TIPS for English (f) Mistakes & Typos (2)

Common mistakes and ‘typos’ (2)

(My comment: Many people, even native speakers, make trivial mistakes!)

Regarding pronunciation, I underline and have bold the letter that needs to be stressed.

 

Handcuffs (1 word)./// Leg cuffs (2 words).

Per cent (UK English) = percent (US English) (symbol: %)

There is not a word in the English vocabulary to describe it./// The use of morphological awareness in vocabulary acquisition.

Population is a countable noun and goes with a singular or plural verb; e.g., Throughout the war, there were horrific casualties amongst the civilian populations of both countries (^^).// e.g., A surprising percentage of the population is illiterate.// e.g., The global population is expected to increase.//  e.g., The growth of the economy in countries with younger populations (not ‘younger population’) (such as India) is boosted (my example).///  For 'population,' we use the word ‘less.’ We write ‘less than … of the population’/ ‘with a population of less than,’ e.g., Less than 10 percent of the population will be affected by the virus.// e.g., It is a small village with a total population of less than 500 persons/ people (here we compare populations, so we don't write ''fewer'' as we may do only for ''people''-mentioned below). We write ‘the population of A is/ was less than that of B’ when we compare populations, e.g., The population of Mongolia is less than that of New York. // e.g., At the same time, the population of India was less than that of China.

People is a countable noun; e.g. ‘Customs similar to this one are found among many peoples of the world.’// e.g., On this island, the peoples remain distinct and unassimilated (= not absorbed or integrated into a wider society or culture).// e.g., The Bakongo are a blend of peoples who assimilated the Kongo culture and language over time.// e.g.,  Insecure land tenure (= the conditions under which land or buildings are held or occupied) is a common problem faced by African pastoralists and indigenous peoples globally.// e.g., The French are known as a food-loving people (**)./// We say ‘fewer people’ as a countable plural noun; e.g., Fewer people (not ''less people'') showed interest in this year's concert. 

Personnel is an uncountable noun and goes with a singular or plural verb, e.g. The UN personnel were molested (1) by protesters (*).// e.g., British service personnel are helping to stabilize the security situation.// e.g., Service personnel are subject to the Official Secrets Act ((*) for the last example).

(1) molest = to touch, push, etc., someone violently// to touch or attack someone in a sexual way against their wishes (*).

Deutsche (= Germany’s) Welle (German TV news broadcast)

Filet mignon (meal with meat)

Insubstantial (e.g., Insubstantial evidence)/ Unsubstantial (e.g., It is a waste of calories in an unsubstantial meal) (both are adjectives)

For decades, physicians (= doctors in North American English) have known about so-called factitious (= artificially created or developed) disorder, better known in its severe form as Munchhausen syndrome.

Tunisia (country)

Quarantine (as noun and verb is pronounced ˈkwɒr.(ə)n.tiːn) e.g., Quarantine of pigs in Poland after deadly swan fever incidents (from the media)./// (as a verb) e.g., The sick worker was quarantined for seven days and directed to wear a mask to protect others.

Baguette (pronounced bægˈet; = a long, thin stick of white bread of a type that originally came from France (^^)).

Thousand

Husband

Tomorrow

Saturday/ Sunday (mnemonic trick: sun + day)/ holiday (do not think holy + day for the spelling)

Accordingly (adverb – ‘according to’ is a preposition)

Fast (adjective or adverb – ‘fastly’ does not exist as an adjective!).

Steadfast (adjective) is not related to fast but means staying the same for a long time and not changing quickly or unexpectedly, e.g., A steadfast friend/ ally.// e.g., Steadfast loyalty.// e.g., The group remained steadfast in its support for the new system, even when it was criticized by the press (*).

Smile – smiled – smiling

Welcome (do not think well + come). We also say, ‘You are welcome’ (answering to ‘Thanks’), not ‘You welcome.’

Chat – chatted – chatting

Serviette (= table napkin)

Corporate lobbyists

A powerful feeling

Shepherdess = female shepherd

Mortgage (mnemonic trick: mort + gage)

Coffee / Café / Cafeteria / Coffeehouse / Coffee shop / Coffee pot

Committed – Commission

Goodbye

Three pilots have filed grievances (1) against the company. 

