English Language Lessons

English Language Lessons
*Politically Incorrect Opinion Texts: https://drjamesmanos.blogspot.com/2022/03/politically-incorrect-opinion-texts-of.html *Τexts with Ηealth-related Τopics: https://mymedicaltexts.blogspot.com *Herbs & Supplements: https://herbsanddietarysupplementsdatabase.blogspot.com *Source for the image (free to use): Hypothetical flag quartering the British and American flags (January 11, 2009). Author: Lunar Dragoon. Source: Wikipedia Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK-US_flag.png

Friday, July 5, 2019

TIPS for English (50): Words(II) (Q)

· Juxtapose = (verb with object) Place or deal with close together for contrasting effect e.g., Black-and-white photos of slums were starkly juxtaposed with color images.// e.g., We produce the effect of counterpoint by juxtaposing lineal periods with grammatical periods.// e.g.,  Voltaire ridicules an old-school philosophical system by juxtaposing it with horrific historical reality.
·    Tenet (pronounced ˈtɛnɪt) (not to be confused with ‘tenant’) = (nouna principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of a religion or philosophy e.g., The tenets of classical liberalism.// e.g., Such discrimination violates central tenets of our liberal legal system, including the rule of law.// e.g., One of the central tenets of this ideology is the inherent inferiority and weakness of women.// e.g., He was deeply devoted to the tenets of her Christian faith.// e.g., One can try to apply the tenets of one's belief system to one's life.
·  Tenement = (noun) (especially in Scotland or the US) a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of flats. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Yard_of_a_tenement_at_Park_Ave._LOC_det.4a28182.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Airshaft_of_a_dumbbell_tenement%2C_New_York_City%2C_taken_from_the_roof%2C_ca._1900_-_NARA_-_535468.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Chawl_-_Mumbai_2006.jpg  and http://college.cengage.com/history/ayers_primary_sources/images/a071.jpg and http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/exhibition/dublin/main/A_SingleRoom_7.083.jpg     /// A house divided into and let as separate residences./// A piece of land held by an owner./// ( Law) Any kind of permanent property e.g., lands or rents, held from a superior.
·  Haggard = (adjective) Looking exhausted and unwell, especially from fatigue, worry, or suffering. See https://joshidaniel.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/haggard-face-old-man.jpg?w=600&h=480   // e.g., She was pale and haggard.// e.g., Nick's haggard face.// e.g., Her father was still there, but this time he was on the phone, and his expression was haggard with worry./// (of a hawk) Caught for training as a wild adult of more than twelve months. See https://i.pinimg.com/736x/f4/3e/01/f43e013f6c7ac5fbd378f1a294080200.jpg  // (noun) A haggard hawk.
·   Doting = (adjective) Extremely and uncritically fond of someone; adoring e.g., She was spoiled outrageously by her doting father.// e.g., We saw photos of the doting father with the baby on his knee (^^^ for the 2nd example).// e.g., Doting mother of two, devoted spouse, Pippa Lee has a complex past.
·   Gratify (pronounced ˈɡræt.ɪ.faɪ) = (verb with object) Give someone pleasure or satisfaction e.g., She was gratified to see the shock in Jim's eyes.// e.g., The results were gratifying./// Indulge or satisfy a desire e.g., Not all the sexual impulses can be gratified.// e.g., It represents something which is universal and compelling: the freedom to gratify desire.
·  Durable (pronounced ˈdʒʊə.rə.b(ə)l) = (adjective) Able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage; hard-wearing e.g., Porcelain enamel is strong and durable.// (figurative) e.g., A durable peace can be achieved.// (informal) (of a person) Having endurance e.g., The durable Smith lasted the full eight rounds./// Durables short for consumer durables (mentioned below).
·     Reciprocity = (mass noun) The practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another e.g., The Community intends to start discussions on reciprocity with third countries.// e.g., The principle of reciprocity, a key principle in diplomacy, should be applied to the issue.// e.g., While reciprocity is important, generosity is crucial to a good mate.
·   Sloth (noun) no effort; (literary) unwillingness to work or make any effort e.g., The report criticizes the government's sloth in tackling environmental problems (*)  e.g., He should overcome his natural sloth and complacency./// A mammal that moves slowly and lives in trees. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Bradypus.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/MC_Drei-Finger-Faultier.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Two-toed_sloth_Costa_Rica_-_cropped.jpg and http://www.animalfactsencyclopedia.com/images/sloththreetoedfull.jpg and https://c402277.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com/photos/6518/images/story_full_width/iStock_000011145477Large_mini_%281%29.jpg?1394632882  /// Slothfu (adjective) = Lazy e.g., Slothful adolescents.
