TIPS (Misc.)
UK vs. US English
Ancestor (pronounced: UK English: ˈæn.ses.tər ///
US English: ˈæn.ses.tɚ )
Adult (pronounced: UK English: ˈæd.ʌlt
/əˈdʌlt /// US English: ˈæd.ʌlt/ əˈdʌlt)
Vitamin (pronounced: UK English: ˈvɪt.ə.mɪn
/// US English: ˈvaɪ.t̬əmɪn)
Dynasty (pronounced: UK English: ˈdɪn.ə.sti
/// US English: ˈdaɪ.nə.sti)
Zebra (pronounced: UK English: ˈzeb.rə///
US English: ˈziː.brə)
Tomato (pronounced: UK English: təˈmɑː.təʊ ///
US English: təˈmeɪ.t̬oʊ)
Aunt (relative) pronounced: UK
English: ɑːnt /// US English: ænt)
Ant (insect) (pronounced: UK English: ænt
/// US English: ænt (the same with aunt!))
Trauma (pronounced: UK English: ˈtrɔː.mə
or ˈtraʊ.mə /// US English: ˈtrɑː.mə)
Harass (pronounced: UK English: ˈhær.əs
or həˈræs /// US English: həˈræs or ˈher.əs) – harassment (pronounced: UK English:
ˈhær.əs.mənt or həˈræs.mənt //// US English:
həˈræs.mənt)
Pedophile (or
paedophile) (pronounced: UK English: ˈpiː.də.faɪl
/// US English: ˈped.oʊ.faɪl) (not ‘pedophilic’,
as it does not exist as an adjective))
Address (pronounced: UK English: əˈdres
/// US English: əˈdres)
Debris (pronounced: UK English: ˈdeb.riː
or ˈdeɪ.briː //// US English: dəˈbriː)
Garage (pronounced: UK English: ˈɡær.ɑːʒ
(or ˈɡær.ɪdʒ) /// US English: ɡəˈrɑːʒ)
Aluminum (pronounced əˈlu·mə·nəm
in North American English) that is aluminium (pronounced ˌæl.jəˈmɪn.i.əm)
in British English
Employee (pronounced ɪmˈplɔɪ.iː or ˌem.plɔɪˈiː
in British English and ɪmˈplɔɪ.iː or ˌem.plɔɪˈiː in
North American English)
Ballet (pronounced ˈbæl.eɪ in
British English and bælˈeɪ in North American English)
Buffet = (meal) (pronounced ˈbʊf.eɪ in British
English and bəˈfeɪ in North American English)
Process in British English is pronounced ˈprəʊsɛs both as a noun (e.g., The peace process (^^^)) and as a verb (e.g., VISAS applications take 28 days to process). However, as a verb with the meaning of walking slowly, it is pronounced prəˈsɛs in British English (e.g., ‘I watched them process down the aisle (1)’ (^^^)).
(1) aisle (pronounced ʌɪl) = a passage between rows of seats in a building such as a church or theater (theatre in British English), an aircraft, or a train.
In the end (vs) At the
end
My comment: Many people, even native speakers, may
confuse these!
In the end
It means finally/
eventually/ after a long time/ when everything is considered
Often it is followed
by a comma or follows the word ‘but’ (that
also follows a comma)
e.g., She worked
extremely hard, but in the end, she achieved her goal.
e.g., In
the end, trust really matters in a friendship.
e.g., In the end, he got away with a fine and a reprimand (1), and the woodblocks for a satirical triptych (2) were destroyed.
(1) reprimand = officially telling somebody they have done something wrong (*).
(2) triptych= a picture or relief carving on three panels, typically hinged together side by side and used as an altarpiece. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych#/media/File:Cracow_Legend_of_Saint_Stanislaus_01.jpg
e.g., In the end, the right wall only displayed an antique
sideboard
e.g., ‘In the end, they took pity on us.’
At the end
At the end (of) means the end of a specific noun, e.g.,
a physical object, time period, event, place, or something abstract such as patience.
e.g., At
the end of his life, he had no friends
e.g., ‘Put a
period at the end of every sentence’
e.g., At
the end of the driveway, there is a cottage
e.g., ‘I pay the
electricity bill at the end of each month.’
e.g., At
the end of the day
e.g., What waited for /What awaited them at the end of such a perilous (1) journey was a life of celibacy (2) near-total isolation from home, hostile climate, and unfriendly natives.
