English Language Lessons

English Language Lessons
*Politically Incorrect Opinion Texts: https://drjamesmanos.blogspot.com/2022/03/politically-incorrect-opinion-texts-of.html *Τexts with Ηealth-related Τopics: https://mymedicaltexts.blogspot.com *Herbs & Supplements: https://herbsanddietarysupplementsdatabase.blogspot.com *Source for the image (free to use): Hypothetical flag quartering the British and American flags (January 11, 2009). Author: Lunar Dragoon. Source: Wikipedia Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK-US_flag.png

Sunday, September 29, 2019

TIPS for English (h) Misc.TIPS

TIPS (Misc.)


UK vs. US English

Ancestor (pronounced: UK English: ˈæn.ses.tər /// US English:  ˈæn.ses.tɚ )

Adult (pronounced: UK English: ˈæd.ʌlt /əˈdʌlt /// US English:  ˈæd.ʌlt/ əˈdʌlt)

Vitamin (pronounced: UK English: ˈvɪt.ə.mɪn /// US English: ˈvaɪ.t̬əmɪn)

Dynasty (pronounced: UK English: ˈdɪn.ə.sti /// US English: ˈdaɪ.nə.sti) 

Zebra (pronounced: UK English: ˈzeb.rə/// US English: ˈz.brə)

Tomato (pronounced: UK English: təˈmɑː.təʊ /// US English: təˈm.t̬)

Aunt (relative) pronounced: UK English: ɑːnt /// US English: ænt)

Ant (insect) (pronounced: UK English: ænt /// US English: ænt (the same with aunt!))

Trauma (pronounced: UK English:  ˈtrɔː.mə or ˈtr.mə /// US English: ˈtrɑː.mə)

Harass (pronouncedUK English: ˈhær.əs or həˈræs /// US English:  həˈræs or ˈher.əs) – harassment (pronounced: UK English:  ˈhær.əs.mənt or həˈræs.mənt //// US English:  həˈræs.mənt)

Pedophile (or paedophile) (pronounced: UK English: ˈp.də.fl /// US English:  ˈped.oʊ.fl) (not ‘pedophilic’, as it does not exist as an adjective)) 

Address (pronounced: UK English:  əˈdres /// US English:   əˈdres)

Debris (pronounced: UK English:  ˈdeb.riː or ˈd.briː //// US English:  dəˈbr)

Garage (pronounced: UK English: ˈɡær.ɑːʒ (or ˈɡær.ɪdʒ) /// US English: ɡəˈrɑːʒ)

Aluminum (pronounced əˈlu·mə·nəm in North American English) that is aluminium (pronounced ˌæl.jəˈmɪn.i.əm) in British English

Employee (pronounced ɪmˈplɔɪ.iː or ˌem.plɔɪˈiː in British English and ɪmˈplɔɪ.iː or ˌem.plɔɪˈiː in North American English)

Ballet (pronounced ˈbæl.eɪ in British English and bælˈeɪ in North American English)

Buffet = (meal) (pronounced ˈbʊf.eɪ in British English and bəˈfeɪ in North American English)

Process in British English is pronounced ˈprəʊsɛs both as a noun (e.g., The peace process (^^^)) and as a verb (e.g., VISAS applications take 28 days to process). However, as a verb with the meaning of walking slowly, it is pronounced prəˈsɛs in British English (e.g., ‘I watched them process down the aisle (1)’ (^^^)).

(1) aisle (pronounced ʌɪl) = a passage between rows of seats in a building such as a church or theater (theatre in British English), an aircraft, or a train.

 

In the end (vs) At the end

My comment: Many people, even native speakers, may confuse these!

In the end

It means finally/ eventually/ after a long time/ when everything is considered

Often it is followed by a comma or follows the word ‘but’ (that also follows a comma)

e.g., She worked extremely hard, but in the end, she achieved her goal.

e.g., In the end, trust really matters in a friendship.

e.g., In the end, he got away with a fine and a reprimand (1), and the woodblocks for a satirical triptych (2) were destroyed

(1) reprimand = officially telling somebody they have done something wrong (*).