·   Corrugated = (adjective) (of a material or surface) Shaped into a series of parallel ridges and grooves so as to give added rigidity and strength. For corrugated land See https://calisphere.org/clip/500x500/cc3fe89ade9ab5fb10fa1b1ca816b4e4    and   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Corrugated_land%2C_Threephead_-_geograph.org.uk_-_589580.jpg   For corrugated packaging http://www.hpcorporategroup.com/images/stories/corrugated%20material.jpg  For corrugated fiberboard (or cardboard) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Corrugated_Cardboard.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Cardboard_Main_Flutes_Labeled.jpg  and http://www.kolispak.com/dosyalar/sayfa_icerik/Ondle_3.jpg and http://www.miarco.com/wb/miarco_en.nsf/9F259AE6A11566C5C1257B97004B41C1/$file/cart%C3%B3n-ondulado2.jpg   // e.g., A corrugated cardboard.// e.g., They have no land or houses, just low, corrugated iron structures that serve as houses. /// Corrugated road = a form of damage-prone to develop in the surface of unpaved roads (***** for this). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Corrugated_Road_-_Fremont_California.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Road_with_Washboarding_in_Baja_California.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Corrugations.jpg
·    Dictum (plural = dicta or dictums) = (noun) A formal pronouncement from an authoritative source e.g., The First Amendment dictum that ‘Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech.’// The dicta of High Court Judges./// A short statement that expresses a general truth or principle e.g., The old dictum ‘might is right.’/// (Law) Short for Obiter dictum = a) A judge’s expression of opinion uttered in court or a written judgement, but not essential to the decision and therefore not legally binding as a precedent e.g., That submission runs into the authority of a number of final courts in the world and obiter dicta of this Court./// b) An incidental remark e.g., ‘Mr. Smith treats certain of my remarks about Kierkegaard as though they were obiter dicta, insouciantly tossed off without context or explanation.’
· Pronouncement = (noun) A formal or authoritative announcement or declaration e.g., Distrust of the pronouncements of politicians was endemic.// e.g., Politicians are good at making grand pronouncements about tackling the problem, but sustainable solutions are difficult to implement.// e.g., Most people don't understand how Government works and therefore accept its pronouncements in all cases except where it has a major impact on their wallet.
·  Crumb (pronounced krʌm) (not crump)= (noun) A small fragment of bread, cake, or biscuit. For cornmeal crumbs See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Breading.jpg  For crumb cake See http://cdn-image.foodandwine.com/sites/default/files/styles/551x551/public/200712-r-xl-cardamom-spiced-crumb-cake.jpg?itok=Z1UeBeYs and https://planetbyn.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/chocolate-chip-crumb-cake.jpg For bread crumbs See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Breadcrumb.jpg  and  http://quotemaster.org/images/5f/5f3ecc0cbc5ca43c917274faa6a67e30.jpg and http://www.copykat.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Bread-Crumbs.jpg // e.g., She brushed some cake crumbs off her dress.// (as modifier) e.g., A crispy crumb topping./// (mass noun) The soft inner part of a loaf of bread e.g., A morsel of crumb will often tempt a chub./// A very small amount of something e.g., The Budget provided few crumbs of comfort.// e.g., A crumb of hope/ comfort (^^^ for this example)./// (informal) (US English) An objectionable or contemptible person e.g., ‘He's an absolute crumb!’/// (mass noun) Granulated rubber, usually made from recycled car tires. See https://penarthnews.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/img_0071.jpg?w=640&h=360 and  http://image.made-in-china.com/43f34j00RKFafsEzuDpY/Waste-Tire-Recycle-Fine-Crumb-Rubber-Manufacturing-Machine.jpg   /// (verb with object) Cover food with breadcrumbs e.g., Crispy crumbed mushrooms with garlic dip.//// ''Crumbs from someone's table'' (phrase) an unfair and inadequate share of something large e.g., It will amount to no more than crumbs from the European Commission's table.
·   Morsel (pronounced ˈmɔː.s(ə)l) = (noun) A small piece or amount of food; a mouthful e.g., Jim pushed a morsel of toast into his mouth. See http://www.stephandtonyinvestigate.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/bacondates_crop.jpg and  http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Edible-Growth-Project-Yields-the-Coolest-3D-Printed-Food-Gallery-461807-3.jpg  // e.g., He stood up from his chair as soon as he finished the last few morsels of food on his plate./// A small piece or amount e.g., There was a morsel of consolation for the British team.// e.g., ‘For those of you unfamiliar with the writer let me provide a few morsels of information.’
·    Consolation = (mass noun) The comfort received by a person after a loss or disappointment e.g., There was consolation in knowing that others were worse off./// (countable nounA person or thing providing consolation e.g., The Church was the main consolation in a short and hard life./// (UK English) (countable noun) (in sport) A goal scored at a point when it is no longer possible for the scoring team to win. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4tbXzMWOzw   // e.g., Two minutes from time Manson grabbed a consolation goal for the loser./// Consolation prize = a prize given to a competitor who narrowly fails to win or who finishes last e.g., Two hundred runners-up will get a consolation prize.
· Cobble = (noun) A small round stone used to cover road surfaces. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cobbles_Nash_Point.jpg/220px-Cobbles_Nash_Point.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Hazeva_cobbles.jpg and https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/cobble-762368.jpg For a cobblestone street See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Ancient_road_surface.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/ItalianStones.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Cobblestone_west_wall_detail%2C_1834_Universalist_Church%2C_Childs%2C_NY.jpg and http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/110000/velka/old-cobblestone-street.jpg // e.g., The sound of horses' hooves on the cobbles./// Cobbles = (UK English) Small round lumps of coal./// Cobble something together = (verb with object) roughly assemble or produce something from available parts or elements e.g., The film was imperfectly cobbled together from two separate stories.