(1) grievance (pronounced ˈɡriː.v(ə)ns) = a complaint or a strong feeling that you have been treated unfairly (*).

File (as a verb, with the meaning of walk in a line) = (verb; usually intransitive) to walk in a line, one behind another, e.g., The visitors filed through the entrance to the ticket office (^^).

Kangaroos and antelopes (here both in plural)

Argue – argument (not arguement) (a common typo/ mistake)

Tyres (tires in North American English) of a car

Impossible

Feminine – femininity /// Masculine – masculinity

Inevitably

Altogether (1 word) (do not think all + together) (a common typo/ mistake)

Each other (2 separate words)

The English language

Dessert (= the sweet course eaten at the end of a meal) (beware of the typo ‘desert’ (= a dry, barren area of land, especially one covered with sand, that is characteristically desolate, waterless, and without vegetation)).

A gallant (= brave, heroic) gentleman

Irreplaceable

Explore the more remote Caribbean isles (= islands; isle is pronounced ʌɪl) (^^).

Despite

Exact (= precise; adjective & verb) – exactness (noun) – exactitude (noun; formal) – exacting (adjective) – exactly (adverb)

Exactitude (pronounced ɪɡˈzaktɪtjuːd or ɛɡˈzaktɪtjuːd) = (mass noun) The quality of being precise or accurate; e.g., It is not possible to say with any scientific exactitude what a dream means./// Care and attention to detail; e.g., She writes with exactitude and precision.

Concise (= short and clear, expressing what needs to be said without unnecessary words e.g., ‘Make your answers clear and concise’) – concisely (adverb) – conciseness or concision (noun)

Conciseness (or concision) (pronounced kənˈsaɪs.nəs) = (uncountable noun) the quality of being short and clear and expressing what needs to be said without unnecessary words; e.g., The letters were edited for clarity and conciseness.// e.g., She told the story with admirable conciseness.// e.g., Conciseness is one of the skills essential to the job (*).

Unnecessary (adjective) – Unnecessarily (adverb)

Divorce will not prevent the prince of Wales’s succession (= a process in which someone automatically takes an official position or job after someone else; pronounced səkˈseʃ.(^ə)n) to the throne (^^)./// A succession (= several similar events or people that happen, exist, etc. after each other; pronounced səkˈseʃ.(^ə)n) of scandals and revelations has undermined (not ‘underminded) the government last year (^^).

Lieutenant (= the title of an officer of a middle rank in armed forces (^^)).

Smile – smiling – smiled (e.g., ‘She smiled at me’)

Hundreds of old trees were blown down in the gales (gale = a very strong wind).

Regularly

Pronounce – pronunciation (a common typo/ mistake)

Priestess = (noun) a female priest of a non-Christian religion, e.g., For most indigenous religions, priests and priestesses are common.

Mercenary vs conscript (mercenary (pronounced ˈməːsɪn(ə)ri) = a soldier who fights for any country or group that pays them (^^)), while conscript is a person who has been forced to serve in an army or in one of a country's armed forces (*))

A continuous story

The Dark Ages

Superstitious (= based on or believing in superstitions)

For ‘Tie,’ we have tied in past simple and p.p. and tying in present continuous

The Beetles were probably the most famous band in the world (^^).

Portsmouth (port in the UK; pronounced ˈpɔːtsməθ) (mnemonic trick: ports + mouth)

Dissatisfaction (noun)/ unsatisfactory (adjective)

We spend/ waste time in something (e.g., ‘You need to spend your time in a relaxed way) or on something (e.g., ‘I am far too busy to waste time on frivolities (= silly, unimportant things) like going to the cinema’ (^^). We also spend time with a person and at an activity. But we spend/ waste money on something. 

Instead of ‘waste time/ money,’ we may use the verb ‘fritter away’ (‘fritter something away’ = waste time, money, or energy on trifling (trifle = unimportant or trivial; pronounced ˈtraɪ.fəl)  matters); e.g., ‘I wish we hadn't frittered the money away so easily.’// e.g., ‘She fritters much money away on expensive make-up’ (^^). For time or money, we may also use the verb ‘squander’ (= waste something, especially money or time, in a reckless and foolish manner); e.g., $100m (= 100 million dollars) of taxpayers’ money has been squandered on administering the tax.// e.g., He says too much tax revenue (1) is being squandered on bureaucracy and inefficiency.// e.g.,  Continuing their protest tomorrow will only squander what dwindling (2) public support they have left. 