(2) triptych= a picture or relief carving on three panels, typically hinged together side by side and used as an altarpiece. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych#/media/File:Cracow_Legend_of_Saint_Stanislaus_01.jpg

e.g., In the end, the right wall only displayed an antique sideboard

e.g., ‘In the end, they took pity on us.’

 

At the end

At the end (of) means the end of a specific noun, e.g., a physical object, time period, event, place, or something abstract such as patience.

e.g., At the end of his life, he had no friends

e.g., ‘Put a period at the end of every sentence

e.g., At the end of the driveway, there is a cottage

e.g., ‘I pay the electricity bill at the end of each month.’

e.g., At the end of the day

e.g., What waited for /What awaited them at the end of such a perilous (1) journey was a life of celibacy (2) near-total isolation from home, hostile climate, and unfriendly natives.

(1) perilous (pronounced ˈper.(ə)l.əs) = full of danger or risk

(2) celibacy (pronounced ˈsel·ə·bə·si) the state of abstaining from marriage and sexual relations

         Reference – Links

         (Retrieved: February 16, 2017):

http://www.learnersdictionary.com/qa/in-the-end-at-the-end

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-86271.php

http://www.english-for-students.com/At-The-End.html

http://www.englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/at-the-end-in-the-end-examples/

 

At this point in time/ At this juncture/ At the/ this moment

At this point in time/ At this juncture/ At the/ this moment = at the present time; now.

It implies that what is the case now may not always have been so or may not remain so.

e.g., It is difficult to say at this juncture whether this upturn (1) can be sustained. 

(1) upturn = an improvement or an upward trend, especially in economic conditions or someone's fortunes.

e.g., At this juncture, there is a desperate need for human contact.

e.g., At this juncture, it is impossible to say whether she will make a full recovery/ fully recover (**).

e.g., At this point in time, she is the best athlete in swimming in the US 

(implies that she may not have been the best in the past or may not be in the future).

e.g., Buying a new car seems wise at this juncture 

(implies that this purchase may not have been wise in the past and may not be at some future time).

e.g., She is in bed at the moment.


Juncture = a particular point in events or time.

e.g., That limits students’ freedom during one of the most critical junctures of their lives.

e.g., We are at a critical juncture in the future of the European Union (EU).

e.g., It also comes at an interesting juncture as Turkey bids to join the European Union.

Note: Juncture also means a place where things join, e.g., The plane crashed at the juncture of two mountains.

         Reference – Links

(Retrieved: February 16, 2017):

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/at-this-point

http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/at+this+point

http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/at+this+juncture

http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/at+this+moment+in+time

(Retrieved: September 17, 2018):

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/at_the_(or_this)_moment

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/juncture

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/juncture

 

The difference between ‘the rest’ & ‘the remaining’

Rest (of) (noun) (in singular) The remaining part of something.

e.g., ‘What do you want to do for the rest of your life?’

e.g., ‘I'll tell you the rest (of the story) tomorrow night.’

Rest (of) = (noun) (treated as plural) The remaining people or things; the others.

e.g., ‘The rest of us were experienced skiers.’

Rest is a noun and means that which remainsWe use ‘The rest of (something) when we do ΝΟΤ know the quantity of something.

e.g., ‘I have read 30 pages (of this book) today. I will read the rest of the pages at the weekend.’

Remaining (adjective) Still existing, present, or in use; surviving.

e.g., Linda was my last remaining close relative.

e.g., The few remaining employees are working part-time.

Remaining is an adjective [Note: Adjectives describe a noun or pronoun (^^) and usually go before a noun].

Remaining means what has been left after something has been removed. It is an act or occurrence, e.g., The remaining book (to read).

The remaining when we KNOW the quantity of something.

e.g., ‘I have read 30 pages (of this book) today. I will read the remaining 60 pages at the weekend.’

Remainder = (noun) A part of something left over when other parts have been completed, used, or dealt with.

e.g., ‘Leave a few mushrooms for garnish (1) and slice the remainder.’ 

(1) garnish = a small amount of different food used to decorate a dish or serving of food

e.g., The remainder of the year.

An example of the above is: ‘Τhe rest of your life is up to you.’// ‘You have 6 months of life remaining.’ //// ‘The rest of your life is long.’// ‘Your remaining life is precious!’