·  Hoof (plural: hooves or hoofs) = (noun) The horny part of the foot of an ungulate animal, especially a horseSee https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Capreolus_capreolus_cloven_hoof.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Camelsfootforexceedinglyimportantarticle.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Tapir_hooves.jpg and http://cdn2.hubspot.net/hub/100261/file-2442751861-png/hoof_blog.png and http://blog.smartpakequine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/4monthHoof.jpg // e.g., There was a clatter of hoofs as a rider came up to them./// (verb with object) (informal) Kick a ball powerfully e.g., He hoofed the ball 50 meters./// ''Hoof it'' = a) Go on foot e.g., ‘I paid the check and hoofed it over to Jane Street.’/// b) Dance e.g., We hoof it reasonably fancily, and no one guffaws./// ''On the hoof'' = (phrase) a) (of livestock) Not yet slaughtered e.g., Livestock on the hoof. b) Without proper thought or preparation e.g., Policy was made on the hoof.
· Guffaw (pronounced ɡəˈfɔː) = (noun) A loud and hearty laugh. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwEHI4yEARc and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOOfgmwMmd4  // e.g., In response, the dark guard howled out another guffaw.// (verb; no object) Laugh loudly and heartily e.g., Both men guffawed at the remark.// e.g., The man guffawed loudly, slapping his hands on his fat legs.
·   Clatter (vs) Clutter
·  Clatter (not to be confused with clutter – described below) = (nounA continuous rattling sound as of hard objects falling or striking each other. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHQePNrxsm8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIs-GtkdrlQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQIFQ_XbXRg // e.g., The horse spun round with a clatter of hooves./// (verbMake or cause to make a continuous rattling sound.// (verb; no object) e.g., Her coffee cup clattered in the saucer.// (verb with object) She clattered cups and saucers on to a tray.// (verb; no object, with adverbial of directionFall or move with a clatter e.g., They heard Jane's shoes clattering up the stone steps.// e.g., The knife clattered to the floor./// (informal; with object) (UK English) (of a soccer player) Foul an opponent e.g., Bennett clattered Coleman ten yards out from goal.// (verb; no object) e.g., Thatcher clattered into Beckham (football match).
·   Clutter = (verb with object) Cover or fill something with an untidy collection of things. For a cluttered room See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Compulsive_hoarding_Apartment.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Hoard.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Libros_2013_001.jpg  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZD8NnSWidak and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7QGKRmJRvU  and http://www.homeorganizeit.com/images/clutteredroom600px.jpg and http://carolecleantheclutter.com/wp-content/gallery/living-room/cluttered-living-room_0.jpg  (My comment: Declutter means to clean the cluttered space e.g., room. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FVn3WQ8K1k ) // e.g., The room was cluttered with his bric-a-brac.// e.g., These protesters shouldn't be allowed to clutter up the pavements./// (mass noun) A collection of things lying about in an untidy state e.g., The attic is full of clutter./// (in singular) An untidy state e.g., The room was in a clutter of smelly untidiness.
·  Bric-a-brac = (mass noun) Miscellaneous objects and ornaments of little value. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Big_Day_Out_stalls%2C_Cambridge%2C_July_2010_%2801%29.JPG/170px-Big_Day_Out_stalls%2C_Cambridge%2C_July_2010_%2801%29.JPG  // e.g., Then came donations of bric-a-brac.// (as modifier) e.g., Bric-a-brac stalls./// A British children's television series devised by Michael Cole and Nick Wilson, and starring well-known children's television presenter (***** for this definition).
·   Shatter = (verb) Break or cause to break suddenly and violently into piecesSee https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Glass_fracture.jpg For a shattered windshield of a car See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vCRIt1TS3jg  // (verb; no object) e.g., Bullets riddled the bar top, glasses shattered, bottles exploded.// (verb with object) e.g., The window was shattered by a stone.// (verb with object(for something abstract) Damage or destroy e.g., The crisis will shatter their confidence.// (verb with objectUpset someone greatly e.g., Everyone was shattered by the news.
·   Crick (noun) A painful stiff feeling in the neck or back. (Note: Some call it neck/back knot).  For a back crick See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzL_gBCTTqM  For a neck crick Seehttp://www.backpainhc.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Crick-in-Neck.jpg?x35286 and https://img.wonderhowto.com/img/67/42/63584056534742/0/5-natural-ways-remove-crick-your-neck.1280x600.jpg /// (verb with object) Twist or strain one's neck or back, causing painful stiffness e.g., He suffered a cricked neck during tackling practice./// (US English) (dialect) A creek.
· Creek = (noun) (US English) A stream or narrow river. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/SpearfishCreek.jp  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Heathcote_National_Park_stream_3.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Creek_in_perisher.jpg  /// (UK English) A narrow area of water that flows into the land from the sea, a lake, etc./// ‘Up the creek’ = (phrase) In trouble e.g., ‘If any more people resign, we’ll be really up the creek’ (^^).