(2) celibacy (pronounced ˈsel·ə·bə·si) = the state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations
Reference – Links
(Retrieved: February 16, 2017):
http://www.learnersdictionary.com/qa/in-the-end-at-the-end
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-86271.php
http://www.english-for-students.com/At-The-End.html
http://www.englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/at-the-end-in-the-end-examples/
At this point in time/
At this juncture/ At the/ this moment
At this point in time/
At this juncture/ At the/ this moment = at the present time; now.
It implies that what
is the case now may not always have been so or may not remain so.
e.g., It is difficult to say at this juncture whether this upturn (1) can be sustained.
(1) upturn = an improvement or an upward trend, especially in economic conditions or someone's fortunes.
e.g., At this
juncture, there is a desperate need for human contact.
e.g., At
this juncture, it is impossible to say whether she will make a full
recovery/ fully recover (**).
e.g., At this point in time, she is the best athlete in swimming in the US
(implies that she may not have been the best in the past or may not be in the future).
e.g., Buying a new car seems wise at this juncture
(implies
that this purchase may not have been wise in the past and may not be at some
future time).
e.g., She is in bed at the moment.
Juncture = a particular point in events or time.
e.g., That limits
students’ freedom during one of the most critical junctures of
their lives.
e.g., We are at a critical
juncture in the future of the European Union (EU).
e.g., It also comes at
an interesting juncture as Turkey bids to join the European Union.
Note: Juncture also
means a place where things join, e.g., The plane crashed at
the juncture of two mountains.
Reference – Links
(Retrieved: February 16, 2017):
http://www.dictionary.com/browse/at-this-point
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/at+this+point
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/at+this+juncture
http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/at+this+moment+in+time
(Retrieved: September
17, 2018):
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/at_the_(or_this)_moment
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/juncture
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/juncture
The difference between
‘the rest’ & ‘the remaining’
Rest (of) = (noun) (in singular) The
remaining part of something.
e.g., ‘What do you want
to do for the rest of your life?’
e.g., ‘I'll tell you
the rest (of the story) tomorrow night.’
Rest (of) = (noun) (treated as plural) The remaining
people or things; the others.
e.g., ‘The rest of
us were experienced skiers.’
Rest is a noun and means that which remains. We use ‘The rest of (something) when
we do ΝΟΤ know the quantity of something.
e.g., ‘I have read 30
pages (of this book) today. I will read the rest of the pages at
the weekend.’
Remaining = (adjective) Still
existing, present, or in use; surviving.
e.g., Linda was
my last remaining close relative.
e.g., The few remaining
employees are working part-time.
Remaining is an adjective [Note: Adjectives describe a noun or
pronoun (^^) and usually go before a noun].
Remaining means what has been left after
something has been removed. It is an act or occurrence, e.g., The remaining book (to read).
The remaining = when we KNOW the quantity
of something.
e.g., ‘I have read 30
pages (of this book) today. I will read the remaining 60 pages at
the weekend.’
Remainder = (noun) A part of something left over when other parts have been completed, used, or dealt with.
e.g., ‘Leave a few mushrooms for garnish (1) and slice the remainder.’
(1) garnish = a small amount of different food used to
decorate a dish or serving of food
e.g., The remainder of
the year.
An example of the above
is: ‘Τhe rest of your
life is up to you.’// ‘You have 6 months of life remaining.’
//// ‘The rest of your life is
long.’// ‘Your remaining life is precious!’
Remains (plural noun) (human remains) or remnants =
mortal remains, corpse, dead body. For a saint, we use the word ‘relic.’ So be
careful when using the word ‘remains,’ as it means a dead body!
Reference
– Links
(Retrieved February 16, 2017):
https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/172164/what-is-the-difference-between-rest-of-the-things-and-remaining-things
http://wikidiff.com/remaining/rest
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rest
(Retrieved June
5, 2017):
http://wikidiff.com/remain/remaining
https://hinative.com/en-US/questions/897973
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/remainder
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/remaining
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/rest
Up to date vs.
up-to-date
We write 'up to date' as an adjective when it is not used before a noun
e.g., 'We work hard to keep our database up to date.'
e.g., 'The book will keep you up to date.'