Remains (plural noun) (human remains) or remnants = mortal remains, corpse, dead body. For a saint, we use the word ‘relic.’ So be careful when using the word ‘remains,’ as it means a dead body!

         Reference – Links

(Retrieved February 16, 2017):

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/172164/what-is-the-difference-between-rest-of-the-things-and-remaining-things

http://wikidiff.com/remaining/rest

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rest

(Retrieved June 5, 2017):

http://wikidiff.com/remain/remaining

https://hinative.com/en-US/questions/897973

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/remainder

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/remaining

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/rest


Up to date vs. up-to-date

We write 'up to date' as an adjective when it is not used before a noun

e.g., 'We work hard to keep our database up to date.' 

e.g., 'The book will keep you up to date.' 

But when as an adjective it is before a noun, we use hyphens (up-to-date)

e.g., Up-to-date information.

e.g., A modern, up-to-date hospital ((**) for the 2nd and 3rd example).

 

In time vs. On time

In time early enough.

e.g., I got home just in time – It started to rain.’

e.g., 'If we don’t hurry up, we won’t be in time to catch the train' (^^).

e.g., The referee was caught in traffic and did not make it in time for kick-off (= the start or resumption of a football game in which a player kicks the ball from the center of the field).

On time at the expected or scheduled time; punctually (= at exactly the right timee.g., The meeting started punctually at ten).

e.g., The train arrived on time.

e.g., ‘I paid my bills on time.’

e.g., The pressure to reach a destination on time has serious consequences for our driving safety.

 

Transport vs. transfer

Note: although some use them interchangeably, transport and transfer are not the same!

Transport

Transport means to carry or bear from one place to another; to remove; to convey, e.g., to transport goods; to transport troops. Synonyms: convey, takeshift.

Transport means to take people or goods from one place to another

e.g. Heavy items are expensive to transport by plane (^^).

e.g., The pipeline was constructed to transport oil across Alaska to ports on the coast (^^).

e.g., 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia from 1788 to 1868 (^^) 

e.g., Milk is transported to the dairy (= a building, room, or establishment for the storage, processing, and distribution of milk and milk products) (here we do NOT use the verb ‘transferred’)


Transfer

Transfer means to move or pass from one place, person, or thing to another, e.g., to transfer the laws of one country to another; to transfer suspicion. Synonyms: move/ changetranspose.

Transfer means to move someone or something from one place, vehicle, person, or group to another.

e.g., Milk is transferred by truck.

e.g., He has been transferred to a psychiatric hospital (^^).

e.g., We were transferred from one bus into another (^^).

e.g., The money was (not ‘the money were,’ as it is uncountable) illegally transferred from/ out of the Trust’s bank account (^^).

e.g. The aim is to transfer control/ responsibility/ power to the self-governing regional councils (^^).

e.g., The transfer of information.

e.g., David’s transfer to the LA office shocked his colleagues (^^).

e.g., Victims of the Las Vegas shooting were transferred (not ‘were transported’) to trauma units.

 

It’s vs. its

Its (without an apostrophe) means ‘belonging to it.’

e.g., Each case is judged on its own merits (merit = the quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially to deserve praise or reward).

e.g., The puppy wagged (1) its tail. 

(1) wag = (with reference to an animal's tail) move or cause to move rapidly to and fro)


It’s (with an apostrophe) means ‘it is’ or ‘it has.’

e.g., It’s been a tiring day.

e.g., It’s a comfortable vehicle.

e.g., It’s hot/ cold outside.

 

‘If/ I wish I were’ or ‘If/ I wish I was’?

We use ‘if I were’ instead of ‘If I was’ in statements contrary to fact. These statements call for a special form of the verb known as the subjunctive. We use subjunctive forms in just the right situations, particularly if clauses express a statement contrary to fact.

If/ I wish I were: when the statement is contrary to fact

Examples:

e.g., ‘If I were you, I wouldn't swim there as the water is not clear.’ 

(We use ‘were’ because the statement contradicts fact).

e.g., ‘I have often wished that I were more like David Beckham, the famous football player.’ 