·    Kink = (nounA sharp twist or curve in something that is otherwise straight e.g., A kink in the road./// A flaw or obstacle in a plan, operationetc. e.g., Though the system is making some headway, there are still some kinks to iron out./// A quirk of character or behavior e.g., Pluto is encouraging you to stand up for your quirks and kinks./// (informal) A person's unusual sexual preference e.g., ‘George my kink is hard to indulge, yet everywhere there is torment.’/// (US English) A crick in the neck (also called stiff neck). See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FL3bhwpjhs8  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LjdYv0fH9gQ   // e.g., His neck had a kink from sleeping in one position for so long./// (verb) Form or cause to form a sharp twist or curve.// (verb; no object) e.g., The river kinks violently at a right angle.// (verb with object) ‘Take care to avoid kinking the wire.’
· Kinky = (adjective) (informal) Involving or given to unusual sexual behavior e.g., Like kinky sex, the strangeness and remoteness of molecular representation reproduce the body as Other./// (of clothing) Sexually provocative in an unusual way e.g., Kinky underwear./// Having kinks or twists. For kinky hairstyle See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTljQVbVuyY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7rWnEN95HE  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXmqvMh87MQ  and http://www.hergivenhair.com/images/product/Kinky_Textured_Wefted_Hair-p-KW01.jpg and  http://www.mercyshairextensions.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/IMG_6154.jpg  For kinky lingerie    See  https://img0.etsystatic.com/138/4/6317588/il_340x270.889782714_t544.jpg   // e.g., Long and kinky hair.
·    Lingerie (pronounced UK English = ˈlɒn.ʒər.i /// US English =ˌlɑːn.ʒəˈreɪ=  (My comment: I know that you all know this word; I just refer it for the spelling!) (noun) Women’s underwear and nightclothes.   See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Lingerie.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Kelly_Gale_2014.jpg and https://img0.etsystatic.com/138/4/6317588/il_340x270.889782714_t544.jpg    // e.g., ‘Honestly, she writes well and knows her lingerie from strap to underwire and back again.’
·     Quirk (pronounced kwəːk) (noun) A peculiar (= unusual) aspect of a person's character or behavior. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIU3-SYhUMU // e.g., They accepted her attitude as one of her little quirks.// e.g., These characters’ personal quirks are as colorful and various as their day jobs./// A strange chance occurrence e.g., Another strange pedestrian quirk is the proliferation of underpasses in the city.// e.g., A strange quirk of fate had led her to work for Jim./// Sudden twist, turn, or curve. For dance quirk See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rawkcn_yf-c and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lVXrDpFlugE   // e.g., Wry humor put a slight quirk in his mouth.// e.g., She raised an eyebrow at me, and there was a funny quirk in her mouth.// e.g., Mike's mouth quirks, and he raises his eyebrows./// (Architecture) An acute hollow between convex or other moldings. See http://www.quirkdesignstn.com/west_park.jpg /// (verb) (concerning a person's mouth or eyebrow) Move or twist suddenly, especially to express surprise or amusement. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VswFD-YS674 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GRZ56mJFhI    // (verb; no object) His lips quirked disbelievingly.
· Wry (pronounced r) (adjective) Using or expressing dry, especially mocking, humor. For a wry smile See https://simonstacpoole.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/fergie_10.jpg For a wry expression See http://static2.bigstockphoto.com/thumbs/3/4/1/large1500/143539151.jpg // e.g., A wry smile.// e.g., Wry comments./// (of a person's face or features) Twisted into an expression of disgust, disappointment, or annoyance e.g., Paul shook his head, an expression of wry confusion on his face.
·   Explicate (pronounced ˈek.splɪ.keɪt) = (verb with object) Analyze and develop an idea or principle in detail e.g., An attempt to explicate the relationship between crime and economic forces./// Analyze a literary work in order to reveal its meaning e.g., These essays seek to explicate and contextualize Kristeva's writings.
·   Churn = (noun) A machine for making butter by shaking milk or cream. For butter churn See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Leeds_butter_churn.jpg/1200px-Leeds_butter_churn.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Childbutterchurn.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB.JPG /// (UK English) A large metal container for milk e.g., The fresh creamy milk sat in a churn in the kitchen.// e.g., A milk churn./// (verb with object) Shake milk or cream in a machine in order to produce butter. See https://wpclipart.com/world_history/old_work/churning_butter.png // e.g., The cream is ripened before it is churned./// Produce butter by churning milk or cream https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Femme_inconnue_avec_une_baratte_pr%C3%A8s_de_Long_Branch%2C_Ont.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Cervo091.jpg  // e.g., The women were churning butter and making cheese./// (regarding liquid) Move or cause to move about vigorously./// (verb; no object) e.g., The seas churned.// (figurative) e.g.,  Her stomach was churning at the thought of the ordeal.// (verb with object) e.g., In high winds most of the loch is churned up./// Break up the surface of an area of ground e.g., The earth had been churned up where vehicles had passed through./// (of a broker) Encourage frequent turnover of investments in order to generate commission e.g., These brokers churn the client's portfolio to generate an income for themselves./// ''Churn something out'' (phrasal verb)  produce something mechanically, and in large quantities e.g., Artists continued to churn out uninteresting works.

