VI) Vocabulary – Definitions
The point of this section is to use an advanced vocabulary that will impress the examiner as it will show accuracy and fluency in English. However, even if you cannot remember difficult words to elaborate your saying or writing, you may use linking words (mentioned above) that give a more fruitful appearance in your paragraphs.
FAQ (Frequently asked questions)
Why do we need all these examples following the definition of a word?
We need them because it is easier to remember a word or phrase in context and not out of context!
What is the purpose of this extended vocabulary section?
To enrich and elaborate your English and differ from the other people whose vocabulary is confined to about 1,000 – 3,000 words, usually of American slang, abbreviations, and text message content! It is not a coincidence that this type of language is mainstreamed, as citizens with poor vocabulary are more prone to be manipulated by the system. Undoubtedly, a rich vocabulary always mirrors a rich intellect because speech distinguishes humans from other species.
In fact, Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, wrote that human is a living creatures with logic, referring to the intellect as well as the ability of speech (grammatically, ‘logos,' the ancient Greek origin of 'logic,' means speech, along with intelligence and reasoning).
What level do you need to study this vocabulary?
You should have an FCE (first certificate in English) level that is a B2 equivalent level on the common European framework, which means you are an independent user/ upper-intermediate. You can speak and write English well enough to work or study in an English-speaking environment. You may read the levels at http://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/sites/default/files/cefr-en.pdf and https://www.britishcouncil.it/en/exam/why/english-language-levels-cefr
Where to focus on this endless vocabulary? Should I read everything?
You don’t need to read everything! You may use the ‘Find’ option on your computer to search for a specific word. If you are taking exams, you should focus primarily on adjectives (especially helpful in the essay that will elaborate on them), nouns, verbs, and adverbs. You may omit archaic/ dated/ obsolete words unless you read English literature.
If you have no time (for instance, if you sit the English language test in a week), you may omit reading words that may not be helpful in the essay and speaking module, e.g., the word ‘limbo’ mentioned below. If you have no time (e.g., if you take the English language test in a few days), you can omit the ‘Vocabulary’ section, as many vocabulary TIPS are included in the remaining sections. You may also omit sections irrelevant to the specific English test, e.g., the ‘graph’ if you sit a TOEFL test.
Here, many nouns and verbs are accompanied by images that help to memorize easier every word. Pronunciation of words without obvious pronunciation is included, and the difference between North American and British English is mentioned. Articulation is necessary to show an advanced English level, e.g., Some non-native speakers spell wrong the word obesity as oˈbɛsɪti instead of ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti. The most essential here is that examples follow all definitions, as without using a word in a phrase, it is difficult to understand its meaning.
How many words are there in the English language?
Heaps! Close to 500,000! Webster’s 3rd New international dictionary, unabridged, together with its 1993 Addenda Section, includes some 470,000 entries. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, reports that it contains a similar number. According to Oxford dictionaries, over 50 percent of these words are nouns, about one-fourth are adjectives, and about 1/7 are verbs; the rest comprises exclamations, conjunctions, prepositions, suffixes, etc.
Is it easy to remember all these words?
Definitely not! The fact that there are many synonyms for a single definition complicates things, and it’s weird that the English language has many words with the same or almost the same meaning. It is also odd that a word may have many meanings, such as ‘bill’ and ‘rally.’ Regarding pronunciation and meaning, there is often a discrepancy between US and UK English, and often differences are striking.
Does this section contain all these words?
It would be impossible to include nearly 500,000 words in the English language. I have the most important for your essay. But I was wondering if there are native speakers who know 500,000 words. I doubt that most people do not have time to read literature and enrich their vocabulary. Additionally, worldwide most people speak American English which is simplified to 2,000 – 3,000 words that are sufficient to chat on the internet in the form of abbreviations (in the US, they tend to abbreviate everything) and a text message style. So contemporary people will never learn 500,000 words because they do not need them unless they indulge in literature!
Is the English language so easy to learn, as they say?
Not at all! At least if you wish to reach an advanced level (proficient user: C2 level). The problems that someone faces in trying to become a skilled English language user are: a) The English language has almost 500,000 words! There are words for everything tangible (= that we can touch) or abstract. I am wondering if all native speakers know all these words. At least, I don’t, although being a writer! Noteworthy, the difficulty in learning all these words is that many are obsolete/ archaic/ dated or slang or specialized/ technical. b) The English language has many words to describe the same thing, i.e., many synonyms!