(1) Revenue = = income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature; here, it means: a state's annual income from which public expenses are met. 

(2) dwindle = diminish gradually in size, amount, or strength

Plank = a fundamental point of a political or another program, e.g., The central plank of the bill (1) is the curb (2) on industrial polluters.

(1) bill = = a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion

(2) curb = a limit on something that is not wanted (*)

Disapprove (mnemonic trick: dis + approve) of 

We returned to Ireland for my uncle’s burial (= the act of putting a dead body into the ground or the ceremony connected with this, pronounced ˈber.i.əl) (^^).

Reconcile means to find a way in which 2 situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other (2 words) can agree and exist together (^^)

Occurrence

Surveillance camera

Barista (pronounced bɑːrˈiːs.tə) is one who prepares a coffee at a café (vs.) Barrister (pronounced ˈbær.ɪ.stə(r)) = a type of lawyer in the UK, Australia, and some other countries who can give specialized legal advice and can argue a case in both higher and lower courts ((*) for barrister).

Luxury – Luxurious

Libya (country)

Helsinki (capital of Finland)

‘Drown’ is not an irregular verb. The past simple is drowned, e.g., He drowned in the pond.

Destruction

‘Do you like going to school?’ (My comment: a more challenging question may be, ‘Do you like going to school, or would you instead prefer staying at home and playing computer games?’)

Big plans for the coming year.

‘There are no choices whatsoever’ (= at all)

Cockroach (insect) (mnemonic trick: cock + roach)

The UN (United Nations) should concentrate on the main issue of poverty.

Budget Committee

Forty (= 40). Beware of the typo ‘fourty’ (confused with ‘four’).

Obesity (pronounced ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti) – Obese (pronounced əʊˈbiːs) (many pronounce it wrong (not 'wrongly''))

Pattern

Patent (pronounced ˈpeɪ.tənt or ˈpæt.ənt) [= (noun) a government authority or licence conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention, e.g., He took out a patent for an improved steam hammer./// (adjective) (of a vessel, duct, or aperture) open and unobstructed; failing to close, e.g.,  The renal artery, vein, and attached segment of ureter were patent and showed no evidence of tumor involvement./// (adjective) Easily recognizable; obvious, e.g., He was smiling with patent insincerity].

Hamburger (mnemonic trick: ham + burger). You may watch the videos https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z6oeAdemFZw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lz0IT4Uk2xQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7rt_5lkN_BE

Plateau (mnemonic trick: e-a-u) (apart from a noun, it is also a verb!)  (plural = plateaux (or plateaus in North American English)) = (noun) an area of relatively level high ground; e.g., Terrain is hilly, undulating (1) with wide valleys and plateaux (**)./// A state of little or no change following a period of activity or progress, e.g., The peace process had reached a plateau./// (verb) reach a state of little or no change after a time of activity or progress; e.g., The industry’s problems have plateaued out.

(1) undulate (pronounced ˈʌn.djʊ.leɪt)= to have a continuous up and down shape or movement, like waves on the sea (*)

Dense (adjective) – density (noun) – densely (adverb)

Illegally 

Burst (infinitive) – burst (past simple) – burst (p.p.) (it is an irregular verb!).// e.g., Suddenly the door burst open (= opened suddenly and forcefully) and the cops rushed in (**).// e.g., Much to my surprise, she suddenly burst into song/cry/ laugh ((*) for the last example).

Aggressively 

Definitely

Distinguish

Adequately

Admittedly

Welfare = the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group; e.g., They don't give a damn about the welfare of their families./// Statutory (1) procedure or social effort designed to promote the basic physical and material well-being of people in need, e.g., The protection of rights to education, housing, and welfare./// (US English) social security; help given, especially by the state or an organization, to people who need it, especially because they do not have enough money, e.g., ''Your taxes pay for welfare benefits such as unemployment and sickness pay'' ((*) (for the last definition))

(1) statute = a law formally approved and written down (*).

Begin – Beginning 

Delineate (= to describe or mark the edge of something e.g., The boundary of the car park is delineated by a low brick wall (^^). 

