Other useful words (Misc.)
Cost
Expenditure
Cost
Funds
Expense/ expenses
Charge
Sales/ profits/purchases
Revenue = (noun) Income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature, e.g., It would allow Hassid Ltd. to keep control of the company and simultaneously allow it to raise substantial revenues.// e.g., Steven says that his company's revenue has risen by 20% during the past five years./// A state's annual income from which public expenses are met, e.g., So while faster growth raises payroll tax revenues, it also drives up benefits
Revenues = items or amounts constituting a state's income, e.g., The government's tax revenues./// The government department collecting revenues, e.g., ‘The officers from the revenue via Harrogate paid me a call.’
Outlay (= an amount of money spent for a particular purpose, especially as the 1st investment in something, e.g., A modest outlay on local advertising).
Population over 67
The aging/ older/ elderly population
Senior citizens/ People over retirement age (both are more politically correct)
Cause & Effect/ Concluding to a view:
Consequently, ...
In consequence, ...
Therefore, ...
For this reason, ...
So...
Hence, ...
This would mean that...
Due to/ owing to...
Owing to the fact that...
Consequently, ...
As a consequence,
...
Because of...
Giving an example:
For example, (do not use ‘e.g.,’)
For instance, ...
One striking/ typical example of this is...
Generally speaking
As a whole,
As a body
In general,
In general terms
In the main
Generally speaking
At large (= as a whole; in general, e.g., There has been a loss of community values in society at large)
Contrasting:
In contrast (to) (it may also be in contrast with, e.g., He is quite short, in contrast with his tall brother)
Conversely
Contrary to
On the contrary,
In contradistinction to
this conception
Although….
Albeit ((pronounced ɔːlˈbiː.ɪt) = although, e.g., The evening was very pleasant, albeit a little quiet (*))
However, there is truly little evidence to show that...
Despite….
To put it another way….
But...
Besides...
While...
Nevertheless/ Nonetheless, ...
…, whereas….
On the other hand, ...
…, whilst….
Although...
In contrast to...
On the contrary, ...
Notwithstanding, …
In contrast, ...
On no account….
Apart from…. (not
‘apart to’)
Rather than….
In brief, despite the fact...I
believe that...
While few would deny that… are of great value, most would also concede (= to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true)/ admit that…
...is/are a controversial issue in today’s/ contemporary
society
On the negative side…
Nevertheless, opponents of this view maintain that...
The other side of the coin is that…
On the other end of the spectrum, …
On the other hand, realists point out that...
Viewed from a different perspective, ...
...would not be an effective way of…
Despite the fact that…. (not ‘despite of the fact’)
Such arguments do not seem reasonable/ rational (=
logical)/ powerful
Although these claims are true to some extent (not ‘extend,’ as it is a verb), it can be argued that…
...have contrasted noticeably with...
Despite these advantages… has
some disadvantages/ drawbacks as well
On the other hand, there are considerable
disadvantages...
Despite its benefits, … also exhibits several limitations
Whatever the advantages of... they also have/had drawbacks
Except for...
On no account….
To put it another way, ...
Conversely, ...
Arguably, ...
To be specific:
Particularly, ...
In particular, ...
Specifically, ...
On this occasion….
Emphasizing adjectives and adverbs
Noticeable/ noticeably
Noteworthy
Notably
Marked/ markedly
Dramatic/ dramatically
Significant/ significantly
Considerable/ considerably
Immensely ((adverb) = to a great
extent; extremely, e.g., The former president of the US was immensely
popular)
Vastly
Favorably
Apparently
Explicit (= clear and exact, e.g., He was very explicit about (=
said very clearly and exactly) what he thought was wrong with the plans (*))
Accordingly
Merely (= just; only, e.g., It seems clear that its problems will not be solved merely by a makeover of what is already there)
Obviously
Striking/
Impressive/
Outstanding
Evenly (= in or into equal amounts)
Worryingly
Excellently ((adverb) = in an extremely good or outstanding way, e.g., All the actors performed excellently)
Consist of something:
Make-up (e.g., Ozone damages the cellular make-up of plants and trees)
Comprise (e.g., The smallest group comprises 6 percent)
Consist of
Constitute (e.g., Heart disease constitutes the first cause of mortality over 65)
Linking words & phrases:
Therefore,
Apparently
Similarly, …
Most importantly, …
Everything taken into account/ consideration
Everything considered
Taking everything into account/ consideration
On the contrary,
As regards…. (e.g., As regards
unemployment)
In reference to….