Often there are many synonyms for a single definition, which complicates things. It’s weird that English has many words with the same or almost the same meaning. For example, the word ‘perform’ has the following synonyms: carry out (that is the dominant synonym), do, execute, discharge, bring about, bring off, accomplish, achieve, fulfill, complete, conduct, effect, dispatch, work, implement! It is also odd that a word may have many meanings, such as ‘bill’ and ‘rally.’
For instance, the word ‘perform’ has the following meanings (with the most striking the 3rd one): a) Carry out, accomplish, or fulfill an action, task, or function. b) Work, function, or do something well or to a specified standard. c) Have successful or satisfactory sexual intercourse with someone. d) Present a form of entertainment to an audience. e) Entertain an audience, typically by acting, singing, or dancing on stage. Another example is the word ‘crèche’ used in the UK as a synonym for nursery school!
Pronunciation is often confusing. For example, the word ‘often’ is pronounced ˈɒf.(ə)n or ˈɒf.t(ə)n (although the latter is obsolete, I don’t know why many native speakers use it; I don’t), and the word ‘sergeant’ is pronounced ˈsɑː.dʒənt. The word ‘controversy’ is pronounced ˈkɒn.trə.vɜː.si or kənˈtrɒv.ə.si and the word ‘libel’ is pronounced ˈlaɪ.bəl . The word ‘ballet’ is pronounced ˈbæl.eɪ (but bælˈeɪ in North American English), and the word ‘foyer’ is pronounced ˈfɔɪ.eɪ. The word ‘heroine’ is pronounced ˈher.əʊ.ɪn, similar to ‘heroin’ that is pronounced ˈher.əʊ.ɪn!
Apart from the international versions of news channels such as CNN and the BBC, international English does not exist. But even there, ‘international’ English is more American for the former and more British for the latter! The ‘genuine’ international English accent is between the American and British accents. There are many differences in the English language, often striking, between the US and the UK English, as well as with other countries such as Australia. So, words and pronunciation are not always written or spoken interchangeably between different English-speaking countries! Consequently, we may disagree about who is right and who is wrong.
Although North American English has prevailed worldwide, I think my idea for an international English format should be considered. The question is, who is entitled to teach the English language. Is it Cambridge University or the University of Michigan? In fact, English teaching is a hugely profitable business, but it shouldn’t be monopolized by institutions or universities. For example, Cambridge University and Australia have created the IELTS tests. These exams are kind of IQ tests rather than English language tests. For example, the IELTS test contains a graph as if the English student is a mathematician!
We need them because it is easier to remember a word or phrase in context and not out of context!
What is the purpose of this extended vocabulary section?
To enrich and elaborate your English and differ from the other people whose vocabulary is confined to about 1,000 – 3,000 words, usually of American slang, abbreviations, and text message content! It is not a coincidence that this type of language is mainstreamed, as citizens with poor vocabulary are more prone to be manipulated by the system. Undoubtedly, a rich vocabulary always mirrors a rich intellect because speech distinguishes humans from other species.
In fact, Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, wrote that human is a living creatures with logic, referring to the intellect as well as the ability of speech (grammatically, ‘logos,' the ancient Greek origin of 'logic,' means speech, along with intelligence and reasoning).
What level do you need to study this vocabulary?
You should have an FCE (first certificate in English) level that is a B2 equivalent level on the common European framework, which means you are an independent user/ upper-intermediate. You can speak and write English well enough to work or study in an English-speaking environment. You may read the levels at http://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/sites/default/files/cefr-en.pdf and https://www.britishcouncil.it/en/exam/why/english-language-levels-cefr
Where to focus on this endless vocabulary? Should I read everything?
You don’t need to read everything! You may use the ‘Find’ option on your computer to search for a specific word. If you are taking exams, you should focus primarily on adjectives (especially helpful in the essay that will elaborate on them), nouns, verbs, and adverbs. You may omit archaic/ dated/ obsolete words unless you read English literature.
