English Language Lessons

English Language Lessons
*Politically Incorrect Opinion Texts: https://drjamesmanos.blogspot.com/2022/03/politically-incorrect-opinion-texts-of.html *Τexts with Ηealth-related Τopics: https://mymedicaltexts.blogspot.com *Herbs & Supplements: https://herbsanddietarysupplementsdatabase.blogspot.com *Source for the image (free to use): Hypothetical flag quartering the British and American flags (January 11, 2009). Author: Lunar Dragoon. Source: Wikipedia Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK-US_flag.png

Sunday, September 29, 2019

TIPS for English (l) Grammar at a glance!

Grammar at a glance!

(My comment: Many people, even native speakers, make trivial mistakes!)



Grammar TIPS

 

Always

Always can go with many tenses.

 

It usually goes with present simple:

e.g., ‘I always celebrate my birthday with a party.’

e.g., ‘My sister has (has here is a verb and means possess) always a shoulder which (not ‘where’) I can lean on.’

 

We may also use it with present continuous for an annoying habit: e.g., ‘You are always shouting!’

 

Always may also go with present perfect simple:

e.g., There has always been (been is p.p. of ‘be’) roguery (1) associated with horse dealing. 

e.g., I have always preferred reading prose (2) to poetry (^^).

(1) roguery = conduct characteristic of a rogue, especially acts of dishonesty or playful mischief (= playful misbehavior or troublemaking)

(2) prose = written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.

 

Always may also go with past simple:

e.g., He was always so nice to us.

e.g., My parents always believed that children must be listened to, so our relationship was always good (not ‘always was good’)

 

Always may also go with simple future:

e.g., ‘I will always love you.’

 

Used to

Used to goes with a full infinitive (to-infinitive) when it refers to a completed activity in the past:

e.g., ''When I was younger, I used to celebrate my birthday with a party. Now I just hang out with friends.''

e.g., ''I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.''

 

Be/get used to + gerund/ noun

e.g., I am used to working late.

 

Get used to = I am gradually used to/ to become familiar with something or someone (*)

e.g., I got used to working late

 

Ago

Ago goes with past simple:

e.g., ‘I holidayed in the UK 5 years ago, both for work and leisure.’  

e.g., Three years ago, her parents moved to a new house.


How long/ How long ago

How long goes with present perfect simple or continuous:

e.g., How long have you been (been is p.p. of ‘be’) in the UK?

e.g., How long have you been knowing each other?

 

However, ‘how long agogoes with simple past:

e.g., How long ago did you book the room?

 

For/since

For/since go with present/past perfect:

e.g., ‘I wish to travel again to the UK, but I have been (not ‘had been’) short of money since my last visit there.’

e.g., She paid tribute to her tutors at Footsteps, where she has trained for seven years.



TENSES


Present Simple

For an action that is repeated as a habit in the present.

With adverbs of frequency such as always, sometimes, ever, never, often, seldom, and rarely. They show how often the action occurs

e.g., I always celebrate my birthday with a party.

e.g., ‘My sister has always a shoulder which (not ‘where’) I can lean on.’


Asking and answering the question ‘How often’:

e.g., ‘How often do they visit you?’

e.g., ‘I often go to bed after dinner.'


Scheduled events:

e.g., ‘My flight leaves tomorrow at 2 pm.’


To tell a general truth:

e.g., ''The moon goes around the earth''


Permanent situation or occupation in the present:

e.g., She works as a waitress.

e.g., He lives in Madrid.


For broadcasting (it gives a ‘live’ description) and live game description (such as football):

e.g., ‘The robber dashes into the hotel and orders everyone to raise their hands. Then he puts the stolen money in a bag and runs outside...’

e.g. Ronaldo passes to Smith, he shoots, and he scores!

e.g., The ball hits the net, and he loses the point.

 

Present Continuous (present + -ing)

For an action that happens right now. We may refer to or not the time: 

e.g., Mary is laying on the table (now).

e.g., ‘Are you still sleeping, John?’


For a temporary action that occurs during the same period but not necessarily the time we talk:

e.g., They are working very hard at the hotel these days.


With ‘always,' ‘repeatedly,’ etc., for unhappy or annoying actions that are repeated in the present:

e.g., She is always talking about other people.

e.g., ‘You are always shouting


With a future meaning with verbs that express moving somewhere (e.g., go, come, drive, fly, arrive, leave, start, have) for an action that is scheduled for the near future. Here we must refer to the time. Otherwise, the time is ‘now.’

e.g., ''The mayor is having dinner at the hotel tomorrow night.''

e.g., They're driving to Chicago on Thursday (**).