In every way….
Apparently, ...
In particular, ...
In all/some respects….
In that...
In itself….
Due/ owing to….
Owing to the fact that...
According to….
Concerning...
In/with regard to (I
prefer ‘With regard to’; be careful as here we say ‘regard’, no ‘regards’)
Somehow, …. (e.g. Somehow, the government
should implement...)
With respect to…. /
Regarding (something).../
Concerning…,
On no account….
Apart from…. (not ‘apart to’)
...Should be taken into account/ serious consideration/seriously
To some/ To a certain extent (not ‘extend,’ as extend is the verb)
With reference to.../ Concerning..., Regarding...,/ About...,
In my opinion/view….
To my mind, ...
For example, / for instance, ...
That is to say….
Undoubtedly... (pronounced ʌnˈdɑʊ·t̬ɪd·li; we do not
pronounce the ‘b’ here)
Admittedly,
In essence,... (= relating to the most important characteristics or ideas of something; fundamentally, e.g., In essence, both sides agree on this issue (^^)// e.g., In detail, the class system is complex, but in essence, it is simple)
On account of the
fact….
….is a growing trend
As can be remarked, ...
….at the expense of...
In accordance with…. (not ‘in accordance to’)
...consider of….
In reference to...
On the occasion of….
Speaking about….
In the sense that….(= because)
Likewise,
On the grounds of/that….
What is more, ...
It is alleged that….
As it was quoted/ stated,
Practically
Foremost,
First and foremost,
Specialize in….
Expert on
Is due to….
In addition to….
Noteworthy
Also, …
In fact,
...rather than…
Not only…. but also….
Neither…. nor….
Taking everything into account/
consideration….
On special
occasions….
At the same time, …
To make the long story short,... (but it
seems so colloquial)
Concerning….
With respect/ regard/ reference to….
Regarding… (without 'to' - 'regarding' is not accompanied by a
preposition) e.g., ‘Regarding medicine, I believe that’...)
On the occasion of….
On this occasion, ...
More or less...
Therefore
Whilst/ While
Conversely
Contrary to
In spite of.../ Despite (not ‘despite of’)
Whereas
Whilst
Linking words & phrases (Misc.):
It would be better to say that...
There would be a number of/several/some/many good reasons why …
Excellently ((adverb) = in an extremely good or outstanding way, e.g., All the actors performed excellently)
With great difficulty
Yet, ...
All the same, ….
A case in point
Exemplify (= be a typical example of, e.g., Some argue that the current (pronounced ˈkʌrənt) shows really do exemplify black life and culture)
The following examples (of)…
In the second place, …
And to conclude, …
Afterward (US English) or Afterwards (UK English) ((adverb) = at a later or future time; subsequently, e.g., The offender was arrested shortly afterward)
To start with…
Besides, …
Above all, …
Too
As well as
Equally
Likewise
In the same way
Correspondingly
With reference/ respect/ regard to
Incidentally
By the way, …
Namely
That is to say
In other words
Rather
Better
As follows
Including/ included
Especially
Particularly/ In particular
Notably
Chiefly/ Mainly
Mostly (of)
As a result, / consequence// Consequently
Accordingly
Because of this
Thus/ Hence
For this/that reason
That implies
In that case
To put it simply (not ‘to put it simple’)
Alternatively, / The alternative is
On the other hand
Another possibility would be
Contrary, / By contrast
Notwithstanding
Although
Though
At any rate
For all that
After all
At the same time
All the same
Even if
Even though
Objective = goal
Conceptualization
In contrast,
Rely on
At one end of the spectrum...