If you have no time (for instance, if you sit the English language test in a week), you may omit reading words that may not be helpful in the essay and speaking module, e.g., the word ‘limbo’ mentioned below. If you have no time (e.g., if you take the English language test in a few days), you can omit the ‘Vocabulary’ section, as many vocabulary TIPS are included in the remaining sections. You may also omit sections irrelevant to the specific English test, e.g., the ‘graph’ if you sit a TOEFL test.
Here, many nouns and verbs are accompanied by images that help to memorize easier every word. Pronunciation of words without obvious pronunciation is included, and the difference between North American and British English is mentioned. Articulation is necessary to show an advanced English level, e.g., Some non-native speakers spell wrong the word obesity as oˈbɛsɪti instead of ə(ʊ)ˈbiːsɪti. The most essential here is that examples follow all definitions, as without using a word in a phrase, it is difficult to understand its meaning.
How many words are there in the English language?
Heaps! Close to 500,000! Webster’s 3rd New international dictionary, unabridged, together with its 1993 Addenda Section, includes some 470,000 entries. The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, reports that it contains a similar number. According to Oxford dictionaries, over 50 percent of these words are nouns, about one-fourth are adjectives, and about 1/7 are verbs; the rest comprises exclamations, conjunctions, prepositions, suffixes, etc.
Is it easy to remember all these words?
Definitely not! The fact that there are many synonyms for a single definition complicates things, and it’s weird that the English language has many words with the same or almost the same meaning. It is also odd that a word may have many meanings, such as ‘bill’ and ‘rally.’ Regarding pronunciation and meaning, there is often a discrepancy between US and UK English, and often differences are striking.
Does this section contain all these words?
It would be impossible to include nearly 500,000 words in the English language. I have the most important for your essay. But I was wondering if there are native speakers who know 500,000 words. I doubt that most people do not have time to read literature and enrich their vocabulary. Additionally, worldwide most people speak American English which is simplified to 2,000 – 3,000 words that are sufficient to chat on the internet in the form of abbreviations (in the US, they tend to abbreviate everything) and a text message style. So contemporary people will never learn 500,000 words because they do not need them unless they indulge in literature!
Is the English language so easy to learn, as they say?
Not at all! At least if you wish to reach an advanced level (proficient user: C2 level). The problems that someone faces in trying to become a skilled English language user are: a) The English language has almost 500,000 words! There are words for everything tangible (= that we can touch) or abstract. I am wondering if all native speakers know all these words. At least, I don’t, although being a writer! Noteworthy, the difficulty in learning all these words is that many are obsolete/ archaic/ dated or slang or specialized/ technical. b) The English language has many words to describe the same thing, i.e., many synonyms!
Often there are many synonyms for a single definition, which complicates things. It’s weird that English has many words with the same or almost the same meaning. For example, the word ‘perform’ has the following synonyms: carry out (that is the dominant synonym), do, execute, discharge, bring about, bring off, accomplish, achieve, fulfill, complete, conduct, effect, dispatch, work, implement! It is also odd that a word may have many meanings, such as ‘bill’ and ‘rally.’
For instance, the word ‘perform’ has the following meanings (with the most striking the 3rd one): a) Carry out, accomplish, or fulfill an action, task, or function. b) Work, function, or do something well or to a specified standard. c) Have successful or satisfactory sexual intercourse with someone. d) Present a form of entertainment to an audience. e) Entertain an audience, typically by acting, singing, or dancing on stage. Another example is the word ‘crèche’ used in the UK as a synonym for nursery school!
Pronunciation is often confusing. For example, the word ‘often’ is pronounced ˈɒf.(ə)n or ˈɒf.t(ə)n (although the latter is obsolete, I don’t know why many native speakers use it; I don’t), and the word ‘sergeant’ is pronounced ˈsɑː.dʒənt. The word ‘controversy’ is pronounced ˈkɒn.trə.vɜː.si or kənˈtrɒv.ə.si and the word ‘libel’ is pronounced ˈlaɪ.bəl . The word ‘ballet’ is pronounced ˈbæl.eɪ (but bælˈeɪ in North American English), and the word ‘foyer’ is pronounced ˈfɔɪ.eɪ. The word ‘heroine’ is pronounced ˈher.əʊ.ɪn, similar to ‘heroin’ that is pronounced ˈher.əʊ.ɪn!
