Bearskin = (noun) a tall
fur cap, usually worn as part of a ceremonial military uniform. Traditionally, the bearskin was the headgear
of grenadiers and remains in use by grenadier and guards’ regiments in various
armies (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/1st_Sardinia_Grenadiers_Bastille_Day_2007_n1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Fran%C3%A7ois_Isidore_Darquier_%281770-1812%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/GRENADIERS_Belgium_Tenue_Tradition.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/US_Navy_080821-M-3261D-002_A_drum_major_in.jpg
Grenade (pronounced ɡrəˈneɪd) (My
comment: all kids know it from the computer games they play) = (noun) A small bomb thrown by hand or launched mechanically. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/M67b.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/N%C2%B036%2B_plaque_de_base.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/MK2_grenade_DoD.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LR0jTkx4w4I and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T90KnzsKM0c and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azJzUsZg1ys //
e.g., Their unit was ambushed with bombs,
grenades and petrol bombs, but the soldiers managed to
escape their vehicle before it burned out./// A glass receptacle containing chemicals which are
released when the receptacle is thrown and broken, used for testing drains and
extinguishing fires.
Petrol bomb (also known as ‘Molotov
cocktail’) = a bottle filled with petrol or other
liquid fuel with a piece of cloth in its top that is set on fire and
thrown. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/German_soldier_with_molotov_cocktail.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/2010_0515_rama_4_and_sathorn_26.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/A_protester_holding_Molotov_Cocktail_seen_as_the_clashes_develop_in_Kyiv%2C_Ukraine._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014-2.jpg // e.g., The
rioters were throwing petrol bombs (^^).
Woo (pronounced wuː)
(present participle = wooing; past
present and past participle = wooed)
= (verb) Seek
the favor, support, or custom of; e.g., Pop stars are being wooed
by film companies eager to sign them up.//
e.g., With young families to support, the founders concentrated
on wooing those deep-pocketed companies .// e.g., Afternoon tea at the
legendary Reid’s Palace Hotel is just one of a range of charming social
customs that woos tourists.// e.g., The party has been
trying to woo the voters with promises of electoral reform.// e.g., The airline has been offering discounted
tickets to woo passengers away from their competitors
((**)
for the previous 2 examples).//// (dated) Try to gain the love of someone, typically a woman,
especially with a view to marriage; e.g., He wooed her with quotes
from Shakespeare./// Woo–woo (see below).
Woo–woo (or woo) =
(informal) (adjective) (derogatory) Relating to or holding
unconventional beliefs regarded as having little or no scientific basis,
especially those relating to spirituality, mysticism, or alternative medicine; e.g., Quartz crystals that
were so popular with the woo-woo
crowd.// e.g., Phrases
like that will prove a little woo-woo for some readers./// (mass noun) (derogatory) (informal) Unconventional beliefs regarded as having little or no scientific basis,
especially those relating to spirituality, mysticism, or alternative medicine; e.g., Some
kind of metaphysical woo-woo.
Jeer (pronounced dʒɪə(r)) = (verb;
no object) Make rude and mocking
remarks, typically in a loud voice. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pPxuApYSS3o and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDDVdxrelEk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiDpTHJYMjQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGFahRD_Ydo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIcyi9eyI0c and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLNTE7Y_wy0 // e.g., Some of the younger men
jeered at him.// e.g., The crowd
jeered when told the
minister was not available./// e.g., ‘Exactly seventeen years later, I find myself in a head to head
confrontation with the army, while the public at large (= as a whole) is jeering and mocking me
from the sidelines./// (verb; with object) Shout rude and mocking
remarks at someone; e.g., Councilors
were jeered and heckled.// e.g., His only involvement so
far was in an opening day defeat by Middlesbrough, during which he was
jeered by his own fans.// e.g., He publicly
backed Caldwell and slammed the minority of supporters who had jeered
him./// (Noun) A rude and mocking
remark;
e.g., The
taunts and jeers of my classmates.// e.g., Nobody dared to attack him, and instead they
contented (= satisfied) themselves
with insults and jeers - these the man ignored.// e.g., They returned to the hall
in time for the next item on the agenda, amid jeers and taunts from the Treasury
benches.
