/caption-6.jpg and http://www.anorak.co.uk/wp-content/gallery/caption-jobs/caption-3.jpg // e.g., The programme (program in North American English) has a closing caption thanking the university for its cooperation./// e.g., ''Display text captions with each video stream.'' // e.g., To judge by the Estonian television captions, the first day of the Leaving Cert was marked by the coming together of two trade unions, EESTI and IIRIMAA./// (Law) The heading of a legal document e.g., Deeds, captions on cases, and other legal forms like subpoenas all serve the purpose of giving notice, which is how lawyers and the courts communicate with the public./// (verb with object) Provide an illustration with a title or explanation./// (verb with two objects) e.g., The photograph was captioned ''Three little maids.'' // e.g., The informative text provides a running commentary, and each photo is captioned with historical details.
Apprehensive (pronounced aprɪˈhɛnsɪv) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (adjective) Anxious or fearful that something bad or unpleasant will happen; e.g., She felt apprehensive about going home.// e.g., ‘I am very nervous and apprehensive, particularly as the hours are ticking away.’ // e.g., Her arms are crossed and her face apprehensive, but she claims she’s not nervous./// Approaching exam time children get apprehensive and nervous about learning and become worried about making a fool of themselves.// e.g., The marines were pumped up for action, but also thoughtful, nervous and even apprehensive.///  (rare) Relating to perception or understanding.
Apprehension (pronounced ˌæp.rɪˈhen.ʃən) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) worry about the future or a fear that something unpleasant is going to happen; e.g., It’s normal to feel a little apprehension  before starting a new job.// e.g., There is some apprehension in the office about who the new managing director will be.// e.g., ‘I felt great apprehension over my first day at work’ (*).//// Understanding; grasp; e.g., Wisdom is the pure non-verbal apprehension of All.// e.g., This attitude, understandable though it is, hinders our apprehension of reality.// e.g., Her first apprehension of such large issues./// The action of arresting someone; e.g., There’s an $9000 reward for the apprehension of the perpetrators ((**) for this example).// e.g., They acted with intent to prevent lawful apprehension.// e.g., A warrant of arrest issued for the accused’s apprehension.
Apprehend (pronounced aprɪˈhɛnd) (beware of the pronunciation!) (not to be confused with ‘reprehend’) = (verb) (with object) Arrest someone for a crime e.g., A warrant was issued but he has not been apprehended.// e.g., In any event, the appellant does not know whether anyone was apprehended in relation to the attack or not.// e.g., He was apprehended when armed police swooped on his car on the outskirts of London.// e.g., He felt apprehension (= worry about the future or a fear that something unpleasant is going to happen) that he will soon be apprehended (My example in which I show the 2 different meanings of the word)./// Understand or perceive e.g., We enter a field of vision we could not otherwise apprehend.// e.g., These pleasures may help us to apprehend and understand such horrors, but they can only do so if they are entertaining.// e.g., Usually applied to visual perception, gestalt psychology studies how we perceive a given scene and apprehend a whole that is always greater than the parts.
Tray = (noun) A flat, shallow container with a raised rim, typically used for carrying food and drink, or for holding small items or loose material. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Brass_tray_inlaid_with_silver%2C_Egypt_or_Syria%2C_19th_century%2C_HAA_I.JPG  For a serving tray See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Schweizerhaus18.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Tray.agr.jpg  and https://images.crateandbarrel.com/is/image/Crate/OrbCopperTraySHF16 and https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f3/77/ae/f377ae7c55341d5263d007cefbc14b63.jpgand https://i.pinimg.com/736x/78/35/25/783525d10ce3733bf78aff3a62961c31--rustic-serving-trays-serving-trays-with-handles.jpg // For an ashtray (1 word) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Ashtray.jpg and http://www.ldoceonline.com/media/english/illustration/ashtray.jpg // A For a baking tray See https://article.images.consumerreports.org/prod/content/dam/cro/news_articles/appliances/PamperedChef_cookie_sheet  For planting seed trays See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Horticulture_Tray3.jpg and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/y_TVUoU76ds/maxresdefault.jpg and http://clv.h-cdn.co/assets/cm/15/09/54eb651eb8705_-_seed-starter-tray-0213-xln.jpg For a molded pulp drink tray See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/McDonalds_Molded_Pulp_Drink_Tray_Top.jpg  // e.g., They ate supper off a tray in front of the fire.// e.g., A baking tray.// e.g., Seed trays.// e.g., They each ordered a coffee and a muffin and carried their trays to the far corner of the restaurant.
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