Unintended

Accommodation

Astronaut (not astronaute)

Fair hair: blond (pronounced blɑnd) on males and blonde (pronounced blɒnd) on females (many people use the adjective ‘blond’ wrongly for females))

Wheat (a cereal plant)

Access (pronounced ˈæk.ses) – Inaccessible (e.g., Some of the houses on the hillside are inaccessible to cars (^^^))

In addition to

Travel by air

Description – descriptive

Bleed – bled – bled (irregular)// e.g., Before help could reach him, the man bled to death (**).

Throughout 1943 the allied leaders meet in a series of conferences to plan the route to victory.

Winston Churchill

Dream – dreamed (or dreamt) – dreamed (or dreamt)

Agree – agreed

Sue (pronounced suː) (sues, suing, sued) (= institute legal proceedings against a person or an institution, typically for redress (1))

(1) redress = money that you have to pay to someone else because you have injured that person or treated them badly; compensation, e.g., He went to the industrial tribunal (2) to seek redress for the way his employers had discriminated against him (*). 

(2) tribunal (pronounced traɪˈbjuː.n(ə)l) = a special court or group of people who are officially chosen, especially by the government, to examine legal problems of a particular type (*).

Military

Deal – dealt – dealt (not dealed; a common mistake) (it is an irregular verb!)

Buddha – Buddhist – Buddhism

Height is pronounced haɪt (not heit))

On bike (vs) By bike

‘By bike’ shows how you got somewhere, e.g., ‘How did you come here so fast?’ ‘I came/ got here by bike.’ // e.g., Many arrived by bicycle.

‘On bike’ means that someone sits on the top of a bicycle, e.g., ‘It is difficult to sit on a bicycle that is too large for me!’ // e.g., The clown in the circus was sitting on a child’s bicycle. 

At the hotel, in the (hotel's) lobby

Cloth (vs) Clothe (vs) Clothes

Cloth (pronounced klɒθ) = (noun) woven or felted fabric made from wool, cotton, or a similar fiber. Synonyms: fabric, material, textile(s).// e.g., Shelves covered with bright red cloth.// The clergy; the clerical profession e.g., A man of the cloth./// A small piece of material used in cleaning to remove dirt, dust, or liquid e.g., A cleaning cloth ((^^) for this definition).

Clothe (pronounced kləʊð) = (transitive verb) put clothes on oneself or someone; e.g., He was clothed all in white.

Clothes = (plural noun) things such as dresses and trousers that you wear to cover, protect, or decorate your body, e.g., He usually wears casual clothes (*).

Karl Marx

Scotland (e.g., the Scotland Yard) – Scottish (e.g., The Scottish Highlands)

Boxing Day ((in the UK and its Commonwealth) is a public holiday celebrated on the first day - strictly, the first weekday - after Christmas Day). 

Papua New Guinea (pronounced ˌpæp.u.ə njuː ˈɡɪn.i)

Cleanliness

Tattoo

Continuously

A five-year-old (you need hyphens here) child (not five-years-old)

How is she (not ‘how she is’ as we have a question) handling the bad news?

Receipt

Sergeant // Lieutenant

Cigarette (= a thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco rolled in paper for smoking. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Cigarette_DS.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Marlboro4wiki2.JPG ) (vs) Cigar (= a cylinder of tobacco rolled in tobacco leaves for smoking. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Four_cigars.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Cigar_Wrapper_Color_Chart.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Short_filler_cigar_Balmoral_sumatra.jpg )

Regularly (from ‘regular’)

Precisely

Ridiculously 

Speechlessness

Marilyn Monroe

Wake – woke (preferred) or waked (obsolete) – woken (preferred) or waked (obsolete (1)) 

(1) obsolete = old-fashioned, dated.

Schedule

Survival of the fittest

Tactful / Tactless

In the same year

Respectful

Congress – Congressional

Unify – unified – unification

Expel – expelled

Mauritius (an island country in the Indian Ocean (^^)) is pronounced məˈrɪʃ.əs. The citizens of Mauritius are called Mauritians (pronounced məˈrɪʃ.(ə)ns)

Recipe (= a set of instructions for preparing a particular dish, including a list of the ingredients required)

Rabid ((adjective)= suffering from rabies, e.g., A rabid dog.// Having and expressing extreme and unreasonable feelings, e.g., The attack is believed to have been carried out by a group of rabid anti-Semites (*)).