Taunt (pronounced tɔːnt) = (noun) A remark made in order
to anger, wound, or provoke someone. Synonyms: jeer, jibe (pronounced dʒaɪb), sneer (pronounced snɪə(r)). See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loDEWhsRKH8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l0f6plxy_s and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3YQEUvPVpo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNCpahlSRrE // e.g., The fact that there was perhaps some justification to the taunts of the
veterans angered him.// e.g., Pupils will play truant rather than face the
taunts of classmates about their ragged clothes.// e.g., ‘I
phrased it as a sarcastic taunt, but I genuinely wanted to know
the answer.’ /// (verb with object) Provoke or challenge
someone with insulting remarks; e.g., The
students began taunting her about
her weight.// e.g., Taunting comments.//
e.g., The last thing we want is to put ourselves in the position
where he is taunted or provoked and reacts again./// Reproach (= address someone in such a way as to express
disapproval or disappointment) contemptuously someone with
something; e.g., She
had taunted him with going to another man.// e.g., ‘You once taunted me with cowardice because I dared not face
the world and conquer it!’ // e.g., One day at school a boy taunted him
with the story that his father had killed himself.
Jibe (also known as gibe) (pronounced
dʒaɪb) = (noun) An insulting or
mocking remark; a taunt. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnTLShbF3d0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSaosrQTEmI
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POMEdelfYJA
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNCpahlSRrE // e.g., She often asks them when they are getting
married and if she can come, along with other relevant gibes.// e.g., Scholars contend (=
assert something as a position in an argument) that men from various African tribes regularly traded
gibes about each other’s mother.// e.g., A jibe at his old rivals./// (North
American English) (gybe in
British English) An act or instance of
gybing
(see below).//// (verb; no object) Make insulting or
mocking remarks; jeer; e.g., Some
cynics (pronounced ˈsɪn.ɪks) in the media might jibe.//
e.g., The Deputy First Minister joked at the First Minister’s expense, jibing
at the apparent disunity within McConnell’s ranks.//
e.g., Unlike many other politicians, he
refuses to indulge in cheap jibes at other people’s expense ((**) for this
example)./// (verb) (North American English) (gybe in British English) (Sailing) Change course by
swinging a fore-and-aft sail across a following wind. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Uf1Oo68z74 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz8UgEGQFa0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ljQntS8cqk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0HDXDZfjQ8 // e.g., They
jibed, and the boat turned over./// (verb with object) (Sailing)
Swing a sail or boom across a following wind; e.g., ‘Due to the
fact that you are gybing the sail this
way you will need to pull hard and fast on the new leeward (= on or toward
the side sheltered from the wind or toward which the wind is blowing; downwind)
sheet to trim the sail in on the new tack and course.’ /// (of a sail
or boom) swing or be swung across a following wind; e.g., ‘Careful control of the boom (=
(on a boat) a long pole that moves and that has a sail fastened to it (*)) and mainsail is required when jibing in
order to prevent a violent motion of the boom when it switches sides.’ //// (informal) (North
American English) Be
in accord (pronounced əˈkɔːd); agree; e.g., The
verdict does not jibe with the medical evidence.// e.g., ‘This does not jibe with my experience, nor that of most Americans, at least.’ // e.g., It doesn’t jibe with the image that a lot
of Americans have about this country.
Sneer (pronounced snɪə(r))
= (noun) A contemptuous or
mocking smile, remark, or tone. See https://i.stack.imgur.com/QPcp2.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sE39m_FF-V8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-95pX2ZDfag For a sneering
cat See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5bAM-IpCmM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdKgjUjmZZo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHypX_kTIy0 // e.g., He acknowledged their presence with a condescending sneer.// e.g., ‘I pointed in both directions when appropriate, my
lips curling slightly in a sneer.’// e.g., The woman strode
past him with a disdainful sneer and entering the
temple, glanced about./// (verb; no object) Smile or speak in a
contemptuous or mocking manner e.g., She had sneered at
their bad taste.// (with direct speech)
e.g., ‘I see you’re conservative in your ways,’ John
sneered.’// e.g., ‘You may sneer, but a lot of people like this kind of
music’ ((^^^) for the last example).