Similarly, the word ‘track’ is pronounced træk and may be confused with the word ‘truck’ that is pronounced trʌk (the slight subtle difference in the pronunciation may not be so apparent in a non-native speaker). So, you don’t know which letter to stress from the phonetics – I underline and have bold the letter that needs to be stressed.
Pronunciation also differs (pronounced ˈdɪf.ərs) between different English-speaking countries, e.g., the word ‘adult’ is pronounced ˈæd.ʌlt or əˈdʌlt in British English and ˈæd.ʌlt or əˈdʌlt in North American English! There is often a discrepancy between the US and the UK English pronunciation, and often differences are striking. For instance, the word ‘aubergine’ in British English is called ‘eggplant’ in North American English. The word ‘ant’ (insect) is pronounced in British English: ant, but in North American English, it is pronounced ænt, the same with ‘aunt!’ Another classic example is the word ‘aluminum,’ pronounced əˈlu·mə·nəm in North American English. However, it is ‘aluminium,’ pronounced ˌæl.jəˈmɪn.i.əm, in British English!
Also, when a British says, ‘coach trip,’ a person from the US may not think that ‘coach’ refers to ‘bus,’ but to a ‘teacher’! The word ‘coach,’ pronounced kəʊtʃ, may be confused with the word ‘couch,’ pronounced kaʊtʃ, which sounds different. Another example is the word ‘harass’ pronounced ˈhær.əs or həˈræs in British English and həˈræs or ˈher.əs in North American English. Similarly, ‘harassment’ is pronounced ˈhær.əs.mənt or həˈræs.mənt in British English and həˈræs.mənt in North American English! Spelling may also be different. An example is the word ‘tyres’ (of a car) in British English that goes ‘tires’ in North American English!
In my opinion, the confusion and discrepancy in the myriads of synonyms and their pronunciation (that differs between the British and North American English), as well as the endless number of words (nearly 500,000) and the confusion in prepositional verbs, is not for the benefit of the English language. I firmly believe that simplicity is essential. Ancient Greek had the advantage of this simplicity, combined with the fact that the words themselves contained their meaning. This simplicity may be an example of ‘international English’ if and whenever it is created to imitate.
Apart from the international versions of news channels such as CNN and the BBC, international English does not exist. But even there, ‘international’ English is more American for the former and more British for the latter! The ‘genuine’ international English accent is between the American and British accents. There are many differences in the English language, often striking, between the US and the UK English, as well as with other countries such as Australia. So, words and pronunciation are not always written or spoken interchangeably between different English-speaking countries! Consequently, we may disagree about who is right and who is wrong.
Although North American English has prevailed worldwide, I think my idea for an international English format should be considered. The question is, who is entitled to teach the English language. Is it Cambridge University or the University of Michigan? In fact, English teaching is a hugely profitable business, but it shouldn’t be monopolized by institutions or universities. For example, Cambridge University and Australia have created the IELTS tests. These exams are kind of IQ tests rather than English language tests. For example, the IELTS test contains a graph as if the English student is a mathematician!
On the other hand, the ETC has created the TOEFL. However, IELTS focuses on British English, while the IELTS on American English. Often, institutions (such as the General Medical Council in the UK) don’t recognize the TOEFL exams, but instead, they accept only the IELTS test with a very high score of 7.5 out of 9!
I firmly believe that after an international consensus, an international organization should teach and assess what I call ‘international English.’ That will replace the Cambridge first certificate and proficiency and the IELTS exams, where the correctors are very strict. Indeed, speaking of my friends’ experience, they rarely give students an ‘A’ mark (excellent) on the Cambridge proficiency (I guess they reserve it only for native speakers) or more than 6.5 out of 9 on IELTS, judging their students as if they were real English native speakers!
But the target is not to teach proper English but rather than being strict and rigid. IELTS tests are, to my mind, problematic, as time is too short to complete the reading part, while the essay is corrected in such a strict way that it is unlikely to take a mark of more than 7. I don’t know why they include a graph as if the students are statisticians! Moreover, the IELTS exam students will have the chance to listen to the ''listening part'' only once, contrary to the proficiency exams, where they will listen twice!