Inflexibility (not ‘unflexibility’)

Semester

Inevitable

Blame on both sides

Anthony (e.g., Anthony Quinn) or Antony (e.g., Mark Antony or Marc Antony, a Roman politician and general who played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic from an oligarchy into the autocratic Roman Empire (*****).

‘What’s on (not ‘in’) your mind?’

‘This changed my life/ their lives forever’ (1 word)

On + occasion, e.g., On all four occasions, patients were transferred to other hospitals in the city.// e.g., Today, on the occasion of her 80^th birthday, we wish her well. // e.g., His swimming marathon last summer was on the occasion of his 40^th birthday.// e.g., The accused testified and offered excuses for failing to comply on several other occasions during this period.

Based on

Be careful: pay – paid (not payed!) – paid (not payed!)

Be careful: read – read (past simple; pronounced red)) – read (p.p.; pronounced red) e.g. I have read (pronounced red) this book.

Be careful: hear – heard (not ‘heared’) – heard (not ‘heared’).

Be careful: mean – meant (not ‘ment’) – meant (not ‘ment’)

Be careful: choose – chose -chosen

Be careful: burst is irregular: burst – burst – burst // e.g., The door burst open (= opened suddenly and forcefully) and the cops rushed in (**).

Be careful: bleed is irregular: bleed – bled – bled // e.g., Before help could reach him, the man bled to death (**).

Be careful: slide is irregular: slide (= move along a smooth surface while maintaining continuous contact with it e.g., He slid down the bank into the water) – slid – slid // sliding

Be careful: bear (= carry, support, give birth, endure, turn, and proceed in a specified direction; pronounced ‘beə(r)’) – born – borne (or born in North American English)

Be careful: Spill- spilled (or 'spilt' in British English)), spilled (or spilt in British English)

Be careful: Run (infinitive) – ran (past simple) – run (p.p.)

Plead – Pleaded (or pled in North American English) -– Pleaded (or pled in North American English), e.g., The suspect pleaded/ (or pled in North American English) ‘not guilty’ of the murder (in court we don’t plead ‘innocent,’ but ‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty’ of a crime) 

Note: ‘Drown’ is not an irregular verb. The past simple is drowned, e.g., He drowned in the pond.

Landed at the airport

Classic vs. Classical 

Classic = (adjective) being of a high standard against which others of the same type are judged, e.g., Classic literature.// A classic British novel.// (adjective) Traditional in design or style, e.g., He wore a classic blue suit.// (adjective) Having all the characteristics or qualities typical of something, e.g., The building is a classic example of good design./// (noun) (countable) A well-known piece of writing, a musical recording, or a film of high quality and lasting value, e.g., Chaplin’s films are considered American classics./// Classics  (uncountable) The study of ancient Greek and Roman culture, especially their languages and literature, e.g., He studied/read classics at Oxford.// e.g., A classics scholar (*).

Classical (only as an adjective) = traditional in style or form, or based on methods developed over a long period of time, and considered to be of lasting value, e.g., Classical ballet.// e.g., ''I tend to listen to rock music rather than classical.// e.g., She is the greatest classical actress./// Used to describe something that is attractive because it has a simple, traditional style, e.g., I like the classical lines of her dress designs./// (music) (specialized) Refers to a style of music written in Europe between about 1750 and 1830, e.g., The works of Beethoven, Haydn, and Mozart belong to the classical period./// Belonging to or relating to the culture of ancient Rome and Greece, e.g., The classical world.// e.g., Classical literature (*).

Listen to music

‘The time you have is (time is an uncountable noun) only a few seconds’

Divided into 2 parts

‘Be careful with the spelling’

‘You need to read all the questions before you listen to the recording’

Hometown (1 word)

Because of

‘I like watching the kids playing in the playground.’

Full/ Part-time job/ employment/ contract

A blank page

‘Such qualities are not highly rated’

‘There are fewer risks (we use ‘fewer,’ not less,’ as ‘risk’ is a countable noun) of contamination’

‘We should aim for (here ‘aim at’ does not fit) a better immunization program. If we omit vaccines, it is as we go backward’ (‘backwards’ in British English).