Present continuous is NOT used with non-continuous verbs (See below (*)), i.e., verbs that deliberate (= intentional) action is needed, usually without being visible or perceptible by the others. These verbs express a permanent situation, feelings, or sense, e.g., Admire, believe, dislike, it feels like, forget, hate, hear, hope, know, like, love, mean, mind, meet, notice, prefer, realize, recognize, remember, see, it smells like, it sounds, suppose, it tastes, think, trust, understand, want, wish.  They may also refer to a permanent situatione.g., appear, be, belong to, consist of, contain, it costs, it depends on, fit, happen, have, look like, owe, possess, remain, seem, resemble.


Sense verbs such as ‘see.' ‘hear’ and ‘smell’ are non-continuous verbs and DO NOT go with present continuous, but we use the verb ‘can’:

e.g. ‘I can’t see you!’

e.g., ‘I can hear you.’ 


But if the action is deliberate (= intentional), then we use the words ‘watch’ or ‘look’ (instead of ‘see) and ‘hear’ (instead of ‘listen’):

e.g., ‘Can’t you see I am watching TV?’

e.g., ‘I am listening to the news.’

e.g., I am looking but can’t see the plane!’

Present simple: See.// Present continuous: Watching or looking

Present simple: Hear.// Present continuous: Listening

 

Simple Past

An action that happened once in the past at a particular time. We always need to refer to TIME!  To specify the time, we may use the words: yesterday, last week, just now, just then, on + day (e.g., on Sunday), two days ago, in + month (e.g., June), in + date (e.g., in 2018), at + time (e.g., at 2 pm), how long ago, when + clause.

e.g., She lost her cat last year.

e.g., ‘I had tea when I woke up’ (when + clause).

e.g., He found a job three weeks ago.


Ago’ goes with past simple:

e.g., ‘I holidayed in the UK 5 years ago for work and leisure.’  

e.g., Three years ago, her parents moved to a new house.


For alternating actions that happened in the past, one after the other

e.g., She walked to the nearest telephone, picked up the receiver, and dialed the number.


With adverbs of frequency: always, never, often, usually, sometimes, rarely, etc., for an action repeated as a habit in the past. It can also be expressed with ‘used to + infinitive’:

e.g., ‘When I was a child, I (always) ate a good breakfast every morning.’

e.g., He was always so nice to us.

e.g., My parents always believed that children must be listened to, so our relationship was always good (not ‘always was good’)


Note: when the past simple refers to a past habit, then we need to refer to the time:

e.g., ‘When I was a child, I ate bacon and eggs in the morning for breakfast.’ 


How long ago’ goes with simple past:
e.g., How long ago did you book the room? 


But  How long’ (without ago) goes with present perfect simple or continuous:

e.g., How long have you been (been is p.p. of ‘be’) in the UK?

e.g., How long have you been knowing each other?


''How long'' can also be used with simple past, but referring to the past:

e.g., ‘How long did he work as a waiter?’


Spelling difficulties on past simple: Drop – dropped; prefer – preferred; travel – travelled (but 'traveled' in North American English); panic – panicked (exception from the rule); quote – quoted.


Spelling rules:


We double a single consonant letter at the end of any base where the preceding vowel is spelled with a single letter and stressed: e.g., bar – barred, beg – begged, occur – occurred, permit – permitted, patrol – patrolled; refer – referring/ referred; omit – omitting/ omitted; equip – equipping/ equipped


Usually, there is ΝΟ doubling when the preceding vowel is unstressed (e.g., enter – entered; visit –visited; prohibit –prohibited) or when the preceding vowel is written with two letters (e.g., dread – dreaded); cool –cooled.


‘Benefit’ follows the standard rules and becomes ‘benefited’ because there is usually no doubling when the preceding vowel is unstressed.


For ''tie'' we have: tied in past simple and p.p. and tying in present continuous

For ''require'' we have: –required in past simple


Words that change their spelling to cope (they add a letter ‘k’): panic – panicking/ panicked; traffic –trafficked; frolic (1) –  frolicked; bivouac (2) –bivouacked

((1) frolic = (of an animal or person) play and move about cheerfully, excitedly, or energetically. (2) Bivouac = stay in a temporary camp without cover.



Difference between North American and British English: parallel –parallelled (UK English)// paralleled (US English); travel – travelled (UK English)// traveled (US English).