·    Cask = (noun) A large barrel-like container used for storing liquids, typically alcoholic drinks. For wine casks See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Oak-wine-barrel-at-toneleria-nacional-chile.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Lightmatter_wine_barrels.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Port_Wine_Cask.jpg and http://images2.onionstatic.com/clickhole/3016/3/16x9/800.jpg   //  If they contain bottles they are also known as drinks cabinet. See http://www.irishcask.com/file/bfi_thumb/product-barrel-open-2-2wuxe8sna5jcd9c9wxyuio.jpg  // e.g., The wine is stored in oak casks./// The quantity of liquid held in a cask e.g., A cask of cider.
·    Chuck = (verb with object) (informalThrow something carelessly or casually. See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wEfSEtJW9I  // e.g., Someone chucked a brick through the window.// (figurative) Chucking money at the problem won't solve it./// (Cricket(of a bowler) deliver a ball with an unlawful action./// (often) ''Chuck something away/out'' throw something away e.g., They make a living out of stuff people chuck away./// End a relationship with a partner e.g., Mary chucked him for another guy./// Give up a job or activity e.g., Tomas chucked in his course./// ‘Chuck it’ (dated) Stop doing something e.g., ''Chuck it, John!'' /// (noun) (informal) A throw e.g., ‘Needless to say, the effort of the big chuck caused me to throw coils of line all over the place, so I stopped to sort myself out.’/// The chuck = (UK English) A dismissal or rejection e.g., He's still wondering why and how Mr. Smith got the chuck./// ''Chuck someone out'' = (phrasal verb) force someone to leave a building e.g., Their landlord chucked them out last night./// ''Chuck up'' = (phrasal verb) vomit e.g., ‘I nearly chucked up.’/// (verb with object) Touch someone playfully under the chin. See http://media.finedictionary.com/pictures/92/40/10332.jpg and https://c1.staticflickr.com/6/5058/5539469796_86c3235a42_m.jpg     // e.g., He chucked the baby under its chin./// (noun) A playful touch under the chin e.g., She gave him a good-natured chuck under the chin.
·  Chime = (verb) bell or a metal bar or tube, tuned and used in a set to produce a musical series of ringing sounds when struck. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVLHmFuiBjM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7t--zPZdic and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPg3x4Bg8IA e.g., The warm breeze whispered through the chimes hanging from the balcony ceiling./// A melodious ringing sound produced by striking a set of chimes e.g., The chimes of Big Ben.// For the chime of Big Ben See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqslA_CKub8     ///  Chimes = a set of tuned bells used as a doorbell. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ou-c2TNfmas /// (Bell-ringing) A stroke of the clapper against one or both sides of a scarcely moving bell./// (verb; no object) (of a bell or clock) Make melodious ringing sounds, typically to indicate the time./// (with complement) e.g., The clock chimed nine./// ''Chime with" or "chime in with'' (UK English) Agree with e.g., His poem chimes with our modern experience of loss./// ''Chime in'' = (phrasal verb) interject a remark e.g., ‘Yes, you do that,’ David chimed in eagerly./// (noun) The projecting rim at the end of a caskSee https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVbqb3Yy9_HraTG8IaL-MEb8q9klM8R9hY7rlh7Yheg9BuPXyO4ez0h_Z44lFhOR3GECalIXxh0O7UjdrbjAjKon5cxuh9AjnAm6dIjjI8WaC40Azwux67SBx-7atRuVmryjL3dIV0Cnw/s1600/oak+barrel+winemaking.jpg
·    Interject = (verb with object) Say something abruptly, especially as an aside or interruption e.g., She interjected the odd question here and there.// e.g., Dr. Smith interjected comments on issues concerning fathers and marriage.// (verb; no object) Christen felt bound to interject before there was open warfare.
·    Aside (as adverb) = (adverb) To one side; out of the way e.g., She pushed her plate aside.// In reserve; for future use e.g., These are a unique group of cells that the embryo sets aside for future reproduction.// e.g., He set aside some money for rent.///  Used to indicate that one is dismissing a topic or changing to a new subject e.g., ‘Joking aside, I've certainly had my fill.’// e.g., Leaving aside the practical problem of how on earth he could force them to stay, let alone be productive labor, the source for this claim is entirely unreliable.