Aim for/ to/ at = (intransitive verb) to intend e.g., (+ to infinitive) 'I aim to be a millionaire by the time I'm 30.' // e.g., We are aiming for (= planning to achieve) a 40 percent share of the UK market./// (transitive or intransitive verb) To point or direct a weapon towards someone or something that you want to hit e.g., He aimed (= directed) a kick at my shins (shin = the front of the leg below the knee).//e.g., ‘Let's aim for (= go in the direction of) Coventry first, and then we'll have a look at the map’ (^^).

Discourse (pronounced ˈdɪs.kɔːs) means to have a formal discussion of a topic in a speech or writing, e.g., A discourse on/upon the nature of life after death ((**) for this example)./// (verb) Speak or write authoritatively about a topic, e.g., He could discourse at great length on the history of Europe./// Engage in conversation, e.g., He spent an hour discoursing with his supporters.

Materialism deprives us of virtues that are of crucial importance to society

Lift (UK English) or elevator (US English)

Whiskey (US & Irish English) (whisky in British English)

Yogurt (yoghourt or yoghurt in British English)

Fulfil (fulfill in North American English)

Committing a suicide

‘He is the best driver on our planet’

Plummet (= fall or drop straight down at high speed, e.g., A climber (pronounced ˈklaɪ.mə(r)) was killed when he plummeted 300 feet down a cliff) - plummeted; plummeting

‘I will stand firm in my opinion’

Beethoven and Mozart (classical music composers)

Ax (US English) (‘axe’ in British English) (tool)

Broccoli is an uncountable noun

Insist on

Acknowledgement or acknowledgment

‘My attention is distracted’

The envoy (1) went to Tibet to meet Dalai Lama.  

(1) envoy (pronounced ˈen.vɔɪ) = a messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic mission) 

‘I perceived it as an unfair treatment’

‘Assess something solely regarding its intrinsic quality rather than other external factors.’

‘Write it by hand’

A new space race is underway (1 word)

The audience (countable noun) was/ were whipped up into a frenzy of an emotion that sent everyone home on a ''high.''

Sort (= type, person, order, deal with; e.g., If only you knew the sort of people she was mixing with) (vs) Short (= small in length, distance or height) (vs) Shorts (clothe – in North American English it also means men’s underpants!)

Our everlasting race for materialism (= a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values).

As can be deduced (not ‘deducted,’ as ‘deduct’ means to subtract or take away an amount or part from a total) from the chart, when the gates opened at 6 am, the passenger numbers stood at (beware of the typo ‘stood up’) one hundred. 

At the age of X// In the age group A-B; e.g., Figures were more substantial for the (not ‘substantial on’) graduates who hit a peak of about $700 in the age group (not ‘at the age group’; as we say, ‘at the age of X,’ but ‘in the age group;’ also not ‘age groups’) 50-59 while non-graduates peaked at the age of 40-49 at $570.

We should put an end to (not ‘put an end on’) the destruction of the environment. Otherwise, things will become irreversible.

Guarantee (noun & verb)

Non-recyclable materials (not ‘unrecyclable’ or ‘not recyclable’)

Volunteers consisting of a single parent comprised 9 percent of the total.

Great (vs) grateful / gratefully

Resist goes without a preposition (My comment: it does not go with 'in') (resist = withstand the action or effect of, e.g., Antibodies help us to resist infection).

Quiet – quieter / quietest

Simple – simpler (not simplier) / simplest (not simpliest)

Cell phone (2 words) (''mobile phone'' in British English) / Smartphone (1 word)

Be careful: the past simple of play is played (not plaid), and the gerund is playing.

e.g., The president denied that politics played any part in his decision to appoint a woman to the Supreme Court (**).

e.g., ''I was just playing my stereo'' (**).

At present = currently (pronounced kʌr.(^ə)nt.li) = at the present time; now; nowadays, in these times, at this time, in this day and age, at the present moment, at this moment in time.

‘How did the baby die? Did he (referring to a boy) have (not ‘had,’ a common typo/ mistake) a congenital (1) disease?’ 

(1) Congenital (pronounced kənˈdʒen.ɪ.təl) = (adjective) a congenital disease or condition that exists at or from birth, e.g., A congenital abnormality/disease (*).