 

Past Continuous (past +ing)

For an action that happened continuously at a given moment in the past. We do NOT know and don’t care when the action started and finished:

e.g., It was 9 pm. I was writing an email. 

But when we specify the time, we use past simple: At 9 pm, I wrote (= started writing) some emails.


For 2 or more actions that occurred at the same time in the past. We usually use while’:

e.g., John was watching TV while James was reading his newspaper.’


For an action that started and was ongoing in the past or before another action. The 2nd action that may have been interrupted permanently or temporarily the 1staction is expressed with a simple past:

e.g., She was lying on the beach when it started raining.


To show something continued for some time

e.g., My belly was aching (pronounced ˈeɪkɪŋ)

e.g., Everyone was screaming.


For something that happened repeatedly

e.g., My parents were always arguing.


With verbs that show change or growth

e.g., Nowadays, children are growing up fast.

e.g., My English language skills were improving.


We do NOT normally use the past continuous with stative (*) verbs, but we use the past simple instead 

e.g., When I got home, I really needed (not was needing) to go to sleep/ to fall asleep.

(*) Stative (of a verb) = expressing a state or condition rather than an activity or event, such as 'be' or 'know,' as opposed to 'run' 


To describe the background before the narration of a story in simple past:

e.g., ‘I was driving in the country last Sunday morning. The sun was shining, the radio was playing my favorite song, and I was singing…’

 

Present Perfect Simple (have)

For an action that started in the past and continues in the future. It is used with ‘for,' ‘since’, always,' ‘All my life,' and ‘How long.’:

e.g., ‘I have known him for eight years.’

e.g., There has always been (been is p.p. of ‘be’) roguery (1) associated with horse dealing.

e.g., I have always preferred reading prose (2) to poetry (^^)

(1) roguery = conduct characteristic of a rogue, especially acts of dishonesty or playful mischief (= playful misbehavior or troublemaking)
(2) prose = written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.


‘For’ and ‘Since’ go with present and past perfect:

e.g., ‘I wish to travel again to the UK, but I have been (not ‘had been’) short of money since my last visit there.’

e.g., ‘I have known him for eight years.’

e.g., ‘I haven’t played tennis for years.’ ((^^^) for the last example). 


We use present perfect with time words such as since, for, how long, always, never, ever, today, this week/ month/ year, yet, already, just, recently, and lately.

Note: How long,’ as mentioned above, goes with present perfect simple:

e.g., ‘How long have you been waiting here?’ /

e.g., ‘How long have you been (been is p.p. of ‘be’) in the UK?’

e.g., ‘How long have you been knowing each other?


How long can also be used with simple past, but referring to the past 

e.g., ‘How long did he work as a waiter?’


But How long ago always goes with simple past:

e.g., ‘How long ago did you book your room?’


Present perfect simple refers to ‘then and now,' connecting the past with the present:

e.g., Peter has been in the kitchen since 10 am (he was at 10 am and still is). [But we say ‘Peter is in the kitchen (now)].


The phrase have to do something’ can be expressed with a negative present perfect (haven't):

e.g., ‘I haven’t slept for two days.’


For an action that happened and finished in a period that has ended. We use it with ‘today,' ‘this week/ month/ year,’ ‘this morning/afternoon’:

e.g., He has lost the keys twice this month.


With ‘just,' ‘recently,' and ‘lately’ for an action that finished recently:

e.g., He has just broken another plate.

e.g., Anyone and everyone who has spoken to the Prime Minister lately can have no doubt as to the ambition.

e.g., She has broken a lot of plates recently.


With the adverbs ‘yet’ and ‘already.' 

Yet’ goes with a question and negative clause

e.g., ‘Have you finished yet?’ (question) ‘No, I haven’t finished yet.’ (negative)

‘Already’ goes with a question and affirmative clause

e.g., Have you studied already?’ (question) ‘Yes, I have already studied/ studied already.’ (affirmative)


For an action that started and was completed in the past at a time that is not specified, i.e., we do NOT know when it occurred, and we don’t care for it. However, the results of the action are still visible in the present. We may use the adverbs ‘never’ and ‘ever’:

e.g., Jim has broken his arm (But we use past simple when we specify the time: ‘Jim broke his arm last week’).

e.g., ‘Have you ever eaten frog’s legs?’

e.g., She has never swum in seawater.


Have been/ gone to = I have been/gone somewhere, and I have returned, i.e., I have visited a place:

e.g., Anna has been to the bank twice today.

e.g., Jamie has gone to Naples.


