English Language Lessons

English Language Lessons
*Politically Incorrect Opinion Texts: https://drjamesmanos.blogspot.com/2022/03/politically-incorrect-opinion-texts-of.html *Τexts with Ηealth-related Τopics: https://mymedicaltexts.blogspot.com *Herbs & Supplements: https://herbsanddietarysupplementsdatabase.blogspot.com *Source for the image (free to use): Hypothetical flag quartering the British and American flags (January 11, 2009). Author: Lunar Dragoon. Source: Wikipedia Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK-US_flag.png

Friday, July 5, 2019

TIPS for English (29): Words(I) (s)

·    Chador (pronounced ˈtʃɑːdɔː) = (noun) a large piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head and upper body leaving only the face exposed, worn especially by Muslim women(My comment: chador is common in Iran). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/2009_Herat_Afghanistan_4112231650.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Women_in_shiraz_2.jpg  and  https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-9dd4b2151b19e9d896b6cf29a3e844d6 and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/c4/da/5f/c4da5f6897699e04b2f9510760add81c.jpg
·  Burka (pronounced ˈbɜː.kə) = (noun) A long, loose garment covering the whole body from head to feet, worn in public by many Muslim women. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Burqa_IMG_1127.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Burqa_Afghanistan_01.jpg and https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2013/06/06/20/56/burka-117519_960_720.jpg
· For all the garments that Muslim women may wear  See http://i.huffpost.com/gen/3598172/images/o-NIQAB-INFOGRAPHIC-facebook.jpg
·     Sidewalk = (noun) (US English) A paved path for pedestrians at the side of a road; a pavement.
·   Catch on = (phrasal verb) (informal) (of a practice or fashion) Become popular e.g., The idea of linking pay to performance has caught on./// Understand what is meant or how to do something e.g., I caught on to what it was the guy was saying./// ''Catch yourself on'' (Irish English) Become aware of something e.g., 'Catch yourself on, Michael, people don't get arrested for no reason.’
·  Eden (pronounced ˈiːd(ə)n )(Garden of Eden) = (noun) (Christian Church)(referred to the Bible) the place where Adam and Eve lived in the biblical account of the Creation, from which they were expelled for disobediently eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge. For the Garden of Eden See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Hieronymus_Bosch_-_The_Garden_of_Earthly_Delights_-_The_Earthly_Paradise_%28Garden_of_Eden%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg and http://media.salemwebnetwork.com/cms/BST/29994-adam-and-eve-in-the-garden-of-eden.800w.tn.jpg and https://assets.answersingenesis.org/img/cms/content/contentnode/header_image/garden-of-eden.jpg
·     Armistice = Truce = ceasefire
·    Armistice (pronounced ˈɑːmɪstɪs) (noun) An agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce e.g., The Italian government signed an armistice with the Allies.// e.g., North and South Korea remain in a state of an armistice with no peace agreement signed at the end of the war.
·   Truce = (noun) An agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting or arguing for a certain time; a ceasefire.// e.g., The guerrillas called a three-day truce.// e.g., No (ancient) Greek state was allowed to fight during the truces proclaimed for the celebration of the Olympic and other Panhellenic (= of, concerning, or representing all people of Greek origin or ancestry) Games.
·    Aroma (pronounced əˈrəʊ.mə) = (noun) A distinctive, typically pleasant smell e.g., The tantalizing aroma of fresh coffee.
·     Fragrance (pronounced freɪɡr(ə)ns) = (noun) A pleasant, sweet smell e.g., The fragrance of fresh-ground coffee.
·    Tantalize (or ‘tantalise’ in UK English) = (verb with object) torment (= cause to experience severe mental or physical suffering) or tease someone with the sight or promise of something that is unobtainable e.g., Such ambitious questions have long tantalized the world's best thinkers.// e.g., The mystery of why men fight has always tantalized students of warfare.///  Excite the senses or desires of someone e.g., She still tantalized him.// e.g., Visually, the film also tantalizes the senses, with nearly every scene offering a riot of color.// e.g., The tantalizing aroma of fresh coffee.
·   Scent (pronounced nt – not skεnt) = (noun) A distinctive smell, especially one that is pleasant e.g., The scent of freshly cut hay.
·    Hunchback = (noun) back deformed by a sharp forward angle, forming a hump, typically caused by a collapse of a vertebra e.g., He was petite and had a dowager's hump or minor hunchbackSee https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Scheuermanns_diseasebl.jpg and http://howng.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Hunch-Back.jpg For Quasimodo (the name of the hunchback in Victor Hugo's novel Notre-Dame de Paris (1831)) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Hunchback_-Notre_Dame_1923.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f4/The_Hunchback.jpg and https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/97/175597-004-693B1A7E.jpg and http://setinparis.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/hunchback-of-notre-dame-1939_1.jpg [Note: Notre Dame ((pronounced ˌnɒtrə ˈdɑːm) = a Gothic cathedral in Paris, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, on the Île de la Cité)].