To complicate matters/ to make matters worse...
Simultaneously
Unsuccessful
Carelessness
Unexposed
At present = currently ((pronounced ˈkʌr.(ə)nt.li) = at the present time; now; nowadays, in these times, at this time, in this day and age, at the present moment, at this moment in time
Useful phrases
To put this into perspective, I incline to the opponents’ view (as I think) that cutting working hours is to (not ‘at
the advantage’) the
advantage of the employers, but not of the employees
who will now work for a lower wage and this will cause them frustration.
From/ to my perspective, a ‘fat tax’ should exist and be implemented in
consumable goods. Everything
taken into account/ consideration/ Everything considered (or Taking everything
into account/ consideration), an unhealthy diet has negative consequences (not ‘consequence’) to (not 'on') society (not ‘the
society,’ as we are generally speaking). In my opinion (not ‘To my opinion’)/ To my mind, the benefits of this tax outweigh (not
‘outweight,’ as ‘weight’ is the noun and ‘weigh’ the verb – also
‘outweight’ does not exist)
the claims that it is
unfair and unnecessary.
Non-recyclable materials (not
‘unrecyclable’ or ‘not recyclable’)
It is of crucial importance to
replace coal energy with environmentally-friendly (not
‘friendly to the environment’) alternatives, including renewable energy such as
wind, solar, biomass, wave, and tidal (pronounced ˈtaɪ.dəl) = of, relating to or affected by tides)
energy. There should be a global agreement/ accord ((pronounced əˈkɔːd) = a
formal agreement (^^)) to replace fossil fuels (not
‘fossil fuel’) with (not ‘replace fossil fuels from’) alternative energy sources. The energy produced from composted (compost
= decayed organic material used as a plant fertilizer; pronounced ˈkɒm.pɒst) organic matter/ waste is not green energy, as it
is based on combustion (= the
process of burning something) creating carbon dioxide (CO2) again.
Cement the view, e.g., In the 1950s and 1960s, several lab studies cemented the view that social influence has nefarious (pronounced nɪˈfɛːrɪəs) = (typically of an action or activity) wicked or criminal) consequences on otherwise rational (= based on or in accordance with reason or logic) individuals (*).
TIPS for avoiding mistakes
I incline to the view, e.g., ‘I incline to the minority view that science alone cannot assuage ((pronounced əˈsweɪdʒ) = to make unpleasant feelings less strong) our craving for human contact.’
The advantages outweigh the disadvantages (‘weigh’ is the verb, and ‘weight’ is the noun)
Menace = (pronounced ˈmen.əs)
something likely to cause harm, e.g., Drunk drivers are a menace to
everyone.// e.g., The menace of industrial pollution (*).
Across the world, there are many countries where…
For humankind (not ‘for the human’ or
‘for human’s kind’)
Facilitates our
life
Extravagant ((pronounced ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡ(ə)nt)
= spending too much money, or using too much of something, wasteful),
e.g., The extravagant lifestyle of a movie star (*)
What is noteworthy is that…
On this occasion
At this point in time = at this particular
moment
The use of technology in modest/ The prudent/ wise use of technology
It is familiar to young people
Immediate access (beware of the typo
‘assess’) to information is offered by the internet
The advent (pronounced
ˈæd.vent) = the arrival of a notable person, thing, or event) of the internet as a turning point in modern
history
Pass new laws/ Introduce new legislation
Put a ban on/ Ban/ Impose a ban on/ Prohibit
Comprehensive = complete, including everything that is necessary (^^), e.g.,
Education prepares children for the realities of life/ gives a more
balanced, comprehensive view of life.