Have been in/at: = I have been somewhere, and I have NOT returned

e.g. Nick has been in Spain for two weeks (he is in Spain 2 weeks now)

 

Present Perfect Continuous (have + -ing)

The present perfect continuous is formed using has/have + been + present participle. 

It is used for an action that started in the past and continues to the present or has just finished. We use it with ‘since,' ‘for,’ and ‘how long.’ The action is continuous, without interruptions:

e.g., ‘How long have you been studying English?’ ‘I have been studying English for six years.’


For an action that happened continuously in the past, the results of which are visible or affect the present:

e.g., ‘Why are you wet? (now)Have you been jogging in the rain again?’


We can also use the present perfect continuous WITHOUT a duration. Then, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.

e.g., Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

e.g., Have you been doing anything interesting lately?

e.g., I haven't been feeling so well lately.


To express indignation (1), wrath (2), annoyance, surprise, or explanation:

e.g., ‘Who has been smoking my cigars?’ (indignation).

e.g., ‘He has been using my towel again’ (annoyance)

e.g., ‘What have you been doing here?’ (surprise).

e.g., ‘I’ve been trying on all your dresses, Mom’ (explanation).

(1) Indignation = anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment.

(2) Wrath = extreme anger (chiefly used for humorous or rhetorical effect (*)) (*) e.g., in the Bible, it often refers to 'God's wrath')

 

Past Perfect Simple (had)

For an action that happened before a specified time point in the past:

e.g., Vicky had cleaned all the bedrooms by 11 am.


For an action that happened before another one that also occurred in the past. The 1staction is in the past perfect, and the 2nd in the past simple:

e.g., Daisy had laid (lay - laid - laid)  all the tables by the time the guests arrived (she first laid the table, and then the guests arrived). 


As 1st, we don't regard the action mentioned 1st, but the one that really happened first. We may start with the 2nd action (with past simple) and next to refer the 1st action (past perfect):

e.g., Jim watched TV after he had done the washing-up.


With ‘since,' ‘for,' ‘already,’ ‘yet,’ ‘just,’ ‘ever,’ ‘never,’ etc. Past perfect connects a previous action in the past, while present perfect connects the past with the future:

e.g., Dinner had already finished when the mayor arrived.


We use past perfect with the following time words: before, after, just, yet, already, ever, never, until, until after, for, since, as soon as, when, by, by then, and by the time:

e.g., He waited until everything had finished.

e.g., He had bought some new furniture by then.


Ago’ refers to something that occurred before the present time, while ‘before’ relates to a time point in the past:

e.g., He had breakfast an hour ago.

e.g., He had breakfast 30 min before.

 

Past Perfect Continuous (had + -ing)

Past perfect continuous expresses the duration of an action that started in the distant past and continued or finished sometime in the past

e.g., ‘He had been studying for 3 hours when I phoned him.'


Expresses a continuous action in the past, the result of which was visible in the past (not in the future as with present perfect continuous)

e.g., He was out (or short) of breath. He had apparently been running. 

[Compare to present perfect continuous that expresses an action that happened continuously in the past, the results of which are visible or affect the present, e.g., ‘Why are you wet (now)?’ Have you been jogging in the rain again?’]


We use it with the time words: since, for, how long, until, before, after, when, by, etc.

e.g. Kate had been walking 4 miles a day before she broke her leg.

e.g. The program that was terminated had been working well since 2001.

e.g. Maria had been playing the piano for 30 years when she was finally asked to play with the local orchestra.

 

It’s (high) time

It’s (high) time’ + subject + past verb form is used to refer to the present moment:

e.g., It is too late. It’s time we went home (not: It’s time we go home).

It’s time + a verb in the to-infinitive form (full infinitive) can refer to the speaker and the listener together:

e.g., It’s time to start packing. Our flight is leaving in three hours. (or ‘It’s time we started packing’)

 

Future Simple (will/ shall + be going to)

We use the future simple with ‘will’ to predict the future. We use it for future facts and for things that are less certain:

e.g., The sun will rise at 6.30 am. (a fact)

e.g., I think the Tories (1) will win the next elections in the UK. (something less certain (prediction))

(1) Tories = (in the UK) a member or supporter of the Conservative Party.


We use the future simple with ‘will’ for promises, requests, offers, and refusals (it is sometimes called ‘volitional’ will). It refers to wanting to do something or not wanting to do something in the future:

e.g., I  won’t go to the party (refusal).

e.g., Will you help me with my homework? (request)

e.g., I will help you clean the house (offer).