But when as an adjective it is before a noun, we use hyphens (up-to-date)
e.g., Up-to-date information.
e.g., A modern,
up-to-date hospital ((**) for the 2nd and 3rd example).
In time vs. On time
In time = early enough.
e.g., ‘I got
home just in time – It started to rain.’
e.g., 'If we don’t hurry
up, we won’t be in time to catch the train' (^^).
e.g., The referee was
caught in traffic and did not make it in time for kick-off (=
the start or resumption of a football game in which a player kicks the ball
from the center of the field).
On time = at the expected or scheduled time; punctually (= at exactly the right time, e.g.,
The meeting started punctually at ten).
e.g., The train
arrived on time.
e.g., ‘I paid my
bills on time.’
e.g., The pressure to
reach a destination on time has serious consequences for our driving
safety.
Transport vs. transfer
Note: although some use
them interchangeably, transport and transfer are not the same!
Transport
Transport means to carry
or bear from one place to another; to remove; to convey, e.g., to
transport goods; to transport troops. Synonyms: convey, take, shift.
Transport means to take people or goods from one
place to another
e.g. Heavy items
are expensive to transport by plane (^^).
e.g., The pipeline was
constructed to transport oil across Alaska to ports
on the coast (^^).
e.g., 162,000 convicts
were transported to Australia from 1788 to 1868 (^^)
e.g., Milk is transported to the dairy (= a building, room, or establishment for the storage, processing, and distribution of milk and milk products) (here we do NOT use the verb ‘transferred’)
Transfer
Transfer means to move
or pass from one place, person, or thing to another, e.g., to transfer the laws
of one country to another; to transfer suspicion. Synonyms: move/
change, transpose.
Transfer means to move someone or something from
one place, vehicle, person, or group to another.
e.g., Milk is
transferred by truck.
e.g., He has been transferred to a
psychiatric hospital (^^).
e.g., We were transferred
from one bus into another (^^).
e.g., The money
was (not ‘the money were,’ as it is uncountable) illegally transferred from/
out of the Trust’s bank account (^^).
e.g. The aim is to transfer
control/ responsibility/ power to the self-governing regional
councils (^^).
e.g., The transfer of information.
e.g., David’s
transfer to the LA office shocked his
colleagues (^^).
e.g., Victims of
the Las Vegas shooting were transferred (not
‘were transported’) to trauma units.
It’s vs. its
Its (without an apostrophe)
means ‘belonging to it.’
e.g., Each case is
judged on its own merits (merit = the quality of being
particularly good or worthy, especially to deserve praise or reward).
e.g., The puppy wagged (1) its tail.
(1) wag = (with reference to an animal's tail) move or cause to move rapidly to and fro)
It’s (with an apostrophe) means ‘it is’ or ‘it
has.’
e.g., It’s been
a tiring day.
e.g., It’s a
comfortable vehicle.
e.g., It’s hot/
cold outside.
‘If/ I wish I
were’ or ‘If/
I wish I was’?
We use ‘if I were’ instead of ‘If I was’ in statements contrary
to fact. These statements call for a special form of the
verb known as the subjunctive. We use subjunctive forms in just the
right situations, particularly if clauses express a
statement contrary to fact.
If/ I wish I were: when
the statement is contrary to fact
Examples:
e.g., ‘If I were you, I wouldn't swim there as the water is not clear.’
(We use ‘were’ because the statement contradicts fact).
e.g., ‘I have often wished that I were more like David Beckham, the famous football player.’
(‘Were’
here is correct, even though the main verb is in the past tense. The statement
is still contrary to fact).
e.g., ‘I wish I were the star actor at the Golden Globes.’
(‘Were’ here is correct because the statement contradicts fact.)
e.g., On the phrase ‘He
will have no more than a minute chance of exercising influence,’ ‘minute’ is an adjective pronounced mʌɪˈnjuːt. If it were a
noun, it would be pronounced ˈmɪnɪt, and we would say, ‘He will have less than a minute to exercise influence.’
e.g., ‘If I were rich, I would buy you a luxurious car.’