·   Case = (noun) A container designed to hold or protect something e.g., A silver cigarette caseFor a jewelry case See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Swatch_Jewlry_and_its_casing.JPG  For hard box case – see http://img.pelican.com/img/products/storm/iM2600/pelican-motorcycle-dirtbike-hard-box-case.jpg  For a travel case See  http://img.pelican.com/img/products/storm/iM2600/pelican-motorcycle-dirtbike-hard-box-case.jpg For aluminum case box See https://ae01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1WYZzKpXXXXaAXpXXq6xXFXXXb/Medium-Aluminium-Case-Box-For-Tattoo-Machine-Kit-Gun-Box.jpg  For a watch case See https://ae01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1F0psLVXXXXcPXFXXq6xXFXXX6/Hot-Sale-6-Grids-PU-Leather-font-b-Watch-b-font-font-b-Box-b-font.jpg /// Briefcase = a narrow hard-sided box-shaped bag or case used mainly for carrying papers and other documents and equipped with a handle. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/ANTORINI_Executive_Leather_Briefcase.jpg and   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Briefcase-photo.jpg  /// Computer case = the enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer (usually excluding the display, keyboard, and mouse) (***** for the last 2 definitions). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Stripped-computer-case.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Modified-pc-case.png /// (verb) Surround in a material or substance e.g., The towers are of steel cased in granite./// Reconnoiter (= make a (military) observation of a regiona place before carrying out a robbery e.g., ‘I was casing the joint.’
·   Manuscript (noun) A book, document, or piece of music written by hand rather than typed or printed e.g., An illuminated manuscript.
·   Elf (plural = elves(noun) a supernatural creature of folk tales, typically represented as a small, delicate, elusive figure in human form with pointed ears, magical powers, and a capricious nature e.g., Birthmarks were thought to be bruises left by elvesSee http://previewcf.turbosquid.com/Preview/2014/07/10__07_10_18/ChristmasElf_00.jpgb4fd7d16-fdba-4588-ba53-fe4feb6b8ee4Original.jpg  For Xmas Elf See  https://img.clipartfest.com/436f1c57eb05c55c1e0173a8ee4e84fa_christmas-elves-clip-art-xmas-elf-clipart_800-800.jpeg
·    Tug of war a contest in which two teams pull at opposite ends of a rope until one drags the other over a central lineSee http://www.usatowa.com/800px-Tug_of_war_2.jpg  and http://burstoutinsong.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/508967880.jpg
·  Wreath (pronounced rth) (noun) an arrangement of flowers, leaves, or stems fastened in a ring and used for decoration or for laying on a grave. For funeral wreath See http://www.frenchflorist.com/images/item/zoom_FWSW7003frenchfloristlasympathyflowers120909110937.jpg   For Xmas wreath See http://4vector.com/i/free-vector-christmas-wreath-2-vector_025143_4.jpg For laurel wreath https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/LaurelwreathDK.JPG/170px-LaurelwreathDK.JPG and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/1b/b1/a4/1bb1a4c6a41f592bc3fdd2ee1881d35d.jpg // e.g., The US president laid a wreath at the Cenotaph.
·    Laurel (pronounced ˈlɒr(ə)l) = (noun) an aromatic evergreen shrub related to the bay tree, several kinds of which form forests in tropical and warm countries. See https://www.moonvalleynurseries.com/application/files/cache/38a1600832770cfe52c24c203c6e374d.jpg and https://www.fast-growing-trees.com/images/D/Bay-Laurel-2-450w.jpg /// The foliage of the bay tree woven into a wreath or crown and worn on the head as an emblem of victory or mark of honor in classical times. See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/37/8e/4a/378e4ae8bf2969c49a548818cb401b1f.jpg // e.g., A year later, the king was crowned with the laurels of victory at Fontenoy.// (verb) Adorn with or as if with a laurel e.g., They banish our anger forever when they laurel the graves of our deadNote for the Laurel wreath: In ancient Greece, wreaths were awarded to victors, both in athletic competitions, including the ancient Olympics made of wild olive-tree known as ''kotinos'' (at Olympia) and in poetic meets. In Rome they were symbols of martial victory, crowning a successful commander during his triumph. Although ancient laurel wreaths are most often depicted as a horseshoe shape, modern versions are usually complete rings (****). See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/37/8e/4a/378e4ae8bf2969c49a548818cb401b1f.jpg 
·   Cenotaph (pronounced ˈsenətɑːf or senətæf) = (noun) a public monument built in memory of particular people who died in a war, often with their names written on it (*). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg/220px-UK-2014-London-The_Cenotaph.jpg and http://www.glarac.co.uk/files/images/Cenotaph.jpg 
·   Adorn (pronounced əˈdɔːn) = (verb) make more beautiful or attractive e.g., Pictures and prints adorned her walls.// e.g., Already he has his paintings adorning the walls of the Lighthouse Bar and a few homes around the country.