Heckle = (verb with object) Interrupt a public
speaker with derisive or aggressive comments or abuse. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQTmZej50TI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFnhq5awB60 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZKRDDD_OY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJ9HgEO53G8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8INC02bYbPo // e.g., He was booed and heckled
when he tried to address the demonstrators./// e.g., (verb; no object) Women round him started heckling.// e.g., The
graduates and their guests, numbering about 50,000, were informed that anyone protesting or
heckling the speakers could be subject to arrest and expulsion from the stadium./// Dress flax or hemp (= the cannabis plant, especially when grown for its fiber) to split and
straighten the fibers for spinning. See https://c1.staticflickr.com/8/7158/6686248467_a0ef009b77_b.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ma1hH_gdBx8 // e.g., Hemp
was heckled and spun
into rope yarn
(= spun thread used for knitting, weaving, or
sewing; pronounced jɑːn).// e.g., The first step is to heckle the
fiber, combing the long fibers from the short./// (noun) A heckling
comment; e.g., The
meeting regularly dissolved into heckles.//
e.g., Heckles of ‘Get stuffed!’ // e.g., ‘Imagine if I’d managed to say all that in response to their
heckles.’
Derisive (pronounced dɪˈrɑɪ·sɪv)
(or derisory in British English)
(pronounced dɪˈrɑɪ·sə·ri or dɪˈrɑɪ-zə·ri) = (adjective) Expressing contempt or ridicule; e.g., A
harsh, derisive laugh.// e.g., Even raising the issue draws derisive and dismissive responses.// e.g., ‘I took those words to heart,
mostly because there was no voice in the media to laugh out loudly in
derisive response.’ // e.g., Something
unhealthy in our political system causes
each president to be portrayed in the worst and derisive terms.// e.g., Derisive laughter ((**) for
the last example).
Boo (pronounced buː) = (exclamation) Said suddenly to surprise someone who is unaware of
one’s presence; e.g., ‘Boo!’
she cried, jumping up to frighten him./// Said to show disapproval or
contempt; e.g., ‘There’s only one bar.’ ‘Boo!’ //// (noun)
An utterance
(= a spoken word, statement, or vocal sound) of ‘boo’ to show disapproval of a speaker or performer; e.g., The audience greeted this comment with
boos and hisses.// e.g., A
chorus of boos and hisses greeted this comment.// e.g., The audience's boos, screams, and applause
determines who wins the fight./// (verb) Say ‘boo’ to show disapproval of a speaker or
performer; e.g.,
(verb; no object) They booed and
hissed when he stepped on stage.// e.g., (verb with object) The team were booed off the pitch.//
e.g., Managers and directors were booed
and jeered at as they left and entered the building.
Scour (pronounced ˈskaʊə) =
(verb with object) Clean
or brighten the surface of something by rubbing it hard, typically with an
abrasive or detergent. See (scouring a
sheep’s fleece) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgrzpaMdsJs
and (scouring pads) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YykmVd4g_04
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWGASxGAhsI
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kc7psDdIQAk
// e.g., She scoured the cooker.//
e.g., ‘I was scouring out the pans.’ // e.g., Mild abrasives are used to scour pots and pans, oven interiors, and
drip pans.//// Remove dirt or unwanted matter by scouring; e.g., ‘Use
an electric toothbrush to scour off plaque.’ //// (of water or
a watercourse) make a channel or pool by flowing quickly over something and
removing soil or rock. See (the video describes that ‘bridges over water are
susceptible to scour, in which rushing water erodes sediment away from the area
around bridge piers, potentially undermining the foundation of the bridge’) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzgbNUJL_7w and
(scour around marine
structures) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZhOVKw0rjg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmvK7vg1cxw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJUQGEjxs00 // e.g., After a big rain, a rush of water down nude valley hills scours away
the top-soil.// e.g., The water flow has
scoured deep pools underneath the trees, creating excellent cover habitat for
fish.//// (verb; no object) (of livestock)
suffer from diarrhea; e.g., He went
out to deal with piglets who were scouring.////
(verb with object) Subject (a place, text,
etc.) to a thorough search in order to locate something; e.g., ‘I scoured each newspaper for an article
on the murder.’ // e.g., Anna
resumed scouring the floor for her missing shoe.// e.g., Josh looked up, his eyes scouring over the
many cones and dozens of police-men scattered around the area.//// (verb;
no object) (with adverbial of
direction) Move rapidly in a particular direction, especially in
search or pursuit of someone or something; e.g.,
He scoured up the ladder.// e.g., Surely a tower of bone that looks as though it could touch the sun
itself, would be noticeable to one of
the many search parties that had scoured through this land.///
(mass noun) The action of scouring or
the state of being scoured, especially by swift-flowing water; e.g., The scour of the tide may cause lateral
erosion.// e.g., The Sound is
protected from ice scour by a string of offshore islands.//// (in
singular) An act of rubbing something hard to clean or brighten it; e.g., ‘Give the floor a good scour.’ //// Diarrhoea in livestock, especially cattle and pigs; e.g., The major impact of calf (= a young
bovine animal, especially a domestic cow or bull in its first year) scours is the economic loss to the ranch
operation.// e.g., One of the key
issues facing cattle farmers heading into the Spring is that of scour.