(‘Were’ here is correct because the statement is contrary to fact: I am not
rich, but I imagine what I would do if I were).
If/ I wish I was: when
the statement possibly or probably is NOT contrary to fact
Examples:
e.g., If it was raining yesterday, the garden party was probably called off.
(‘Was’ is the proper choice here
because there is a chance that it was raining.
e.g., I only called to see if the porter job was still available.
(The job being open is a
distinct possibility.)
e.g., If he was feeling sick, it’s good that he went home.
(It is possible or probable that she
was feeling sick).
Other vs. the other
vs. others vs. another
When ‘other’ is a determiner, it does
NOT have a plural form.
e.g., ‘These boxes are
for toys. The other boxes are for magazines’ (not:
The others boxes).
When ‘other’ as a pronoun refers to
more than one person or thing, it takes the plural form ‘others.’
e.g., ‘Some think that a
‘fat tax’ will reduce the number of people with heart disease while others disagree.’
(not: … other disagree).
‘Other’ must have a determiner before it when it
comes in front of a singular countable noun. If the noun is indefinite (e.g.
a book, a woman, an idea), we use ‘another.’
e.g., ‘I’ve posted the
first envelope. What shall I do with that other envelope?’
(not: What shall I do with other envelope?)
e.g., ‘After a year in
the UK, I was ready to move to another European country
because of Brexit’ (not: … to move to other European
country).
We write ‘another’ as one word e.g., ‘There is another café
a little further down the same street’ (not: There is an
other café)
‘Another’ is singular. We
do not use it with plural nouns e.g.,
‘Other interesting places to visit in Sydney include the Opera
House and the city harbor’ (not: Another interesting places to
visit)
Reference (Retrieved: February 7, 2018):
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/other-others-the-other-or-another
http://www.grammar.cl/english/another-other-others.htm
http://www.englishcurrent.com/grammar/other-another-difference/
https://www.eslbuzz.com/english-grammar-another-vs-other-vs-others-vs-the-other/
(Retrieved:
March 19, 2018):
https://www.proofreadnow.com/blog/bid/101485/If-I-Were-or-If-I-Was-Which-is-Correct
https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/660/when-to-use-if-i-was-vs-if-i-were
https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/660/when-to-use-if-i-was-vs-if-i-were
https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/if-i-were-if-i-was
http://www.grammar.cl/english/if-i-were-you.htm
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/on-time
Classic vs. Classical
(My comment: another
classic example of a common mistake!)
Classic = (adjective) being of
a high standard against which others of the same type are judged, e.g., Classic
literature.// A classic British novel.// (adjective) Traditional in
design or style, e.g., He wore a classic blue suit.//
(adjective) Having all the characteristics or qualities typical of something, e.g., The building is a classic example
of good design./// (noun) (countable) A well-known piece of
writing, a musical recording, or a film of high quality and lasting value, e.g., Chaplin’s
films, are considered American classics./// Classics (uncountable
noun) The study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, especially their
languages and literature, e.g., He studied/read classics at
Oxford.// e.g., A classics scholar (*).
Classical (only as an adjective) = traditional in
style or form, or based on methods developed over a long period of time, and
considered to be of lasting value, e.g., Classical ballet.// e.g.,
''I tend to listen to rock music rather than classical.// e.g., She is the
greatest classical actress./// Used to describe something that is
attractive because it has a simple, traditional style, e.g., I like
the classical lines of her dress designs./// (music)
(specialized) Refers to a style of music written in Europe
between about 1750 and 1830, e.g., The works of Beethoven, Haydn, and Mozart belong to the classical period./// Belonging to or
relating to the culture of ancient Rome and Greece, e.g., The
classical world.// e.g., Classical literature (*).
How to use ‘also’ in a
sentence
We use ''also'' in a
front position to emphasize what follows or to add a new point or topic.
e.g., The
weather is hot and damp. Also, you can
easily get dehydrated.
e.g., (chat) ''OK, I
will call you next week, and we can figure it out then. Also,
we need to decide who will pay the bills.''