We use ‘will’ when we're talking about a decision at the moment of speaking. We are usually making an offer or promise or talking about something that we want to do:

e.g., It is too hot. I will open the air-conditioning.


We use the simple future with ‘will’ in the 1st conditional, as well as in sentences that have a conditional meaning:

1st Conditional: if + present simple + will (main clause) is used to express a simple statement/ fact/ intent

e.g., If you help me with my homework, I will help you wash the dishes

e.g., If you make a mistake, someone will let you know.

e.g., Let’s arrive at the airport early. That will give us time to buy duty-free at the airport.

 

Shall


Shall’ is used when you want to get someone’s opinion, especially for offers and suggestions:

e.g., Shall I open the air conditioning? (= Do you want me to open the air conditioning?)

e.g., Where shall we hang out this evening? (= What’s your opinion?)

 

Be going to

We use ‘be going to’ to talk about our future intentions and plans. It should be mentioned that we have usually made our plans before the moment of speaking:

e.g., A: I’ve run out of sugar. B: No problem. I'm going to buy some.


We also use ‘be going to’ to make a prediction about the future.  We may use both ‘be going to’ and ‘will;’ however, it's more common to use ''be going to'' if we can see evidence in the present:

e.g., The boys are going to fight.

e.g., We were going to tell you earlier.

 

Future Continuous (future + ing)

Future continuous is formed with ‘will + be’ + ‘ing’ form

The future continuous tense, sometimes also referred to as the future progressive tense, is a verb tense that indicates that something will occur in the future and continue for an expected length of time. 

e.g., At 2 pm, I will be meeting with the management about my pay raise.

The construction will + be + the present participle meeting indicates that the meeting isn’t going to happen in an instant, but it will have a duration.

e.g., I will be running a marathon this Sunday.

e.g., Don’t visit me in the evening. I’ll be doing my homework for tomorrow's exams. 

e.g., This time tomorrow, I’ll be visiting the British Museum.

 

Future Progressive

We use the future progressive to talk about something that will be in progress at or around a time in the future. These sentences are ΝΟΤ about the future, but we can use the future continuous to talk about what we assume is happening at the moment:

e.g., Don’t phone Mary now; she’ll be doing her homework.

e.g., I will be watching on TV my favorite soap opera when you call this evening.



Future Perfect (will have + pp)

Future perfect is formed with ‘will have’ + past participle.

We use the future perfect to say that something will be finished by a particular time in the future. We often use the future perfect with ‘by’ or ‘in. By’ means not later than a particular time, while ‘in’ means within a period of time. We do NOT know exactly when something will finish.

e.g., In (= within) two years' time, I will have finished my Master’s degree.

e.g., I will have finished my homework in (= within) about 3 hours, and then we can go to the movies.

e.g., I promise I’ll have done all the homework by (= not later than) this Sunday (I don’t know exactly when I will finish my homework, but definitely before Sunday)

e.g., Do you think you will have finished your project by (= not later than) next Tuesday?

 

'Used to' (modal verb)

For habits or situations in the past that have changed or do NOT occur anymore. (Note: Simple past refers to an action that happened once in the past at a particular time)

e.g., She used to dance very well (when she was young, not now). 

[But we say: She danced very well when she was young].

e.g., Mary used to be pretty (at the age of 18, not now). 

[But we say: Mary was pretty at the age of 20].


Used to’ goes with a to-infinitive (full infinitive) when it refers to a completed activity in the past:

e.g., ‘When I was younger, I used to celebrate my birthday with a party. Now I just hang out with friends.

e.g., I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.


 Be/get used to + gerund/ noun

e.g., I am used to working late.


 Get used to = I am gradually used to

e.g., I got used to working late.

 

Passive voice

 

Passive voice is used when we focus on the action. It is NOT important or NOT known who or what is performing the action

e.g., My wallet was stolen.

The focus here is that my wallet was stolen, but I don’t know who did it.

A sentence in passive is often more polite than in active voice

e.g., A mistake was made

Here, I focus on a mistake being made, but I do not blame anyone, i.e., if a specific person has made a mistake.

 

Form of Passive voice

Subject + finite form of to be + past participle

e.g., The data (*) of the study was/were analyzed, and the results have just been published.

(*) data is an uncountable noun that goes with a singular or a plural verb

 

When rewriting active sentences in the passive voice:

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

The finite form of the verb is changed (‘to be’ + past participle)

The subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is omitted)

e.g., Jim (subject) ate omelet (object) at dinner (active).

e.g., At dinner, omelet (subject) was eaten by Jim (object) (passive).