·    Don (pronounced dɒn) = (noun) Put on an item of clothing e.g., In the locker room the players donned their football jerseys.// e.g.,
·  Vowels (pronounced vaʊəls) consonants (pronounced ˈkɒn.sə.nənts) = speech sounds or letters of the alphabet.
·   Glider (pronounced ˈɡlaɪ.də(r))= (noun) a light aircraft that is designed to fly for long periods without using an engineSee  http://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0118/6842/products/gliding2_grande_285ae7b8-b79b-4694-9c3e-99aed354389b_large.jpeg?v=1450805991  and http://www.pngc.co.uk/images/933_on_the_grass.jpg and https://jeaninelucienne.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/hang-glider-1.jpg
·   Seaplane (noun) an aircraft with floats instead of wheels, designed to land on and take off from water. See http://www.seaplaneadventure.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/seaplane-slide-1.jpg and  http://luxeadventuretraveler.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Jdombs-Travels-Seaplane-Maldives-1.jpg
·   Bloody–minded (adjective)(UK English) (informal) deliberately uncooperative e.g., A bloody-minded landlord.// e.g., His father had been so bloody-minded.// e.g., Impatient, stupid and bloody-minded drivers like this should be made to walk everywhere, so that we smaller fish can cross the road at designated crossings without being in fear of our lives.
·   Crossing (noun) A place where roads or railway lines cross. The railway lines crossing is also known as level crossing (***** for level crossing). For railway lines crossing See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Railroad_Junction2004_x.JPG/220px-Railroad_Junction2004_x.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_5.20_for_West_Kirby_leaving_Hoylake_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1503619.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/CRH380A-2776%40Shoupakou_%2820150915105335%29.JPG   // e.g., A stream of cars was waiting for the railway crossing barriers to be opened./// (Architecture) The intersection of a church nave and the transepts. See http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/image/glossary/CROSSING.JPG and  http://www.pitt.edu/~medart/image/glossary/ctower.jpg and   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg/1000px-Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg.png   // e.g., The cathedral has a lantern tower over the crossing./// A place at which one may safely cross something, especially a street. The pedestrian crossing lines are called zebra crossing (***** for the last clause). For road crossing See   http://ferndalemoves.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/CrossingIsland3LaneCurbs_CI_RRFB_View_1.png and   http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/50547000/jpg/_50547048_010892401-1.jpg   and https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/56vwZyWkqX2ZDimb2f5E93tqbK9FOwCHu1vPMWAFSRDMADV4NMOdQpR9GQa1r7qpvxc=h900  For zebra crossing (lines) See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Paris_street_corner%2C_from_the_promenade_plantee.jpg   // e.g., We were thirty yards from the crossing when a man stepped off the pavement./// A place at which one may cross a border between countries (border crossing). For a border crossing See http://enpundit.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/georgia-border-crossing-3.jpeg and   https://www.vosizneias.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Border-Crossing-Fees_sham.jpg  // e.g., A border crossing./// (mass noun) The action of crossing something e.g., The crossing of the Pennines (mountains in Northern England)./// (count noun) A journey across water in a ship e.g., The ship reached Portsmouth in England after a seven-day trans-Atlantic crossing.// e.g., A short ferry crossing./// Crossbreeding.
·  Dispel = (verb) (with object) Make a doubt, feeling, or belief disappear. Synonym = banish.// e.g., The brightness of the day did nothing to dispel Mary’s dejection.//e.g., Any doubts were soon dispelled almost as soon as the appeal began.// e.g., But his doubts were dispelled by a blunt briefing from Australia's intelligence chiefs.
·     Dejection = (mass noun) A sad and depressed state; low spirits. Synonym = despondency.// e.g., Shwas slumped in deep dejection.// e.g., You can feel the raw pain radiating off her; the despair and dejection are thick in the air about her.// e.g., But, just as there were celebrations, so too was there a feeling of dejection and loss among those who had worked hard to block the bill.
·  Despondency = (mass noun) low spirits from loss of hope or courage. Synonym =dejection.// e.g., Each day he felt himself slip a little deeper into despondency, surrounded by these strange, crazy, people.// e.g., An air of despondency.// e.g., We are too prone to judge ourselves by our moments of despondency and depression.// e.g., This is not someone who views the way ahead with gloom and despondency.