Provides… (e.g., learners) with essential life
skills
Traveling (US English) (UK English = travelling) is a way of broadening your horizons
Impressionable = easily impressed, such as the new generation that is easily
impressed by fashion icons
Aftermath (= effects, repercussions,
ramifications)
A tendency towards + ing (gerund) e.g., ‘I
have a tendency towards writing longer than I should!’ /// Tendency for somebody/something + to (full infinitive) e.g., For students, there is a tendency to
socialize in the evenings.// e.g., There is a tendency for
unemployment (the adjective is 'unemployed') in Europe to rise.
Contemporary applications (not ‘applies’, as ‘apply’ is a verb) of computers
Pledge = made a formal promise, e.g., France's new president pledged more legal reforms for job growth.
This was the style of their conversation as they went along.
A friend who had decided to drop by unannounced
In contradistinction to
this conception.
To rough something out = = produce a preliminary and unfinished version of something, e.g., The engineer roughed out a diagram on his notepad.// e.g., One day in May, I was roughing out a scene in the script.
Other useful words and phrases
In this day and age, // Nowadays, // At present, // Currently
To put it briefly, /// To put it short.... //// In short...
To come to the point, /// In essence...
In outline (= in broad terms, e.g., The plan has been agreed in outline).
''I believe it would be enriching for both avenues of investigation to proceed apace ((pronounced əˈpeɪs) = quickly)'' (*).
Admittedly,
At first, ...
...on a grand scale ...
Throughout history, ...
A number of/ Several/some/many laboratory studies cemented the view that...
On top of that, ...
Whereby (= by which way or method, e.g., They have set up a plan whereby you can spread the cost over several months (*))
Nevertheless/ Nonetheless/ In spite of that/ Despite / Notwithstanding, ...
All along (= all the time; from the beginning)
Ever since (= throughout the period since)
Oppositely (adverb)
Conversely (introducing a statement or idea that reverses one that has just been made or referred to, e.g., And conversely, to drive unpredictably is to drive dangerously)
Contend = To say that something is true or is a fact, e.g., The lawyer contended (that) his client had never been near the crime scene.// e.g., 'I contend that a novel should tell a story and tell it well.' // To compete in order to win something, e.g., There are three world-class tennis players contending for this title (*).
Assert (the noun is 'assertion')= to behave in a way that expresses your confidence, importance, or power and earns you respect from others, e.g., He very quickly asserted his authority over the class./// To state an opinion or claim a right forcefully, e.g., The companies have asserted that everything they did was appropriate./// If you assert yourself, you act forcefully in a way that expresses your confidence, e.g., You have to learn to speak up and assert yourself at meetings, or you’ll never get anywhere (*).
Cite (pronounced saɪt) = to mention something as proof for a theory or a reason why something has happened, e.g., He cited three reasons people get into debt.// e.g., Scientists cite this experiment as their main support for this theory./// To speak or write words taken from a particular writer or written work, e.g., He cites both T.S. Eliot and Virginia Woolf in his article./// To praise someone in the armed forces publicly for their brave actions, e.g., He was cited for bravery (*).
Quote = repeating words someone else has said or written, e.g., She's always quoting from the Bible.// e.g., ''Can I quote you on that?'' (= can I repeat to other people what you have just said?)./// If you quote a fact or example, you refer to it to emphasize what you are saying, e.g., (+ two objects) ''Quote me one organization that doesn't have some bad managers.'' /// To give a price, especially one that will be charged for doing a piece of work, e.g., The architect has quoted $80,000 to build a patio ((pronounced ˈpæt.i.əʊ) = an area outside a house with a solid floor but no roof, used in good weather for relaxing, eating, etc. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio#/media/File:Patio_de_C%C3%B3rdoba.jpg )
Concede = to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true, e.g., The government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a disaster./// To admit that you have lost in a competition, e.g., He kept on arguing and wouldn't concede defeat./// To allow someone to have something, even if you do not want to, e.g., The president is not expected to concede these reforms (*).
Assuage (pronounced əˈsweɪdʒ) = to make unpleasant feelings less strong, e.g., The government has tried to assuage the public's fears (*).
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