(‘Were’ here is correct, even though the main verb is in the past tense. The statement is still contrary to fact).

e.g., ‘I wish I were the star actor at the Golden Globes.’ 

(‘Were’ here is correct because the statement contradicts fact.)

e.g., On the phrase ‘He will have no more than a minute chance of exercising influence,’ ‘minute’ is an adjective pronounced mʌɪˈnjuːt. If it were a noun, it would be pronounced ˈmɪnɪt, and we would say, ‘He will have less than a minute to exercise influence.’

e.g., ‘If I were rich, I would buy you a luxurious car.’ 

(‘Were’ here is correct because the statement is contrary to fact: I am not rich, but I imagine what I would do if I were).

 

If/ I wish I was: when the statement possibly or probably is NOT contrary to fact

Examples:

e.g., If it was raining yesterday, the garden party was probably called off. 

(‘Was’ is the proper choice here because there is a chance that it was raining.

e.g., I only called to see if the porter job was still available. 

(The job being open is a distinct possibility.)

e.g., If he was feeling sick, it’s good that he went home. 

(It is possible or probable that she was feeling sick).

 

Other vs. the other vs. others vs. another

When ‘other’ is a determiner, it does NOT have a plural form.

e.g., ‘These boxes are for toys. The other boxes are for magazines’ (not: The otherboxes).

When ‘other’ as a pronoun refers to more than one person or thing, it takes the plural form ‘others.’

e.g., ‘Some think that a ‘fat tax’ will reduce the number of people with heart disease while others disagree.’ (not: … other disagree).

‘Other’ must have a determiner before it when it comes in front of a singular countable noun. If the noun is indefinite (e.g. a book, a woman, an idea), we use ‘another.’

e.g., ‘I’ve posted the first envelope. What shall I do with that other envelope?’ (not: What shall I do with other envelope?)

e.g., ‘After a year in the UK, I was ready to move to another European country because of Brexit’ (not: … to move to other European country).

We write ‘another’ as one word e.g., ‘There is another café a little further down the same street’ (not: There is an other café)

‘Another’ is singular. We do not use it with plural nouns e.g., ‘Other interesting places to visit in Sydney include the Opera House and the city harbor’ (not: Another interesting places to visit)

       Reference (Retrieved: February 7, 2018):

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/other-others-the-other-or-another

http://www.grammar.cl/english/another-other-others.htm

http://www.englishcurrent.com/grammar/other-another-difference/

https://www.eslbuzz.com/english-grammar-another-vs-other-vs-others-vs-the-other/

(Retrieved: March 19, 2018):

https://www.proofreadnow.com/blog/bid/101485/If-I-Were-or-If-I-Was-Which-is-Correct

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/660/when-to-use-if-i-was-vs-if-i-were

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/660/when-to-use-if-i-was-vs-if-i-were

https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/if-i-were-if-i-was

http://www.grammar.cl/english/if-i-were-you.htm

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/on-time

 

Classic vs. Classical

(My comment: another classic example of a common mistake!)

Classic = (adjective) being of a high standard against which others of the same type are judged, e.g., Classic literature.// A classic British novel.// (adjective) Traditional in design or style, e.g., He wore a classic blue suit.// (adjective) Having all the characteristics or qualities typical of something, e.g., The building is a classic example of good design./// (noun) (countable) A well-known piece of writing, a musical recording, or a film of high quality and lasting value, e.g., Chaplin’s films, are considered American classics./// Classics  (uncountable noun) The study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, especially their languages and literature, e.g., He studied/read classics at Oxford.// e.g., A classics scholar (*).

Classical (only as an adjective) = traditional in style or form, or based on methods developed over a long period of time, and considered to be of lasting value, e.g., Classical ballet.// e.g., ''I tend to listen to rock music rather than classical.// e.g., She is the greatest classical actress./// Used to describe something that is attractive because it has a simple, traditional style, e.g., I like the classical lines of her dress designs./// (music) (specialized) Refers to a style of music written in Europe between about 1750 and 1830, e.g., The works of Beethoven, Haydn, and Mozart belong to the classical period./// Belonging to or relating to the culture of ancient Rome and Greece, e.g., The classical world.// e.g., Classical literature (*).