Spook = (noun) (informal) A ghost. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ip_8QVWtepA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yv2B_Ka4h_Y and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppg4ocoQ6iQ // e.g., A stupid Xmas spook shows up to complete the episode’s
main purpose.// e.g., They said that he only came out at night to eat cats and
squirrels, and he was the local spook!
// e.g., ‘As the end credits rolled, I thought to myself, ‘Hey, where the heck are the spooks?’
//// (informal) (North American English) A spy. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnhQvcVEq-I and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJNqe_OmRqk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9frEE_HZE4 // e.g., A
CIA spook.// e.g., A
lip-reading spook may be following an outdoor conversation through
binoculars.// e.g., ‘The spooks and
their uniformed agencies are both part of a smokescreen to divert attention
from the real culprits,’ he said.//// (US English) (dated,
offensive) A black person. (My
comment: referred for the record, so you must not use it!).//// (verb with
object) (informal) Frighten; unnerve (= make someone lose courage or confidence). See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TE2vcTWsfrs // e.g., Gee (= a
mild expression, typically of surprise, enthusiasm, or sympathy), a ghost turned on the tap and spooked
somebody.// e.g., It isn’t just the
ill-timed expansion that’s spooking investors.//
e.g., A horror story’s got to spook you
and intrigue you.//// (verb; no object) (especially of an animal) take fright suddenly. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnKZCRx7-II and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZZgK2LexyI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cV_vBo_oHnM // e.g., A minute later, her horse spooked and Sindy spooked along with her.// e.g., The kitten will spook if we make
any noise.
Spooky
(pronounced ˈspuːki) (My
comment: I think ''spooky'' is more US English rather than British) =
(informal) (adjective) Sinister or ghostly in a way that causes
fear and unease. See
(spooky skeletons!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTgFtxHhCQ0
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0YE4xfXnW0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmzwhVE5Ly4 and (a spooky ghost) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atYubhVaY8w // e.g., ‘I bet this place is really spooky late at
night!’ // e.g., The village
is unpeopled, which makes it spooky.// e.g., ‘I love the spooky scene when Bowman
appears on his wife’s TV.’ // e.g., It was a spooky coincidence ((**) for this example).///
(North American English) Easily frightened;
nervous; e.g., Some
horses are spookier by nature than others.
Afloat = (adjective) Floating in water; not sinking. See
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uw9APeS2MF8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiD32k4dLyU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MHA4zvaBes and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMW9Q_CPRX8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNPLxkpdXZo // e.g., They trod water to keep afloat.// e.g., The canoes were still afloat.//
e.g., ‘The pirates attacked us with
everything they had, which was significantly more than we did, and we were hard pressed to even stay
afloat in the water.’ /// On board a ship or boat; e.g., He hopes to find a second-hand
craft and be afloat by the end of the month.// e.g., A chance to go afloat on a working
scientific research vessel to learn how the oceans work is on offer
this half-term.// e.g., No person
shall go afloat without first completing an enrolment form./// (predicative) Out of debt or difficulty; e.g., ‘I contrived (contrive =
create or bring about an object or a situation by deliberate use of skill and
artifice) to stay afloat in honest
self-employment.’ //
e.g., Professional management
will be needed to keep firms afloat.// e.g., ‘What is keeping us afloat is further debt expansion.’ /// In general circulation; current; e.g., There are various rumors
afloat connected with her disappearance.// e.g., There’s interesting talk afloat about
blog networks these days.//
e.g., There are rumors afloat that an
election might happen in the fall (= autumn in US English).