To my mind, teachers should be more flexible. For example, the strictness of the Cambridge exams gave the chance to other institutes to emerge, such as the LRN of the Esol Education (Educational Services Overseas Limited), an organization in primary and secondary education, specialized in establishing and managing American and British international schools. The US patronizes today's English language by imposing American English worldwide! If you doubt this, you may check which language is the default on your computer programs or various sites. It is usually the US English and not the British! American English is urban, and you can use it effectively to speak at the American ghettoes, but it is insufficient to read literature! I hope one day, people, after an international consensus, to create ‘international English.’ Until then, confusion will still exist!
Reference (Retrieved: November 6, 2017):
- https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/how-many-words-are-there-in-the-english-language
- https://www.merriam-webster.com/help/faq-how-many-english-words
Notes
• The referred pronunciation is in British English; however, in many cases, the US pronunciation is also mentioned. For the phonetic symbols, see below.
• You may also visit: http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm and http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbolsforenglish.htm and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects and http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2014/ling115/phonetics.html
• There are also some differences between the UK and the US English in writing a word (e.g., ‘color’ and ‘favorite’ in North American English, but ‘colour’ and ‘favourite’ in British English, respectively)
• The difference in some words between American and British English is mentioned. The same occurs for the Australian and the New Zealand English
• The rights for each of the pictures accompanying some words belong to the sites that these pictures belong to and were taken from ‘Google images.’ As available for everyone on Google images, these images are just to view and not to download, as for most of them, their rights are reserved.
• The videos are collected from YouTube. As available for everyone on YouTube, these videos are just to view and not to download; for some, their rights are reserved.
• The dictionaries own the rights to the specific definition of each of the above words and the examples of its meaning(s).
• The examples that follow the definitions in most words have been tracked down from the internet from various sources.
• For the examples from the media, in many cases, they are abbreviated, and some articles are omitted, as these are news with a brief, telegraphic form tracked down from various sources from the internet and news broadcasters such as the BBC international and the Deutsche Welle (international English edition).
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
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Source for the above table: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbolsforenglish.htm (Retrieved: March 7, 2018)
Vocabulary (Misc.)
Note about the images & videos referred to in this text:
In many words, I include links to pictures retrieved from ‘Google images’ and videos from YouTube, so it is a kind of reblog. Most images have their rights reserved by their owners, companies, or individuals. Therefore, in this updated text, I tried to use mostly images from Wikipedia that are free or public domain. In Wikipedia, many photos are free to use. However, others aren’t. You may have a look at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons and https://creativecommons.org/
Why some Google images and videos don’t appear?
About Google images, it is apparent that most involve advertisements (e.g., for ‘lacy petticoat’ it displays pics from ads) that are soon deleted or replaced or images that are stock photos with rights (such as from Shutterstock or Getty or Alamy images). Honestly, it was challenging to find images unrelated to ads!
Which is your level of English language proficiency? Is it a C2 (the highest) level?
Suppose you know the meaning of difficult words, such as the 3 first words, ‘germane,’ ‘adamant,’ and ‘pristine,’ mentioned below. In that case, your vocabulary level in English is probably the highest (proficient user: C2)! Is it? If not, keep studying!
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) is a guideline used to describe the achievements of learners of foreign languages across Europe and, increasingly, in other than Europe countries. For the CEFR, you may visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages and https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/ and https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/relating-examinations-to-the-cefr For the English Language Scales (CEFR) you may also visit https://tracktest.eu/english-levels-cefr/ and https://www.londonschool.com/level-scale/ and https://www.embassyenglish.com/resources/english-levels
VOCABULARY - REFERENCE
Reference
Links
• The definitions without a symbolic mark at the end are taken from the 'Google translator or the Oxford dictionary (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/
• It should be noted that the definition of the words and the examples in the Oxford dictionary (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/) are also used by the 'Google translator', meaning that they are available to the public via the 'Google translator' separately.
• Oxford online dictionary https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/ (for all the words except the (*) and for all the examples except the (**)))
• Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback with CD-ROM, 4th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge University Press, 2013 (^^) (^^^ for the examples)
• Cambridge online dictionary http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ (*) ((**) for the definition and the examples, or the examples only)
• Merriam – Webster (US English) online dictionary https://www.merriam-webster.com/ (***) ((^) for the examples)
• The Free Dictionary by Farlex (online) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ (****)
• Urban Dictionary http://www.urbandictionary.com/ (#)
• Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (*****)
• Longman Dictionary (online) on http://www.ldoceonline.com/
• Collins dictionary (online) on https://www.collinsdictionary.com/
• Your dictionary http://www.yourdictionary.com/
• Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/
• Most images are taken from ''Wikipedia'' and some from ‘Google images’
• My own definition is given in a few words.