 

How to use ‘also’ in a sentence

We use ''also'' in a front position to emphasize what follows or to add a new point or topic.

e.g., The weather is hot and dampAlso, you can easily get dehydrated.

e.g., (chat) ''OK, I will call you next week, and we can figure it out then. Also, we need to decide who will pay the bills.''

We use ''also'' in the normal mid position for adverbs, between the subject and main verb (example 1), or after the modal verb (*) (example 2) or first auxiliary verb, or after ‘be’ (example 3), as the main verb. In this position, the meaning of also usually connects back to the whole clause that comes before.

(*) Modal verb is an auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility. Modal verbs include must, shall, will, should, would, can, could, may, and might.

example (1) He works very hard, but he also does daily charity work.

example (2) A region must also have proper hospital and intensive-care beds.

example (3) I am cold, and I am also hungry and tired.

example (4) ‘I’ve been working as a barista (1) this week, and I’ve also been studying a lot for the June finals’ (2).

(1) barista (pronounced bɑːrˈiːs.tə) = a person whose job involves preparing and serving different types of coffee

(2) final = an examination at the end of a term, academic year, or a particular class

In the end position, ''also'' normally connects two phrases. We use ''as well'' and ''too'' instead of ''also'' in the end position, especially in speech.

e.g. I tried to reach her at work, but she did not answer. Her cell phone was silent, also. (or ''her cell phone was silent too'' or ''her cell phone was silent as well'').

 

Using a comma after ‘also’

When ‘also’ is connected to a free-standing sentence, then you need to use a comma after it.

e.g., Paulo Coelho writes novels with a distinctive style. Also, his storyline is breathtaking, and this makes his books very popular 

(Here, the rest of the sentence can stand on its own without ‘also’)

But, if ‘also’ is part of a complement in an inverted sentence pattern, you do NOT need to put a comma after it.

e.g., Cristiano Ronaldo will play in Real Madrid’s latest Liga outing. Also on the roster (1) is Sergio Ramos. 

(1) roster = a list of members of a team or organization, in particular of sports players available for team selection

In this example, ‘also’ is part of the phrase ‘on the roster.’ The normal structure of this sentence would be, ‘Sergio Ramos is also on the roster.’ The second sentence can stand independently without ‘also’: ‘On the roster is Sergio Ramos. However, ‘also’ is a part of that phrase that makes up the subject complement.

 

Education & students (US & UK)

Crèche (pronounced kr) (British English) = a nursery where babies and young children are cared for during the working day. (Crèche also means a model of the people and animals present at the birth of Jesus, used as a decoration at Christmas (in the UK, it is called 'crib' (*))

Nursery school (or preschool or kindergarten in British English) = a school for children between the ages of 2-5 (^^).

Kindergarten = (mainly US English) the 1st year of school, for children aged 5./// Nursery school (UK English) (mentioned above).

Primary school (or elementary school or grade school in North American English or elementary school in old-fashioned British English; or junior school in British English) a school for children between the ages of 5-11 (^^).// (US English) a school for the first four to six grades, usually including kindergarten.

Junior school (or junior high school in North American English) = (US English) a school in the U.S. for students aged 12-15./// (UK English) a school in the UK for students aged 7-11 (^^).

High school (or high (informal)) (or senior high school in North American English, if there is a junior high school) = (US English) a school in the U.S. for students aged 14-18, or from 16-18 if there is a junior high school (^^).

Charter school = (in North America) a publicly funded independent school established by teachers, parents, or community groups under the terms of a charter with local or national authority.

Boarding school a school where students live and study (^^)

Fraternity (or frat) = (in North America) a social organization for male students at an American or Canadian college (^^).

Sorority = (USA) a social organization for female students at some U.S. colleges (^^).

Students

Freshman (or frosh) (informal)) = (noun) (US English) a student in the 1st year of high school, college, or university (^^).

Sophomore = (noun) (US English) a student studying in the 2nd year of a course that lasts for 4 years at a US high school or college (^^).

Junior = (UK) A student at a junior school./// (US EnglishA student in the third year of a course that lasts for four years at a school or college (^^).

Senior = (US Englisha student in their final year of high school or university (^^).