Welcome

Dawn or daybreak (= the time in the morning when daylight first appears)

Sunrise vs. Sunset

Hemorrhage

‘When I am nervous, I have the hiccups (or hiccough)!’

‘I got married 2 months before the war broke out.’

Glucose – hypoglycemia (low blood glucose)

Heavy – heaviness

Strain – strenuous (e.g., strenuous exercise)

Edgy – edginess

‘Spacecraft’ is an uncountable noun (spacecrafts is wrong)

                   Reference

                       Links

 

•         The definitions without a symbolic mark at the end are taken from the Google translator or the Oxford dictionary https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/

•         It should be noted that the definition of the words, as well as the examples, in the Oxford dictionary are also used by the 'Google translator', meaning that they are available to the public via the 'Google translator' separately

•         Oxford online dictionary https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/  (for all the words except the (*) and for all the examples except the (**)))

•         Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback with CD-ROM, 4^th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge University Press, 2013 (^^) (^^^ for the examples)

•         Cambridge online dictionary http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ (*) ((**) for the examples)

•         Merriam – Webster (US English) online dictionary https://www.merriam-webster.com/  (***) ((^) for the examples)

•         The Free Dictionary by Farlex (online) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/  (****)

•         Urban Dictionary http://www.urbandictionary.com/ (#)

•         Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (*****)

•         Longman dictionary (online) on http://www.ldoceonline.com/

•         Collins dictionary (online)  on https://www.collinsdictionary.com/

•         Your dictionary http://www.yourdictionary.com/

•         Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/

•         ‘Google translation’ and Google explanation 

•         Images are tracked down on ‘Goggle images’

•         My own definition! (in a few words)

•         From the ‘BBC’ (international) and the ‘Deutsche Welle’ (international; English version) TV channels (news and reports, as well as documentaries)

•         The CNN site

•         The Animal Planet site

•         The National Geographic site 

 

Reference (Retrieved: June 4, 2017):

•         http://www.learnersdictionary.com/qa/expert-in-and-expert-on 

•         https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/burst

•         http://learnersdictionary.com/qa/how-is-your-family-or-how-are-your-family    

 

                       Bibliography

1) Cambridge English Official IELTS 11 Academic, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/

2) Milton J., Bell H., Neville P., IELTS Practice Test 1 with Answers (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2002, 5^th impression 2016. www.expresspublishing.co.uk

3) Milton J., Bell H., Neville P., IELTS Practice Test 2 with Answers (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2003, 5^th impression 2016. www.expresspublishing.co.uk

4) IELTS Premier by British Council, Student Handbook, 2016.

5) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS (Coursebook & CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2010. www.expresspublishing.co.uk

6) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS Teachers book, Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2010, 3^rd impression 2015. www.expresspublishing.co.uk

7) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS Workbook (1), Academic & General Training (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2011. www.expresspublishing.co.uk

8) Dimond – Bayir S., Improve your Skills, Writing for IELTS 6.0 – 7.5 with Answer Key, Macmillan Education, UK, 2014

9) Tsoukala – Smyrni Lela, The Wonderful World of English Grammar (1) & (2)

10) Vince M., Sunderland P., Advanced Language Practice with key, English Grammar and Vocabulary, Macmillan Education, UK, 2003.

11) Grivas C.N., Guided Composition, and Letter Writing, (5). Proficiency

12) De Castle L., Gilmore H., SOS, A step–by–step approach to composition writing for the Cambridge First Certificate, 2^nd edition, Hillside Press.

13) Speak your Mind in Writing (Proficiency), C2, Teacher’s Super Course System.

14) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials with CD, March 2009

15) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials with CD, Vol. (2), 2010

16) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Workbook with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 1^st published 2008, reprinted 2016

17) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 3^rd edition, 2008, 17^th printing, 2015

18) Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback with CD-ROM, 4^th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

19) British Council, Clarity, ROAD TO IELTS, IELTS preparation and practice (Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking), Academic Module, 2012

20) Humphries P., Yu S., Nakazawa L., Goni M., Campsall H., LET’S IELTS, 10 Complete Practice Tests, Academic Module, Super Course System, Cyprus, 2013

21) Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, 4^th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016

22) Official IELTS 12 Academic (with Answer Keys), authentic examination papers, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2017

23) Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, P. (48) – (49), 4^th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016.

24) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 2016.