·  Plain = (adjectivenot decorated or elaborate; simple or ordinary in character.// Synonym = simple.// e.g., Good plain food.// e.g., Everyone dined at a plain wooden table..// e.g., The foul weather also keeps most students at school in the middle of the day, making do with very simple food such as plain steamed buns and hot water, for lunch./// Without a pattern; in only one colorFor a plain fabric See https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/images.linnlive.com/c328c95887fce5fdcf72e68fef4b49e3/c6353c48-313c-4abe-8632-44e98cd9cedd.jpg  and https://cdn1.terrysfabrics.co.uk/main/566/02-plain-voile-curtain-fabric-white.jpg  // e.g., A plain fabric./// (Of paper) without lines. For a plain writing paper See https://4.imimg.com/data4/GE/HN/MY-2/plain-paper-500x500.jpeg and  https://www.weatherwriter.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Pencil-Write-Waterproof-Paper.jpg   // e.g.,  If additional space is needed, continue on plain white, letter size paper.’/// Bearing no indication as to contents or affiliation e.g., Donations can be put in a plain envelope./// Having no pretensions; not remarkable or special e.g., plain, honest man with no nonsense about him./// (attributive) (Of a person) Without a special title or status e.g., For years he was just plain Jacob./// Easy to perceive or understand; clear e.g., The advantages were plain to see.// e.g., It was plain that something was wrong./// (attributive) (Of written or spoken usage) clearly expressed, without the use of technical or abstruse terms e.g., An insurance policy written in plain English./// Not using concealment or deception; frank e.g., There were indrawn breaths at such plain speaking./// (Of a person) not beautiful or attractive e.g., The dark-haired, rather plain woman.//  e.g., A plain, round-faced woman./// Sheer (pronounced ʃɪər); simple (used for emphasis) e.g., The main problem is just plain exhaustion.// e.g.,  Minimizing the number of systems that engineers deal with is also key, so that making GM products is cheaper and just plain simpler./// (Of a knitting stitch) Made using a knit rather than a purl stitch./// (adverb) (informal) (as submodifier) (used for emphasis) e.g., ‘Perhaps the youth was just plain stupid.’/// Clearly or unequivocally e.g., I'm finished (or ‘I am done’) with you, I'll tell you plain.’/// (Verb; no object) (archaic) Mourn; lament e.g., ''Oh, Rover, don't you leave me, too,'' she plained out./// (noun ) A large area of flat land with few trees. See  http://www.clipartkid.com/images/596/plains-spring-plains-summer-plains-fall-plains-winter-animals-that-5JvkAL-clipart.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Carrizo_plains%2C_landscape_with_colorful_wildflowers.jpg   For Highland plains See   https://pre00.deviantart.net/e5a1/th/pre/f/2011/206/3/f/coastal_highland_plains_by_vonbrrr-d41lhf0.jpg  and  https://i2.au.reastatic.net/800x600/b7c282f87f3a191107d814aaa764bcc7a5374792800a96e76f56f8a9ce0d355c/main.jpg   //  e.g., The coastal plain.
·     Abstruse (pronounced əbˈstrs) (adjective) Difficult to understand; obscure e.g., An abstruse philosophical inquiry.// e.g., This is a Frank Black album, with its obscure references and abstruse lyrics.// e.g., The catchy title and cover art attracted many to a tome that otherwise would have been considered way too abstruse to bother with.// e.g.,  He was a singularly modest man with a passion for accuracy and a gift for the lucid exposition of difficult and abstruse problems.
·  Obscure (pronounced əbˈskjʊər) (obscurer, obscurest) = (adjective) Not discovered or known about; uncertain e.g., His origins and parentage are obscure.// e.g., One morning after a wild electrical storm, Ann woke to find a strange inscription on the palm of her hand: a single ‘word’ written in some obscure alphabet./// Not important or well-known e.g., A relatively obscure actor./// Not clearly expressed or easily understood e.g., Obscure references to Proust. (Marcel Proust was a French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his monumental novel ‘Remembrance of Things Past’)./// Hard to define; vague e.g., ‘I feel an obscure resentment.’ /// Dark or dim (= (of a light, color, or illuminated object) not shining brightly or clearly) e.g., The obscure light of dawn.//// (transitive verb) To prevent something from being seen or heard e.g., The sun was obscured by clouds.// e.g.,  ‘Early on in this deployment I walked past a sports field and noticed a cloud of dust obscuring the far end.’ /// To make something difficult to discover and understand e.g., Managers deliberately obscured the real situation from federal investigators ((*) for the definition and examples as a verb, apart from the 2nd example).// e.g., The debate has become obscured by conflicting ideological perspectives./// Keep from being known e.g., None of this should obscure the skill and perseverance of the workers.