·  Provision (pronounced prəˈvɪʒ.(ə)n= (mass noun) The action of providing or supplying something for use e.g., New contracts for the provision of services./// Provision for/against financial or other arrangements for future eventualities or requirements e.g., Farmers have been slow to make provision for their retirement./// (countable noun) An amount set aside out of profits in the accounts of an organization for a known liability, especially a bad debt or the diminution in value of an asset e.g., The biggest risk to this is a sudden and unexpected rise in bad debts and provisions for anticipated future bad debts./// An amount or thing supplied or provided e.g., Changing levels of transport provision./// Provisions supplies of food, drink, or equipment, especially for a journey e.g., This shop dealt in provisions and supplies for ships./// (countable nounA condition or requirement in a legal document e.g., The first private prosecution under the provisions of the 1989 Water Act./// (Christian Church)(historical) (countable nounAn appointment to a benefice, especially directly by the Pope rather than by the patron, and originally before it became vacant.///(verb with objectSupply with food, drink, or equipment, especially for a journey e.g., Civilian contractors were responsible for provisioning these armies.// e.g., The provisioning of US ships./// (verb; no object) Set aside an amount in an organization's accounts for a known liability; e.g., Financial institutions have to provision against loan losses.
· Diminution = (noun) A reduction in the size, extent, or importance of something e.g., A permanent diminution in value./// (mass noun) e.g., The disease shows no signs of diminution./// (Music) The shortening of the time values of notes in a melodic part e.g., The motif moves in dotted minims, and though diminutions of it and its inversion abound throughout the symphony, it is in this rhythmic form that it plays its most important role.
·  Ray = (noun) A narrow beam of light, heat, etc. traveling in a straight a straight line from its place of origin e.g., A ray of sunshine shone through a gap in the clouds.// e.g., Light rays bend as they pass from air to water./// Catch some/ a few rays (see also ‘bask’ mentioned below) = (phrase) (informal) to stay outside the sun for a period of time e.g., ‘I’m going out to catch a few rays before lunch.’/// A small amount of feeling that makes you feel happier or more full of hope e.g., There's still a ray of hope that the missing child will be found alive./// A large, flat sea fish with a long, narrow tail (*)See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Atlantic_mobula_lisbon.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Spotted_Eagle_Ray_%28Aetobatus_narinari%292.jpg and http://www.rayfish.com/media/images/blog/rayfish_webcam.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Spotted_Eagle_Ray_%28Aetobatus_narinari%292.jpg/253px-Spotted_Eagle_Ray_%28Aetobatus_narinari%292.jpg   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfgJx-ShRGI 
·    Bask = (verb; no object) Lie exposed to warmth and light, typically from the sun, for relaxation and pleasure. For basking in the sun See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Physignathus_lesueurii_howittii.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JaJolXKTbfg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJHt8Q5tL9w  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9qH9UJ8II4 and  http://www.yeahmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/basking.jpg // e.g., Sprawled figures basking in the afternoon sun.// e.g., The seals came ashore to breed and to bask./// Bask in = Revel in and make the most of something pleasing e.g., He went on basking in the glory of his first book’.// e.g., ‘We'll go through all the royal treatment, see shows, and bask luxuriously in glorious relaxation.
·   Vicinity = (noun) The area near or surrounding a particular place e.g., The number of people living in the immediate vicinity was small.// e.g., Any suggestions on what to do for four hours in that vicinity will be appreciated.
·   Wink = (noun) An act of closing and opening one eye quickly, typically as a signalSee https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gale_Henry.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Een_avondje_teevee_met_Andr%C3%A9_-_Andr%C3%A9_van_Duin_007.jpg  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZ-ElQURdPc and http://www.pxleyes.com/images/contests/your-eyes/fullsize/wink-4cdfe3d6495b0_hires.jpg  // e.g., James gave him a knowing wink./// (verb) Close and open one eye quickly, typically to indicate that something is a joke or a secret or as a signal of affection or greeting e.g., He winked at Nicole as he passed.
·   Sinew (pronounced ˈsɪnjuː) = (noun) A piece of tough fibrous tissue uniting muscle to bone; a tendon or ligament. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Magnified_view_of_a_Tendon.jpg and https://previews.123rf.com/images/achauer/achauer0810/achauer081000054/3768296-anatomical-model-of-muscle-and-sinew-in-dramatic-pose-on-green-background-Stock-Photo.jpg // For a deer sinew See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/o8vr3yqMjMA/maxresdefault.jpg // e.g., The sinews in his neck.// (mass noun) e.g., He was all muscle and sinew./// (usually) Sinews the parts of a structure, system, or organization that give it strength or bind it together e.g., The sinews of government./// (usually as adjective Sinewed) = (literary) strengthen with or as if with sinews e.g., The sinewed shape of his back.
· Sinewy (pronounced ˈsɪnjuːi) = (adjective) Consisting of or resembling sinew e.g., There were gobs of fat and sinewy bits throughout the whole rib cut./// (of a person or animal) Lean and muscular e.g., A short, sinewy, sunburnt man.// (figurative) e.g., The language is spare and sinewy.
·    Gob = (noun) (informal) A lump of a viscous or slimy substance e.g., A gob of phlegm.// e.g., ‘I understand that feeling,’ I said softly, as I picked out the chocolate chips from my gob of dough and put them in my mouth. ///  (US English) A small lump./// Gobs of (US English) A large amount of e.g., They pumped gobs of money into the candidates' election coffers.’ // e.g., ‘Sure, you want to gather a gob of data about everything your company does, pull it in around the clock, analyze it constantly and make decisions every moment./// (verb; no object) (informal) (UK English) Spit e.g., He cleared his sinuses by gobbing all over his shoe, looked through the frosted glass of the front door, and then walked off towards the city./// (noun) (informal) (UK English) A person's mouth e.g., I told him to shut his big gob!’