 

The difference between a Certificate, a Diploma, and a Degree

Certificate

certificate (completion time: about 1 year) is earned by a student after taking a series of courses on a particular subject. Students often receive certificates to improve in the professional field of their interest, and certificates may be offered in similar programs leading to degrees, e.g., there are certificates in business, literature, and technical fieldsIn some technical programs, a certificate may be required. There are also graduate certificates, often taken alone or alongside a graduate degree program. In some programs, the student may use his or her electives to fulfill a certificate to have more chances of being hired.

Diploma

Diplomas (completion time: about 1 year) are like certificates, often awarded to students through community or technical schools. e.g., a nursing diploma is offered as an alternative to an associate degree or bachelor's degree and is only offered at hospitals with specialty programs that provide training.

(Academic) Degree

An academic degree can be earned at many levels:

a) Undergraduate academic degrees

1) An associate degree (or associate’s degree(completion time: about 2 years) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study intended to usually last two years. 

2) Bachelor's (such as Bachelor of Science (BSc); completion time: four years)

b) Postgraduate academic degrees

1) Master’s (such as Master of Science (MSc) or Master of Business Administration (MBA) or Master of Arts (MA); completion time: 1-2 years beyond a Bachelor’s degree): Specialized or advanced study master's degrees are primarily taught degrees, although commonly at least a third of the course is devoted to a research project assessed by dissertation. These may be stand-alone master’s courses, leading to, e.g., MSc, MA, or MRes degrees or integrated master's degrees.

2) Doctoral (Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.); doctorate; completion time: several years, about 4-6 years). During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a doctoral student or Ph.D. student; a student who has completed all their coursework and comprehensive examinations and is working on their thesis/ dissertation is sometimes known as a doctoral candidate or Ph.D. candidate.

postdoctoral researcher (postdoc) professionally conducts research after completing their doctoral studies (typically a Ph.D.). The goal of a postdoctoral research position is to pursue additional research, training, or teaching to have better skills to pursue a career in academia, research, or any other fields

A degree also opens more potential doors to a student than a certificate or diploma. Many careers require the applicant to earn at least a bachelor's degree; several career options require a higher level.

 

STEM (METS) degree

STEM degree (formerly METS) = (abbreviation) in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics.

 

How to formally call a woman!

(My comment: I think the most common mistake is to use Mrs. interchangeably for all women, regardless of being married or not)

Mrs. (sounds like ‘missus’) is used for a married woman

Ms. (sounds like ‘mizz) is used for ANY woman, regardless of her married status

Miss (sounds like ‘mis’) is used for an unmarried woman

Maiden name is the original surname of a married woman

 

 Reference – Links

(Retrieved: February 16, 2017):

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/address-lady-business-letter-34388.html

http://www.formsofaddress.info/Social_M_W.html

https://www.englishclub.com/speaking/titles.htm

http://www.businesswritingblog.com/business_writing/2007/07/address-a-marri.html

http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/40905/madam-vs-maam

http://www.formsofaddress.info/MarriedWomen.html

(Retrieved September 21, 2017):

http://www.future-perfect.co.uk/grammar-tip/is-it-benefitted-or-benefited/

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/benefited-or-benefitted/

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/usage/less-or-fewer

http://study.com/articles/What_is_the_Difference_Between_a_Certificate_Diploma_and_Degree.html

(Retrieved: October 2, 2017):

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpercent27s_degree

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_degree

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ton

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ton

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/also-as-well-or-too

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/classic-or-classical?q=classic

Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, P (31), 4th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016

(Retrieved: April 21, 2018):

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/commas.htm

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/page_06.htm

http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/commas_before_conjunctions.htm

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/coordinating-conjunctions/

https://www.englishrules.com/writing/2005/comma-with-also/

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/comma-between-correlative-conjunction-sets/

http://www.talkenglish.com/grammar/conjunctive-adverbs.aspx

 

Migrant vs. Immigrant vs. emigrant vs. refugee vs. economic Refugee

(My comment: often, the media, to be politically correct, use the term ‘refugee’ for people who, in fact, are economic migrants!)