• From the ‘BBC’ (international) and the ‘Deutsche Welle’ (international; English version) TV channels (news and reports, as well as documentaries)
• ‘CNN,’ ‘Animal Planet’ and the ‘National Geographic sites.
Bibliography
1) Cambridge English Official IELTS 11 Academic, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016. www.cambridge.org/elt
2) Milton J., Bell H., Neville P., IELTS Practice Test 1 with Answers (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2002, 5th impression 2016. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
3) Milton J., Bell H., Neville P., IELTS Practice Test 2 with Answers (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2003, 5th impression 2016. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
4) IELTS Premier by British Council, Student Handbook, 2016.
5) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS (Coursebook & CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2010. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
6) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS Teachers book, Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2010, 3rd impression 2015. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
7) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS Workbook (1), Academic & General Training (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2011. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
8) Dimond – Bayir S., Improve your Skills, Writing for IELTS 6.0 – 7.5 with Answer Key, Macmillan Education, UK, 2014.
9) Tsoukala – Smyrni Lela, The Wonderful World of English Grammar (1) & (2).
10) Vince M., Sunderland P., Advanced Language Practice with key, English Grammar and Vocabulary, Macmillan Education, UK, 2003.
11) Grivas C.N., Guided Composition, and Letter Writing, (5). Proficiency.
12) De Castle L., Gilmore H., SOS, A step–by–step approach to composition writing for the Cambridge First Certificate, 2nd edition, Hillside Press.
13) Speak your Mind in Writing (Proficiency), C2, Teacher’s Super Course System.
14) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials with CD, March 2009.
15) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials with CD, Vol. (2), 2010.
16) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Workbook with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 1st published 2008, reprinted 2016.
17) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition, 2008, 17th printing, 2015.
18) Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback with CD-ROM, 4th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
19) British Council, Clarity, ROAD TO IELTS, IELTS preparation and practice (Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking), Academic Module, 2012.
20) Humphries P., Yu S., Nakazawa L., Goni M., Campsall H., LET’S IELTS, 10 Complete Practice Tests, Academic Module, Super Course System, Cyprus, 2013.
21) Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, 4th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016.
22) Official IELTS 12 Academic (with Answer Keys), authentic examination papers, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2017.
23) Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, P. (48) – (49), 4th edition, Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016.
24) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
1) Cambridge English Official IELTS 11 Academic, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016. www.cambridge.org/elt
2) Milton J., Bell H., Neville P., IELTS Practice Test 1 with Answers (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2002, 5th impression 2016. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
3) Milton J., Bell H., Neville P., IELTS Practice Test 2 with Answers (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2003, 5th impression 2016. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
4) IELTS Premier by British Council, Student Handbook, 2016.
5) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS (Coursebook & CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2010. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
6) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS Teachers book, Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2010, 3rd impression 2015. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
7) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS Workbook (1), Academic & General Training (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2011. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
8) Dimond – Bayir S., Improve your Skills, Writing for IELTS 6.0 – 7.5 with Answer Key, Macmillan Education, UK, 2014.
9) Tsoukala – Smyrni Lela, The Wonderful World of English Grammar (1) & (2).
10) Vince M., Sunderland P., Advanced Language Practice with key, English Grammar and Vocabulary, Macmillan Education, UK, 2003.
11) Grivas C.N., Guided Composition, and Letter Writing, (5). Proficiency.
12) De Castle L., Gilmore H., SOS, A step–by–step approach to composition writing for the Cambridge First Certificate, 2nd edition, Hillside Press.
13) Speak your Mind in Writing (Proficiency), C2, Teacher’s Super Course System.
14) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials with CD, March 2009.
15) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials with CD, Vol. (2), 2010.
16) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Workbook with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 1st published 2008, reprinted 2016.
17) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 3rd edition, 2008, 17th printing, 2015.
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24) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
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