Tread
water = (phrase) to float vertically in the water by moving the legs and the arms up and
down (*).
See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q9QCBGdztLk
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFmOtf_Ew1w
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txCdr3wRN4k
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfC1BvVvWbs // e.g., They
were at the deep end of the pool and trod water to keep afloat.//
e.g., As part of his basic training, Kent
had to swim 200 meters and tread water for two minutes.// e.g., ‘I
tried to catch my breath, maniacally treading water like a child learning
how to swim.’ //// Fail to make progress; e.g., We are treading water but have increased
recruits by a very small percentage.// e.g., People who are treading water in their careers.// e.g., ‘Brandon trod water a lot, so I might go
for Mitchel.’
Retort (pronounced
rɪˈtɔːt) = (reporting verb) Say something in answer to a remark or accusation, typically in a
sharp, angry, or wittily incisive manner. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oj08LPuQfog and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRWn-J4qGB0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKvZg2WZTDQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZIbhBeGEID4 // (with direct speech) e.g., ‘No need to be rude,’ retorted Anna.// (with
clause) e.g., She retorted
that this was nonsense.// e.g., ‘No,
Mr. Johnson, you don’t understand,’ Mike retorted, getting angrier by
the minute./// Turn an insult or accusation
back on the person who has issued it; e.g., He was resolute (= admirably
purposeful, determined, and unwavering) to
retort the charge of treason (= the crime of betraying one’s country,
especially by attempting to kill the sovereign or overthrow the government) on his foes (foe = an enemy or
opponent; pronounced fəʊ).// e.g.,
It was now his time to retort
the humiliation./// Use an opponent’s argument
against them; e.g., Japanese
historian Kajimura Hideki, who
passed away in 1989, retorted the argument
that Dokdo belongs to Japan by suggesting diverse historical articles
in his paper released on the Review of Korean Studies.// e.g., The answer they make to us may very
easily be retorted./// (noun) A sharp,
angry, or wittily incisive (= (of
a person or mental process) intelligently analytical and clear-thinking) reply to a remark; e.g., She
opened her mouth to make a suitably cutting retort.//
e.g., Now was not the
time to shoot back angry retorts.// e.g., ‘Just as I expected, Sam was ready with his witty retorts as I
swung open the door.’ /// A
container or furnace for carrying out a chemical process on a large or
industrial scale. See
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9W_PDhu3fY and http://kmgrandpack.com/images/product/pressure/pressure04.jpg // e.g., Gas was made by baking coal in airtight
retorts./// A glass container with a
long neck, used in distilling liquids and other chemical operations. (My
comment: I am sure most of you have seen/used it at the High School chemistry
lab). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/My_retort.jpg/300px-My_retort.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distillation_by_Retort.png/300px-Distillation_by_Retort.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Alambique_056.jpg
// e.g., A laboratory full of bubbling retorts and crackling
electrical equipment./// Heat in a retort in order
to separate or purify; e.g., The raw shale is retorted at four crude oil
works.
Shale (pronounced ʃeɪl) = (noun) a type of soft, grey rock, usually formed from clay that has become
hard, that breaks easily into thin layers (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/ShaleUSGOV.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Shale_8040.jpg
/// Shale gas =
natural gas that is found trapped
within shale formations. Shale gas has
become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the US since the
start of this century, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the
rest of the world ((*****) for shale gas). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/%28Non%29_Conventional_Deposits.svg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Marcellus_Shale_Gas_Drilling_Tower_1_crop.jpg
Foe (pronounced fəʊ) = (noun) (formal) (literary) An enemy or opponent; e.g., His work was praised by friends and
foes alike.// e.g., ‘We
must present our case in such a way that we make our foes our
friends and not make friends our foes!’ // e.g., The incident shows that the Americans find nothing wrong in
spying on both friends and foes.