Migrants are those who move from one country to another, especially to find work

Immigrants are those who officially come to live in a country

Emigrants are those who have left their country

Economic migrant/ refugee (pronounced ˌref.juˈdʒ) = a person who leaves his or her native country in search of employment or economic opportunity

 

Definition

According to the online British ‘Cambridge dictionary’ (*), the terms explained simply are:

Immigrant = a person who has come to a different country to live there permanently

Refugee (pronounced ˌref.juˈdʒ) = a person who has escaped from his/her own country for political, religious, or economic reasons or because of war.

According to the online British ‘Oxford Dictionary’ (*), the terms explained simply are:

Immigrant = a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

Refugee = a person forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

According to the online American ‘Merriam – Webster dictionary’ (*), the terms are:

Immigrant = a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence

Refugee = the one that flees, especially a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution.

The Oxford dictionary also includes the following term:

Economic refugee = a person who leaves his or her native country for employment or economic opportunity.

My politically incorrect interpretation:

According to the above, a migrant may be a refugee (e.g., Who migrated from a country to Europe to escape from war) or may not be a refugee (e.g., he/she may have come from a developing country, such as an African country and decided to immigrate to a developed western country for a better life). Thus, the migrant who migrates to a developed country not by force (e.g., because of war or extreme poverty in his/her country) but just to live a better quality of life is not a refugee but an economic migrant. However, if we strictly interpret the term ‘refugee’ with the meaning of the online Cambridge dictionary, then a great percentage of migrants may be considered refugees!  In any case, there is no consensus among the dictionaries on how to define the term ‘refugee.’ Recently the term ‘economic refugee’ has emerged, complicating things further.

My non–politically correct comment (irrelevant to the exams and not advised to mention it there!): I do not understand the international trend –in particular by the ‘mainstream’ media– to label ‘interchangeably’ both migrants and refugees as ‘refugees,’ instead of using the word ‘economic migrants’ for most of the refugees.

 

On the list vs. In the list 

‘List’ usually goes with ‘on.’ Examples:

 ‘Is your name on the list?’ (**)

The actor is on the list for the Academy Awards.

He checked off their names on the list as they got on the coach (= bus in British English) (**).

New office furniture is not high on our list of priorities (**).


Sometimes, ’list’ goes with ‘in,’ especially with ‘include.’ Examples:

I was included in the guest list.

Both publishers and writers are included in the list.

For inclusion in the list, all information needs to be submitted by May 9th. 

 

Look forward to something

Look forward to something = (phrasal verb) to feel pleased and excited about something that will happen, e.g., ''I'm really looking forward to my holiday.'' 

Look forward to + -ing verb (gerund)) e.g., He was looking forward to seeing his grandchildren again.

Look forward to + -ing verb (gerund)) (formal) is used at the end of a formal letter to say you hope to hear from or see someone soon or that you expect something from them

e.g., ''I look forward to hearing from you.'' 

e.g., ''In the circumstances, I look forward to receiving your client's cheque for $300 within the next five days'' (*).

 

It's time

We can use the expression ‘it’s time’ + subject + past verb form to refer to the present moment, e.g., It’s almost 10 p.m. It’s time we went home (not: It’s time we go home).

‘It’s time’ with a verb in the to-infinitive form can refer to the speaker and the listener together: e.g., ‘It’s time to start packing (or It’s time we started packing). Our flight is leaving in 3 hours.’


Reference

*Reference to 'refugee' definition (Retrieved: February 16, 2017):

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/refugee?fallbackFrom=british-grammar

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/refugee

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/refugee

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/immigrant?fallbackFrom=british-grammar

*Reference to 'immigrant' definition (Retrieved: February 16, 2017):

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/immigrant?fallbackFrom=british-grammar

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/immigrant

*Reference to 'economic refugee' definition (Retrieved: February 16, 2017):

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/economic_refugee

*Reference to 'on/in the list' (Retrieved: July 15, 2019):

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/list

http://learnersdictionary.com/qa/is-it-correct-to-say-on-the-list-or-in-the-list

*Reference to ''look forward to something'' (Retrieved: October 20, 2019):

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/look-forward-to-sth?q=look+forward+to

*Reference to ''It's time'' (Retrieved: November 3, 2019):

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/it-s-time

 

 

 

 







No comments:

Post a Comment