We use ''also'' in the
normal mid position for adverbs, between the subject and main
verb (example 1), or
after the modal verb (*) (example 2) or first auxiliary verb,
or after ‘be’ (example 3), as the main verb. In this position,
the meaning of also usually connects back to the whole clause that comes
before.
(*) Modal
verb is an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility.
Modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would, can,
could, may, and might.
example (1) He
works very hard, but he also does daily
charity work.
example (2) A
region must also have proper hospital and intensive-care
beds.
example (3) I am
cold, and I am also hungry and tired.
example (4) ‘I’ve been working as a barista (1) this week, and I’ve also been studying a lot for the June finals’ (2).
(1) barista (pronounced bɑːrˈiːs.tə) = a person whose job involves preparing and serving different types of coffee
(2) final = an examination at the end of a term, academic year, or a particular class
In the end position,
''also'' normally connects two phrases. We use ''as well'' and ''too'' instead
of ''also'' in the end position, especially in speech.
e.g. I tried to reach
her at work, but she did not answer. Her cell phone was silent, also.
(or ''her cell phone was silent too'' or ''her cell phone was
silent as well'').
Using a comma after
‘also’
When ‘also’ is connected
to a free-standing sentence, then you need to use a comma after it.
e.g., Paulo Coelho writes novels with a distinctive style. Also, his storyline is breathtaking, and this makes his books very popular
(Here, the rest of the sentence can stand on
its own without ‘also’)
But, if ‘also’ is part
of a complement in an inverted sentence pattern, you do NOT need
to put a comma after it.
e.g., Cristiano Ronaldo will play in Real Madrid’s latest Liga outing. Also on the roster (1) is Sergio Ramos.
(1) roster = a list of members of a team or organization, in
particular of sports players available for team selection
In this example, ‘also’
is part of the phrase ‘on the roster.’ The normal structure of this sentence
would be, ‘Sergio Ramos is also on the roster.’ The second sentence can stand
independently without ‘also’: ‘On the roster is Sergio Ramos. However, ‘also’ is a
part of that phrase that makes up the subject complement.
Education &
students (US & UK)
Crèche (pronounced kreʃ) (British English) = a nursery where babies and young children are cared for during the working day. (Crèche also means a model of the people and animals present at the birth of Jesus, used as a decoration at Christmas (in the UK, it is called 'crib' (*))
Nursery school (or preschool or kindergarten in British English) = a
school for children between the ages of 2-5 (^^).
Kindergarten = (mainly US English) the 1st year
of school, for children aged 5./// Nursery school (UK English) (mentioned above).
Primary school (or elementary school or grade
school in
North American English or elementary
school in old-fashioned British English; or junior school in British English) = a school for
children between the ages of 5-11 (^^).// (US English) a
school for the first four to six grades, usually including kindergarten.
Junior school (or junior high school in North American English) = (US
English) a school in the U.S. for students aged 12-15./// (UK
English) a school in the UK for students aged 7-11 (^^).
High school (or high (informal)) (or senior high school in North American English, if there is a junior high school) = (US
English) a school in the U.S. for students aged 14-18, or from 16-18 if
there is a junior high school (^^).
Charter school = (in North America) a publicly
funded independent school established by teachers, parents, or community groups
under the terms of a charter with local or national authority.
Boarding school = a school where students live and
study (^^)
Fraternity (or frat)
= (in North America) a social organization for male students
at an American or Canadian college (^^).
Sorority = (USA) a social organization
for female students at some U.S. colleges (^^).
Students
Freshman (or frosh) (informal)) = (noun) (US English) a student in the 1st year of high school, college, or university (^^).
Sophomore = (noun) (US English) a student
studying in the 2nd year of a course that
lasts for 4 years at a US high school or college (^^).
Junior = (UK) A student at a junior
school./// (US English) A student in the third
year of a course that lasts for four years at a school or
college (^^).
Senior = (US English) a student in their final
year of high school or university (^^).
The difference between
a Certificate, a Diploma, and a Degree
Certificate
A certificate (completion time: about 1 year) is earned
by a student after taking a series of courses on a particular
subject. Students often receive certificates to improve in
the professional field of their interest, and certificates may be
offered in similar programs leading to degrees, e.g., there are certificates
in business, literature, and technical fields. In some
technical programs, a certificate may be required. There are
also graduate certificates, often taken alone or alongside a
graduate degree program. In some programs, the student may use his or her
electives to fulfill a certificate to have more chances of being hired.