·   Coffer = (noun) (also known as safe or strongboxA large, strong box in which money or valuable objects are kept. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Safe.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Australian_Made_CMI_H2D_Home_Safe.JPG    /// Coffers (plural noun) The money that an organization has in its bank accounts and available to spend e.g., Government/ party coffers (^^)./// (architecture) A series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling, soffit or vault. A series of these sunken panels were often used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault, also called caissons (‘boxes’), or lacunaria (‘spaces, openings’), so that a coffered ceiling can be called a lacunar ceiling: the strength of the structure is in the framework of the coffers (***** for this definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/PantheonOculus.01.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Coffered_ceilings_of_Mir_Castle.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Ceiling_SM_Maggiore.jpg
·    Etiquette (pronounced ˈet.ɪ.ket ) = (mass noun) The customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular profession or group e.g., The basic code that helps maintain a healthy society is etiquette towards others.// e.g., The rules of etiquette are changing./// (with modifier) e.g., Court etiquette was now familiar to John./// (as modifier) e.g., Etiquette books.
·     Pummel (pronounced ˈpʌm.(ə)l(verb with object) Strike repeatedly with the fists. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWEahLJRd1o and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0h6r7zRBjA // e.g., ‘I ignored his yells and continued to pummel him with my fists.’// e.g., He felt like a boxer who had been pummeled mercilessly against the ropes./// (informal) (US English) Criticize severely e.g., He has been pummeled by the reviewers.// e.g., And the critics are likely to pummel it mercilessly.
·    Fudge (pronounced fʌ= (mass noun) A soft crumbly or chewy sweet made from sugar, butter, and milk or cream. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Handmade_fruit_fudge_squares.jpg For chocolate fudge See http://food.fnr.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2008/8/8/0/PB0106_Sweet-Dreams-Chocolate-Fudge-Candy.jpg.rend.hgtvcom.616.462.jpeg  For a fudge cake See http://az809444.vo.msecnd.net/image/3476299/0x0/0/recipe-11841110-wicked-chocolate-fudge-cake-l.jpg and http://www.recipetineats.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Chocolate-Fudge-Mud-Cake_6-landscape-680x530.jpg     /// (US English) Rich chocolate, used especially as a sauce or a filling for cakes e.g., A sundae with whipped cream, ice cream, hot fudge, and a cherry on top.// (as modifier) e.g., A fudge cake./// An attempt to fudge an issue e.g., That is not accounting for all sorts of fudges which allow fishers from different countries to find various ways of bending the rules.// e.g., The new settlement is a fudge rushed out to win cheers at the conference./// A piece of late news inserted in a newspaper page./// (verb with object) Present or deal with something vaguely or inadequately, especially to conceal the truth or mislead e.g., The authorities have fudged the issue.// e.g., The problem which besets all mergers and acquisitions is the lack of clarity, with management issues being fudged. /// Adjust or manipulate facts or figures so as to present a desired picture e.g., The government has been fudging figures to make it look as though targets have been met.// e.g., According to media reports, the corporation has been accused of fudging facts and figures regarding funds that were used for reconstruction and rehabilitation.
·    Sundae (pronounced ˈsʌndeɪ) (not to be confused with ‘Sunday’ that sounds the same!) = (noun) A dish of ice cream with added ingredients such as fruit, nuts, and syrup. For a sweet Sundae See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/StrawberrySundae.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Ice_Cream_Sundae_%285076899064%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Danryans3.jpg and https://kulineran.com/images/restoran/gallery/brand_foto_54e317fa135e7.jpg  For a hot fudge sundae See https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/06/6e/79/d1/sweet-moses.jpg
·    Spoke (pronounced spəʊk) = past of speak.// (noun) Each of the bars or wire rods connecting the center of a wheel to its outer edge. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Wheel_Iran.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/Wooden_Spokes.JPG  and https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0147/9232/products/80_Spoke__Steel-Rim_grande.png?v=1472250230 and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bicycle_wheel.jpg/220px-Bicycle_wheel.jpg    /// Each of a set of radial handles projecting from a ship's wheel. See http://www.skipjackmarinegallery.com/mm5/graphics/00000001/maritime_nautical_marine_ships_wheel_antique_authentic_19th_century_lg.jpg    and http://www.greatsouthbay.com/BridgeNRSH8.JPG /// Each of the metal rods in an umbrella to which the material is attached. See http://g01.a.alicdn.com/kf/HTB18ZUJIXXXXXXzXXXXq6xXFXXXP/Movie-Poster-Style-10-Spokes-Automatic-3-Fold-Women-Large-Rain-Umbrellas-For-Sale-2015-Chinese.jpg and https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/umbrella-spokes-shaft-various-colors-having-75043523.jpg   /// ''Put a spoke in someone's wheel'' = (phrase) prevent someone from carrying out a plan e.g., There has been a bit of needle between the tracks in the past and I would love to put a spoke in their wheel.’