·    Deploy (pronounced dɪˈplɔɪ) (the noun is deployment’) = (verb) Move troops into position for military action. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERrRM0KJ2K0     and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QW6VquuWYuU    // e.g., Forces were deployed at strategic locations.// e.g., About 150 Special Forces troops are deployed directly on the island itself./// (verb; no object) (Of troops) move into position for military action e.g., The air force began to deploy forward./// Bring into effective action e.g., Small states can often deploy resources more freely.// e.g.,  David has reached a top speed of 320 mph before he deploys a parachute at 3,000 ft. above the ground.
·   Dentur tales doses (Latin) = (written on medicine prescription) Give of such doses (*****) 
·  Tome (pronounced təʊm) = (noun) (humorousA book, especially a large, heavy, scholarly one. See  https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/thetomeoflegends/images/a/a7/Tome_of_legends.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20110704065050 and http://darksouls3.wiki.fextralife.com/file/Dark-Souls-3/braille_divine_tome_of_carim.png    // e.g., A weighty tome.// e.g., It's much better than other reference tomes you might buy, and free.// e.g., As part of the American experiment, public libraries brought the wisdom of the ancient and modern tomes to the common man.
·    Nightingale = (noun) small European thrush with drab brownish plumage, noted for the rich melodious song of the male, heard especially at night in breeding season. See http://anson.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/nightingale-app-680x339.jpg and http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pic%5CN%5CI%5CNightingale%20(blue-throated).jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Nachtigall_%28Luscinia_megarhynchos%29-2.jpg  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw8hwxZJHsA
·  Swift = (adjective) Happening or moving quickly or within a short time, especially smoothly and easily e.g., The police took swift action against the rioters.// e.g., ‘Thank you for your swift reply.’/// (noun) A small bird with curved, pointed wings that can fly very fast and has a superficial resemblance to a swallow (*). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Apus_apus_-Barcelona%2C_Spain-8_%281%29.jpg/1200px-Apus_apus_-Barcelona%2C_Spain-8_%281%29.jpg  and http://d2fbmjy3x0sdua.cloudfront.net/cdn/farfuture/S2HnlPZQlyxo4c70wgBtrgfvR-ICm17a-ia7a3v9h3s/mtime:1486669881/sites/default/files/styles/nas_bird_teaser_illustration/public/1955_Sibl_9780307957900_art_r1.jpg?itok=5jWnQj5L 
·    Swallow (ornithology) = (noun) a migratory swift-flying songbird with a forked tail and long pointed wings, feeding on insects in flight. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Red-rumpedSwallow01.jpg and   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Riparia_riparia.jpg  // e.g., The central aim of our study was to demonstrate that both natural and sexual selection have been important in shaping the tail streamer of the barn swallow.
· Ornithology = (noun) The scientific study of birds e.g., This new autobiographical study in amateur ornithology may be one of the first birding romance novels.
·    Thrush = (noun) A small or medium-sized songbird, typically having a brown back, spotted breast, and loud song. See http://d2fbmjy3x0sdua.cloudfront.net/cdn/farfuture/NJKGCh9UJxYOwGcOQChyx3Aavc6O1aEjxNTcdXK1qPM/mtime:1422549525/sites/default/files/Wood_Thrush_s52-13-514_l.jpg   and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Monticola_gularis_male_non-breeding_-_Khao_Yai.jpg   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_IVq-YCsTg /// Infection of the mouth and throat by a yeast-like fungus, causing whitish patches (My comment as a medic: thrush may involve the vagina (vaginal thrush; also known as vaginal yeast infection or candidal vulvovaginitis), or the mouth/ mouth and pharynx (oral/oropharyngeal thrush/ candidiasis). Usually, the infection is due to the dimorphic yeast Candida spp. It is relatively common in patients inhaling corticosteroids and patients with immunodeficiency, such as HIV positive patients, where it may be disseminated and may also involve the esophagus). See  http://thrushtreatmentcenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/thrush-symptons-1024x576.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg/300px-Human_tongue_infected_with_oral_candidiasis.jpg  //  e.g., In newborns, it usually shows up as diaper rash, but new babies can also develop oropharyngeal candidiasis, or thrush, in the mouth and throat./// A chronic condition affecting the frog of a horse's foot, causing the accumulation of a dark, foul-smelling substance. See http://www.natureshoof.com/images/ThrushExample.jpg   // e.g., Iodine is mostly used by ranchers, in minuscule amounts, to treat thrush on horse hooves.
·   Commercial broadcasting (or private broadcasting) = the broadcasting of TV programs and radio programming by privately owned corporate media, as opposed to state sponsorship (such as the BBC that is a British public service broadcaster). An example of commercial broadcasting is ABC, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) TV network (*****).