Diploma
Diplomas (completion time: about 1 year) are like
certificates, often awarded to students through
community or technical schools. e.g., a nursing diploma is
offered as an alternative to an associate degree or bachelor's degree and is
only offered at hospitals with specialty programs that provide training.
(Academic) Degree
An academic degree can be earned at many levels:
a) Undergraduate academic degrees
1) An associate degree (or associate’s
degree) (completion time: about 2 years)
is an undergraduate academic degree awarded
by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study
intended to usually last two years.
2) Bachelor's (such as Bachelor of Science (BSc); completion time: four years)
b) Postgraduate academic degrees
1) Master’s (such as Master of Science (MSc)
or Master of Business Administration (MBA) or Master of Arts (MA); completion time: 1-2 years beyond a
Bachelor’s degree): Specialized or advanced study master's degrees
are primarily taught degrees, although commonly at least a third of the course
is devoted to a research project assessed by dissertation.
These may be stand-alone master’s courses, leading to, e.g., MSc, MA, or
MRes degrees or integrated master's degrees.
2) Doctoral (Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.); doctorate; completion
time: several years, about 4-6 years). During the studies that lead to
the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or Ph.D.
student; a student who has completed all their coursework and
comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/
dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or Ph.D.
candidate.
A postdoctoral researcher (postdoc) professionally conducts research after
completing their doctoral studies (typically a Ph.D.). The goal of a postdoctoral research position is to
pursue additional research, training, or teaching to have better skills to
pursue a career in academia, research, or any other fields
A degree also
opens more potential doors to a student than a certificate or diploma. Many
careers require the applicant to earn at least a bachelor's degree;
several career options require a higher level.
STEM (METS) degree
STEM degree (formerly METS) =
(abbreviation) in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.
How to formally call a
woman!
(My comment: I think the
most common mistake is to use Mrs. interchangeably for all women,
regardless of being married or not)
Mrs. (sounds like ‘missus’) is
used for a married woman
Ms. (sounds like ‘mizz’)
is used for ANY woman, regardless of her
married status
Miss (sounds like ‘mis’) is
used for an unmarried woman
Maiden name is the original surname of a married woman
Reference – Links
(Retrieved:
February 16, 2017):
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/address-lady-business-letter-34388.html
http://www.formsofaddress.info/Social_M_W.html
https://www.englishclub.com/speaking/titles.htm
http://www.businesswritingblog.com/business_writing/2007/07/address-a-marri.html
http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/40905/madam-vs-maam
http://www.formsofaddress.info/MarriedWomen.html
(Retrieved
September 21, 2017):
http://www.future-perfect.co.uk/grammar-tip/is-it-benefitted-or-benefited/
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/benefited-or-benefitted/
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/usage/less-or-fewer
http://study.com/articles/What_is_the_Difference_Between_a_Certificate_Diploma_and_Degree.html
(Retrieved:
October 2, 2017):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpercent27s_degree
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_degree
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ton
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ton
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/also-as-well-or-too
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/classic-or-classical?q=classic
Lougheed
L, Barron’s IELTS, P (31), 4th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New
York, 2016
(Retrieved:
April 21, 2018):
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/commas.htm
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/page_06.htm
http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/commas_before_conjunctions.htm
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/coordinating-conjunctions/
https://www.englishrules.com/writing/2005/comma-with-also/
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/comma-between-correlative-conjunction-sets/
http://www.talkenglish.com/grammar/conjunctive-adverbs.aspx
Migrant vs. Immigrant
vs. emigrant vs. refugee vs. economic Refugee
(My comment: often, the
media, to be politically correct, use the term ‘refugee’ for people
who, in fact, are economic migrants!)