·  Nook = (noun) A corner or recess, especially one offering seclusion or securityFor nooks and crannies of a bark (tree) See https://nooksand.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/mr-743.jpg  // For kitchen table nook corner See https://artefakto-mx.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/kitchen-table-nook-sets-23-space-saving-corner-breakfast-nook-furniture-sets-booths-home-decor-ideas.jpg and https://artefakto-mx.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/kitchen-table-nook-sets-23-space-saving-corner-breakfast-nook-furniture-sets-booths-home-wallpaper.jpg   For a nook and cranny room See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/81/74/4c/81744cb0bca9301b3e13d82782428c99.jpg // e.g., The nook beside the fire.// e.g., The fish should be able to find nooks and crannies in which they will be safe.//''Every nook and cranny'' (phraseevery part or aspect of something e.g., The party reached into every nook and cranny of people's lives.
·    Cranny = (nounA small, narrow space or opening. For nooks and crannies of a bark (tree) See https://nooksand.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/mr-743.jpg  and   https://normsonline.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/dsc04130.jpg    // For a nook and cranny room See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/81/74/4c/81744cb0bca9301b3e13d82782428c99.jpg   // e.g., ‘You could spend several hours exploring the elegant, wide streets, and narrow nooks and crannies.’// e.g., Bugs and spiders conceal themselves in crannies of the bark./// ''Every nook and cranny'' (phraseevery part or aspect of something e.g., The party reached into every nook and cranny of people’s lives.
·  Seclusion = (mass nounThe state of being private and away from other people e.g., They enjoyed 9 days of peace and seclusion.// e.g., Such interest is anathema to Sun Wen, a quietly spoken intellectual who enjoys writing poetry in seclusion.
·   Anathema (pronounced əˈnæθ.ə.mə= (noun) (countable – usually singular, or uncountable) something that is strongly disliked or disapproved of e.g., Credit controls are anathema to the governments.// e.g., For older employees, the new system is an anathema (^^).
·   Hub (noun) The central part of a wheel, rotating on or with the axle, and from which the spokes radiate. See http://intrepidcycle.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/wheel-anatomy_with-labels.png and http://customwagons.com/Site/images/testwheel.jpg  For a bicycle hub See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_wheel#/media/File:Nabe_01_KMJ.jpg The effective centre of an activity, region, or network. For London’s hub See http://mappinglondon.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/hub.jpg and https://3xrowsd5xzn1nczoz32qcdku-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/iStock_000062889474_Large-750x478.jpg   // e.g., The city has always been the financial hub of the country.// e.g., The kitchen was the hub of family life. /// A central airport or another transport facility from which many services operate. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Frankfurt_airport_hub_map_v2.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg For transport hub See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Mk_Stettin_Hafen2.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Penn_Station_NYC_main_entrance.jpg For London's hub (airport) See https://www.e-architect.co.uk/images/jpgs/london_city/london_hub_city_g250113_3.jpg // e.g., The airport authority's policy promotes Manchester as an international hub.// e.g., The city's major transportation hub for bus and rail./// (as modifier) e.g., Major hub airports have grown up all over the world.
·    Peerage (pronounced ˈpɪərɪdʒ) = (noun) The title and rank of peer or peeress e.g., On his retirement as cabinet secretary, he was given a peerage./// The peerage peers as a class e.g., He has elevated to the peerage two years ago./// A book containing a list of peers and peeresses, with their genealogy and history
·   Baron = (noun) a British nobleman who has a low rank in the highest social class (^^).
·  Viscount (pronounced ˈvʌɪkaʊnt) = (noun) A British nobleman ranking above a baron and below an earl.
·    Earl (pronounced əːl) = (noun) A British nobleman ranking above a viscount and below a marquess.
·     Count = (noun) a European nobleman of the same social rank as an English Earl (^^).
·  Marquess (pronounced ˈmɑː.kwɪs) = (noun) A British nobleman ranking above an earl and below a duke.///  Marquis (pronounced ˈmɑːkwɪs) = (noun) (in some European countries) A nobleman ranking above a count and below a duke.
·   Duke = (noun) a nobleman of very high rank in a country, or the ruler of a small independent country (^^).
·    Duchess = (noun) the title of a woman who is married to a duke or who has the rank of a duke (^^).
·   Turn out = (phrasal verb) Prove to be the case e.g., The job turned out to be beyond his rather limited abilities./// Go somewhere in order to attend a meeting, vote, play in a game, etc. e.g., Over 70% of the electorate turned out to vote.

·   Out-turn = (noun) The amount of something produced, especially money e.g., The financial out-turn./// The result of a process or sequence of events e.g., An entirely implausible out-turn.
·      Genealogy is pronounced iː.niˈæl.ə.dʒi
·   Go on/ to trial [My comment: I think that for ‘trial,’ most use ‘on’ and ‘to’ interchangeably. However, a Google search I just did showed that 'go to trial' is used more than 'go on trial'].

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