·     Weatherstrip = (noun) a strip of rubber, metal, or other material used to seal the edges of a door or window against the cold.  For adhesive-backed foam weather-strip See http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/how-to-install-weatherstripping-1.jpg and https://doorsofelegance.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/weather-stripping.png   and https://cdn2.tmbi.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/display/FH01OCT_WEATHR_08.jpg and https://cdn2.tmbi.com/TFH/Step-By-Step/display/FH01OCT_WEATHR_09.jpg  For (clear polycarbonate) wipe with pile weatherstrip See  http://slidingglassdoorparts.com/images/CRL/WS257AV72_10493.gif   and  https://www.doorcloser.com/acatalog/CRL_CW12_2.jpg
·  Hanger-on (plural: hangers-on) = (noun) a person who associates with another person or a group in a sycophantic manner or for the purpose of gaining some personal advantage e.g., He was a hanger-on who used to come around and drink with Father.// e.g. Chris and Emma got married among friends, family, and associated hangers-on on Saturday night.// e.g., The shysters, the freebooters, the hangers-on who traditionally take advantage of champions.// e.g., The privileged royal family includes thousands of members, surrounded by tens of thousands of retainers and hangers-on.
·    Retainer = (nounA thing that holds something in place e.g., A guitar string retainer.// e.g., On the other side of the road, there was a log retainer wall./// An appliance for keeping a loose tooth, an orthodontic prosthesis, or orthodontically aligned teeth in place. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Retainer.jpg/1200px-Retainer.jpg and  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retainer_(orthodontics)#/media/File:RetainerBottom.JPG  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bjZq1uzdMI  /// A fee paid in advance to someone, especially an attorney, in order to secure or keep their services when requiredSynonym: retaining fee.// e.g., The annual fee of $2,000 is a bargain when compared to the monthly retainer plus commission required for full representation./// (UK English) A reduced rent paid to retain accommodation during a period of non-occupancy e.g., The property owner may want a retainer to reserve your room for you over the summer./// A servant or follower of a noble or wealthy person, especially one that has worked for a person or family for a long time e.g., The effect on the city of Edo was a permanent presence of noblemen and samurai with a huge staff of retainers, attendants and servants.// e.g., The realization that others did not love Father as his family and retainers clearly did was a slow one coming to Johnny.
· Dental braces (or orthodontic cases) = devices used in orthodontics that align and straighten teeth and help position them with regard to a person's bite, while also aiming to improve dental health (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Teeth_Braces_%281%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Transparent-Bracket.JPG
·  Freebooter (1 word) (pronounced ˈfrbuːtə) = (noun) A pirate or lawless adventurer. See  https://i.pinimg.com/originals/2a/11/97/2a1197e1ea9486634ac6862c07221311.jpg and https://t00.deviantart.net/HEPJan6OZmHQK0la_u7wK604Wss=/fit-in/700x350/filters:fixed_height(100,100):origin()/pre00/da71/th/pre/f/2016/031/9/f/freebooter_s_fate___pirate_by_cottonyhotchkiss-d9pz90i.jpg    // e.g., Mary was to discover he was a ruthless murderer, leader of a gang of freebooters./// e.g., In 1891-1892 Iran was roiled by protests against a tobacco monopoly granted to a British freebooter, a Major Talbot.// e.g., Only Sir Francis Drake and other naval freebooters enjoyed success.
·    Roil = (literary) (verb with object) Make a liquid turbid or muddy by disturbing the sediment e.g., Winds roil these waters./// (verb) (no object) (of a liquid) Move in a turbulent, swirling manner e.g., The sea roiled below her./// (figurative) e.g., A kind of fear roiled in her./// (US English) (verb with object) Make someone annoyed or irritated e.g., That roiled his colleagues and prolonged a stoppage that wiped out the World Series.// e.g., Any religious film with violence is bound to roil some people.
·      Literary (vs) Literally
·    Literary (adjective) Concerning the writing, study, or content of literature, especially of the kind valued for quality of form e.g., The great literary works of the 19th century.///  (of language) associated with literary works or other formal writing; having a marked style intended to create a particular emotional effect e.g., ‘I do feel if Urdu has to survive as a literary language it has to increase its vocabulary.’
·     Literally = (adverb) In a literal manner or sense; exactly e.g., ‘The driver took it literally when asked to go straight across the traffic circle.’// e.g., ‘Tiramisu (a kind of sweet dessert), literally translated ‘pull-me-up!’ /// (informal) Used for emphasis while not being literally true e.g., I was literally blown away by the response I got.’
·  Smock = (noun) a loose dress or blouse, with the upper part closely gathered in smocking For a working smock See http://documents.desco.com/Images/Catalog/highResolution/73610.jpg  and http://brenig.co.uk/img/p/4/6/46-large_default.jpg and https://www.apronsandsmocks.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/small_image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/s/a/salmon_female_smock.jpg // e.g., Working smock.