Migrants are those who move from one country to
another, especially to find work
Immigrants are those who officially come
to live in a country
Emigrants are those who have
left their country
Economic migrant/
refugee (pronounced
ˌref.juˈdʒiː) = a person who leaves his or her native
country in search of employment or economic opportunity
Definition
According to the online
British ‘Cambridge dictionary’ (*), the terms explained simply
are:
Immigrant = a person who has come to a
different country to live there permanently
Refugee (pronounced ˌref.juˈdʒiː)
= a person who has escaped from his/her own country for political,
religious, or economic reasons or because of war.
According to the online
British ‘Oxford Dictionary’ (*), the terms explained simply
are:
Immigrant = a person who comes to live
permanently in a foreign country
Refugee = a person forced to
leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
According to the online
American ‘Merriam – Webster dictionary’ (*), the terms are:
Immigrant = a person who comes to a country
to take up permanent residence
Refugee = the one that flees,
especially a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape danger
or persecution.
The Oxford dictionary
also includes the following term:
Economic refugee = a person who leaves his or her
native country for employment or economic opportunity.
My politically incorrect
interpretation:
According to the above,
a migrant may be a refugee (e.g., Who migrated from a country to Europe to
escape from war) or may not be a refugee (e.g., he/she may have come from a
developing country, such as an African country and decided to immigrate to a
developed western country for a better life). Thus, the migrant who migrates to
a developed country not by force (e.g., because of war or extreme poverty in
his/her country) but just to live a better quality of life is not a refugee but an economic migrant. However, if we strictly interpret the term
‘refugee’ with the meaning of the online Cambridge dictionary, then a great
percentage of migrants may be considered refugees! In any case, there
is no consensus among the dictionaries on how to define the term
‘refugee.’ Recently the term ‘economic refugee’ has emerged, complicating things further.
My non–politically
correct comment (irrelevant
to the exams and not advised to mention it there!): I do not understand the
international trend –in particular by the ‘mainstream’ media– to label ‘interchangeably’
both migrants and refugees as ‘refugees,’ instead of using the word ‘economic
migrants’ for most of the refugees.
On the list vs. In the
list
‘List’ usually goes with
‘on.’ Examples:
‘Is your
name on the list?’ (**)
The actor is on the
list for the Academy Awards.
He checked off their
names on the list as they got on the coach
(= bus in British English) (**).
New office furniture is not high on our list of priorities (**).
Sometimes, ’list’ goes
with ‘in,’ especially with ‘include.’ Examples:
I was included in the
guest list.
Both publishers and
writers are included in the list.
For inclusion in the
list, all information needs to be submitted by May 9th.
Look forward to
something
Look forward to something = (phrasal verb) to feel pleased and excited about something that will happen, e.g., ''I'm really looking forward to my holiday.''
Look forward to + -ing verb (gerund)) e.g., He was looking forward to seeing his grandchildren again.
Look forward to + -ing verb (gerund)) (formal) is used at the end of a formal letter to say you hope to hear from or see someone soon or that you expect something from them
e.g., ''I look forward to hearing from you.''
e.g., ''In the circumstances, I look forward to receiving your client's cheque for $300 within the next five days'' (*).
It's time
We can use the
expression ‘it’s time’ + subject + past verb form to refer to
the present moment, e.g., It’s
almost 10 p.m. It’s time we went home (not:
It’s time we go home).
‘It’s time’ with a verb
in the to-infinitive form can refer to the speaker and the listener
together: e.g., ‘It’s
time to start packing (or It’s time
we started packing). Our flight is leaving in 3
hours.’
Reference
*Reference
to 'refugee' definition (Retrieved: February 16, 2017):
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refugee?fallbackFrom=british-grammar
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/refugee
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/refugee
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/immigrant?fallbackFrom=british-grammar
*Reference to 'immigrant' definition (Retrieved: February 16, 2017):
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/immigrant?fallbackFrom=british-grammar
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/immigrant
*Reference to 'economic refugee' definition (Retrieved: February 16, 2017):
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/economic_refugee
*Reference to 'on/in the list' (Retrieved: July 15, 2019):
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/list
http://learnersdictionary.com/qa/is-it-correct-to-say-on-the-list-or-in-the-list
*Reference to ''look forward to something'' (Retrieved: October 20, 2019):
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/look-forward-to-sth?q=look+forward+to
*Reference to ''It's time'' (Retrieved: November 3, 2019):
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/it-s-time
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