 

Other structures that have passive characteristics are the get-passive and get/have something done:

e.g., The window of my room got broken.

The focus is that the window got broken, but I don’t know who did it.

e.g., She’s getting his hair dyed. (Someone is dyeing his hair.)

 

Passive Sentences with Two Objects 

Transforming an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, and the other remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what we want to focus on.

Active: Mary (subject) cooked (verb) pasta (object 1) for me (object 2)

Passive (1): Pasta (subject) was cooked (verb) for me (object 1) (by Mary) (object 2)

Passive (2): For me (subject) was cooked (verb) pasta (object 1) (by Mary) (object 2)

Adding ''by Mary'' does not sound very nice in the examples, so it is usually omitted.

 

Tense and passive

Present simple

am/ are/ is + past participle

e.g., He is taken to school by school bus


Present continuous

am/ are /is being + past participle

e.g., They are being intimidated (*) (by their rivals)

(*) intimidate = frighten or overawe someone, especially to make them do what one wants.


Present perfect

have/ has been + past participle

e.g., We have been asked to close our cell phones when boarding the plane.


Past simple

was/ were + past participle

e.g., We were told not to speak loudly

 

Past continuous

was/ were being + past participle

e.g., The village was being attacked by guerillas (1).

(1) guerrilla (or guerilla) = a member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces.  

 

Past perfect

had been + past participle

e.g., I had been brought up (= raised) in the UK.

 

Future

will be + past participle

e.g., Measures will be taken to prevent bullying at school.

 

Future perfect

will have been + past participle

e.g., All the parcels (1) will have been shipped by Tuesday(*)

(1) parcel = a thing or collection of things wrapped in paper to be carried or sent by mail.


Reference 

Bibliography

1) Cambridge English Official IELTS 11 Academic, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016. www.cambridge.org/elt

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12) De Castle L., Gilmore H., SOS, A step–by–step approach to composition writing for the Cambridge First Certificate, 2nd edition, Hillside Press.

13) Speak your Mind in Writing (Proficiency), C2, Teacher’s Super Course System.

14) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials with CD, March 2009

15) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials with CD, Vol. (2), 2010

16) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Workbook with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 1st published 2008, reprinted 2016

17)  Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition, 2008, 17th printing, 2015

18) Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback with CD-ROM, 4th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

19) British Council, Clarity, ROAD TO IELTS, IELTS preparation and practice (Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking), Academic Module, 2012

20) Humphries P., Yu S., Nakazawa L., Goni M., Campsall H., LET’S IELTS, 10 Complete Practice Tests, Academic Module, Super Course System, Cyprus, 2013

21) Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, 4th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016

22) Official IELTS 12 Academic (with Answer Keys), authentic examination papers, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2017

23) Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, P. (48) – (49), 4th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016.

24)  Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 2016.


Links

(Retrieved: June 5, 2017):

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/adverbs-of-time-and-frequency/always

http://www.really-learn-english.com/what-tense-should-i-use-after-the-word-always.html

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/grammar/british-grammar/adverbs-of-time-and-frequency/always

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/past-habit-used-towouldpast-simple

(Retrieved: February 20, 2018):

https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/grammar/active-and-passive-verbs

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/passive/passive

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/future-continuous-future-perfect

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/simple-future-use.html

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/it-s-time

https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/61963/why-do-we-say-its-time-we-ate-and-not-its-time-we-eat

http://www.grammaring.com/its-high-time

https://www.englishgrammar.org/high-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going-to_future

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/quick-grammar/future-continuous-future-perfect

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/simple-future/

https://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/simplefuture.html

http://www.studyandexam.com/future-simple-tense.html

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenses/simple_future.htm

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/simple-future.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence

http://www.really-learn-english.com/examples-of-future-progressive-tense.html

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-progressive-tense-use.html

http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenses/future_perfect_progressive.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/future_pro.htm

https://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/future-continuous/

http://www.studyandexam.com/future-continuous-tense.html

https://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/passive-voice/

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/active-and-passive-voice

https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/activepass.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_passive_voice

https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/passive-voice/

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/passive-voice/

http://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/revising/passive-voice/

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-active-and-passive-voice.html

http://www.englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk/using-present-simple-storytelling-commentary/

(Retrieved: May 18, 2020):

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/english-grammar-reference/past-continuous

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/past-perfect-continuous-tense/

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/future-continuous-tense/

           

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