·     Sleeve = (noun) the part of a piece of clothing that covers some or all of the arm./// A cover to protect something e.g., ‘’Can you put the DVD back in its sleeve, please?’’ (^^)
·   Saucepan (1 word) = (noun) a deep cooking pan, typically round, made of metal, and with one long handle and a lid. See http://www.saucepanchef.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/pan_sauce.jpg and https://shk-images.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/uploads/files/2049/large/201007DSC3484.jpg
·  Pottery = (noun) pots, dishes, and other articles made of earthenware or baked clay. Pottery can be broadly divided into earthenware, porcelain, and stoneware. See http://images2.aystatic.com/articles/1954/224004_home_hero.jpg?1431670534 and https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0796/3039/files/all-pottery_c1ae1ef3-1e32-440f-a5fe-1cd18602ae86.jpg?3558580674870176492
·    Earthenware = (noun) Plates, bowls, cups, etc. that are made of rough clay./// Made of quite rough clay, often shaped with the hands. For earthenware pottery See http://gaukartifact.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/pottery.jpg   and http://rockaroundasia.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/koh-kret-earthenware-pottery1.jpg   // e.g., Earthenware mugs/ bowls (^^).
·    Stoneware = (noun) plates, dishes, cups, etc. that are made from a special clay baked at a very high temperature. See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/61/1f/db/611fdbc13d8b1d8ffb1742d01122ad91.jpg and  https://natureofclay.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/20090823_loripottery_0003.jpg   (^^).
·     Article (with the meaning of ‘object’) = a particular thing, especially one that is one of several things of a similar type or in the same place e.g., An article of clothing was found near the river.// e.g., Articles of furniture (^^) // e.g., Small household articles.// e.g., All the articles had no producer's name or manufacturing date.
·    Mug = (noun) A large cup, typically cylindrical and with a handle and used without a saucer. For a coffee mug See https://i.pinimg.com/736x/b5/af/55/b5af558ae8c73560231fa7ecc687bdb6--happy-sayings-happy-mugs.jpg  and  https://munchies-images.vice.com/wp_upload/coffee-mug-science.jpg?crop=1xw:0.7916666666666666xh;center,center&resize=0:*    and http://www.bravotv.com/sites/nbcubravotv/files/styles/blog-post-embedded--computer/public/the-feast-holding-your-coffee-cup-promote.jpg?itok=SlQP7cT-   For a tea mug See https://cdn.notonthehighstreet.com/system/product_images/images/000/862/591/original_you-re-just-my-cup-of-tea-mug.jpg   and  https://images.vat19.com/pouch-tea-mug/pouch-tea-mug-green-action.jpg   // e.g., ‘Thanks,; I replied as he placed a steaming mug of black coffee in front of me.’///  The contents of a mug e.g., I drank a mug of tea.’ /// (informal) A person's face e.g., ‘So now that you're familiar with our ugly mugs, let's begin!’ // e.g., It seems nobody feels that they are guilty until a big, blown up shot of their ugly mug is thrust in front of them with the speed that the offender was doing shown on the snap./// (US English) (informal) A hoodlum or thug e.g., This town is being held hostage by mugs, thugs, murderers, and intimidators.// e.g., You would hate to meet any of these mugs in a dark alley. /// (UK English) (informal) A stupid or gullible person e.g. They were no mugs where finance was concerned./// (verb with object) Attack and rob someone in a public place e.g., He was mugged by three men who stole his bike.// e.g. If you mug an old lady you should get 20 years (in prison).’ /// (verb; no object) (informal) Make faces, especially silly or exaggerated ones, before an audience or a camera e.g., He mugged for the camera./// Mug something up = (verb with object) (UK English) (informal) Learn or review a subject as much as possible in a short time; cram e.g., ‘I'm constantly having to mug up things ahead of teaching them.’  // (verb; no object) e.g., We had mugged up on all things Venetian before the start of the course.
·    Mugger (pronounced ˈmʌɡə) = (noun) A person who attacks and robs another in a public place. See https://davidhencke.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/mugger_380_1400314_1410468a.jpg and http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/_img/chars/mugger-the-incredibles-53.jpg and https://www.dailydot.com/wp-content/uploads/6a6/50/56be6786153de452af9941acdad8191d.jpg  // e.g., ‘The mugger snatched my purse and ran away.’ // e.g., ‘You and your date get out of the car, keeping an eye out for muggers and murderers.’ //// A large Indian crocodile with a short snoutSee  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mugger_Crocodile1.jpg/250px-Mugger_Crocodile1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Mugger_crocodile_Crocodylus_palustris_%282155269175%29.jpg
·    Hoodlum (pronounced ˈhdləm) = (noun) A person who engages in crime and violence; a hooligan or gangster. For young hoodlums See http://www.brownstonedetectives.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Lewis_Hine_Doffer_boys_Knoxville_1910.jpg  and https://garywarnett.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/1957ganglife1957.jpg  //  e.g., Instead, the tabloids were full of stories about gangs of hoodlums running out of control, terrorizing vulnerable people.// e.g., A bunch of hoodlums just looking for trouble.// e.g., They saw thugs and hoodlums taking over the streets.
·  Applause (the verb is ‘applaud’) (noun) approval or praise expressed by clapping. See http://dostajebilo.rs/wp-content/uploads/Congratulations.jpeg  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33pI1vRVXrE   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQXUtMwIklw   // e.g., They gave him a round of applause.
·    Streamlined (verb) Design or provide with a form that presents very little resistance to a flow of air or water, increasing speed and ease of movement. For streamlined car See  https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/00/2f/68/002f68bcbb0a3e94a74269b9a1d9d2ad.jpg and  http://www.nocarnofun.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Lamborghini-Aventador-LP-700-4-9.jpg   // For streamlined train See https://steamcdn-a.akamaihd.net/steam/apps/500248/ss_af8ac24e1f539431389cfe8ea70aec4a735a8c70.1920x1080.jpg?t=1499953858 and http://streamlinermemories.info/RI/RocketPC.jpg    // e.g., Streamlined passenger trains./// Make an organization or system more efficient and effective by employing faster or simpler working methods e.g., The company streamlined its operations by removing whole layers of management.// e.g.,  The first version of a report is usually further streamlined and even revised in a bid to improve its logic and style.
·    Mainstream = (noun) The ideas, attitudes, or activities that are regarded as normal or conventional; the dominant trend in opinion, fashion, or the arts e.g., Companies that are bringing computers to the mainstream of American life.// e.g., The mainstream media./// (adjective) Belonging to or characteristic of the mainstream e.g., Mainstream politics./// (verb) Bring something into the mainstream e.g., Vegetarianism has been mainstreamed. [My comment: today, everyone and everything is mainstreamed!]
·   Doorway = (noun) an entrance to a room or building through a door. See https://researchdigest.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/75443-doorway.jpg and https://2y3l3p10hb5c1lkzte2wv2ks-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Doorway-300x199.jpg   // e.g., Ben stood there in the doorway.
·    Dice =(‘die is the singular form of ‘dice’ – the plural of die is ‘dies’) = (noun) a small cube with each side having a different number of spots on it, ranging from one to six, thrown and used in gambling and other games involving chanceSee https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/6sided_dice.jpg/300px-6sided_dice.jpg   and  http://www.quickanddirtytips.com/sites/default/files/images/4348/dice.jpg
·   The die (not ‘dice’; ‘die’ here is the singular of ‘dice’) is cast’ = (phrase) An event has happened, or a decision has been made that cannot be changedThe original Latin phrase is ‘Alea iacta est’  attributed by Suetonius to Julius Caesar on January 10, 49 B.C. as he led his army across the Rubicon river in Northern Italy. Then he entered Italy at the head of his army in defiance of the Senate and began his long civil war against Pompey and the Optimates. The phrase, either in the original Latin or translation, is used in many languages to indicate that events have passed a point of no return (***** for the origin of the phrase). //// e.g., But now the die is cast, and said brutal dictators and corrupt monarchs no longer have the ability to stop the future.// e.g., There have been two delays in applying the regulation, but now the die is cast.
·    Lattice (noun) a structure consisting of strips of wood or metal crossed and fastened together with square or diamond-shaped spaces left between, used typically as a screen or fence or as a support for climbing plants. See http://www.woodwayproducts.com/images/categories/supercategorylatticemasthead.jpg  and http://www.marketwire.com/library/MwGo/2016/5/6/11G097047/Images/lattice1-9665f7793bd5a5cc9cf1f6f5355dc93d.jpg
·    Stevedore (a person employed, or a contractor engaged, at a dock to load and unload cargo from ships e.g., The group represents importers, exporters, stevedores and ship owners throughout Australia and overseas using Geraldton port) = docker = longshoreman (a person employed in a port to load and unload ships).// See http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/upload/img_400/H5379.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hafenarbeiter_bei_der_Verladung_von_Sackgut_-_MS_Rothenstein_NDL%2C_Port_Sudan_1960.png/250px-Hafenarbeiter_bei_der_Verladung_von_Sackgut_-_MS_Rothenstein_NDL%2C_Port_Sudan_1960.png
·         Pollution
·         Predator
·         Mediterranean Sea
·         Merry (not ‘Mary’) Xmas
·         Grammar
·         Archive (pronounced ˈɑːkʌɪv)
·         Pup =puppy

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