Sap =
(noun) The fluid, chiefly water
with dissolved sugars and mineral salts, that circulates in the vascular system
of a plant. Synonyms: juice, secretion, fluid, liquid.//
See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Sap_of_Sansevieria_trifasciata.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Common_jassid_nymph_feeding.jpg
and https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/72/124172-004-FCC17940.jpg
and http://www.fullmeltbubble.com/gallery/files/3///IMG_5962Large.JPG
/// Vigor or energy; e.g., The hot, heady days of youth when the sap was rising.//
e.g., They were fresh and
flourishing, full of sap and vigor, though many of them had been
born long before him.//// (sapping) (historical) A tunnel or trench to conceal an assailant’s approach to a
fortified place. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Sap_Roller.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Fortbourtange.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Clampe%27s_map_sap_detail.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Almost_every_bay_of_the_communication_sap_from_Pear_trench_to_Hamel_Village_contained_dead_bodies_of_the_enemy_%283007981490%29.jpg/913px-Almost_every_bay_of_the_communication_sap_from_Pear_trench_to_Hamel_Village_contained_dead_bodies_of_the_enemy_%283007981490%29.jpg
and http://darkroom.baltimoresun.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/french-unseen-wwi194.jpg
// e.g., In the British army, a
standard cry was ‘follow the sapper’, the term for those who, under
engineer officers, dug the saps or shelter trenches used in the attack on
fortresses./// (informal) (US English) A
foolish and gullible person; e.g., ‘He fell for it! What a sap!’ // e.g.,
‘Superficially, I can picture only saps
or children falling prey.’ // e.g., The cameras are there to capture Lady Luck smiling on these heartbroken
saps, who really just want to find real love./// (verb with object) (Geography) Undercut by water or glacial action; e.g.,
Cliffs may form cirque-like alcoves
around the head of springs as a result of sapping./// (informal) (US English) A bludgeon (= a thick stick with a heavy end, used as a weapon; pronounced ˈblʌdʒ.(ə)n) or club; e.g., ‘I
hit him with a sap.’ // e.g., ‘Too
many of them jumped me, pinning me with claws and weight so they could use their saps and truncheons (truncheon
= a short, thick stick carried as a weapon by a police officer; pronounced ˈtrʌn.tʃ(ə)n) until I was in no condition to struggle.’
/// (verb) Gradually weaken or destroy
a person’s strength or power; e.g., ‘Our energy is being sapped by
bureaucrats and politicians!’ // e.g., To abandon this tradition would sap Australia’s sense of itself.//
e.g., Painkillers sapped his strength
and cottonwooled his consciousness.//// Sap someone of =
drain someone of strength or power; e.g.,
The last vision had been so vivid that it
had sapped her of nearly all of her strength.// e.g., What she had seen last week had sapped
her of all energy.// e.g., Her
illness had sapped her of energy and life./// (informal) Dig a sap or saps; e.g., Having sapped up to the glacis of the
city ramparts, Versailles troops entered the city.// e.g., The main section of this unit comprised
of paratroopers, including those trained in sapping.// e.g., They
complained that they were not
allowed to use bombs or to sap and mine the streets held by the
insurgents./// (informal) (US English) Hit
with a bludgeon or club; e.g., He sapped him again, this time in his solar
plexus, and he fell, unconscious.// e.g., ‘It was nice to see someone else get sapped for a change!’
Resolute
(pronounced ˈrɛzəluːt) = (adjective) Admirably purposeful, determined, and unwavering (= steady or
resolute; not wavering); e.g., He was resolute in his fight to
uphold liberal values.// e.g., ‘I was just as resolute in my determination to spend Christmas
with my fiancée.’ // e.g., But aides and friends say that beneath his soft image lies a
resolute leader.// e.g., Their resolute
opposition to new working methods was difficult to overcome
((**)
for the last example).
Glacis
(pronounced ˈɡlasi or ˈɡlasɪs) = (noun) A bank
sloping down from a fort which exposes attackers to the defenders’ missiles. See
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Glacis.png
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Maiden_Castle%2C_Dorchester..jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Krak_des_Chevaliers_14.jpg
// e.g., Its purpose was that of a glacis of an
ancient castle.//
e.g., On
21 May, having sapped up to the glacis of the city ramparts, which heavy bombardment had almost made untenable, Versailles troops entered the city.//// (also known as ‘glacis plate’) = A sloping piece of armor
plate protecting part of a vehicle. For the glacis
plates of a tank See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacis#/media/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-721-0398-17A,_Frankreich,_Panzer_VI_(Tiger_II,_K%C3%B6nigstiger).jpg
.jpg){kind=link}
Unnerve
(pronounced ʌnˈnɜːv) = (verb with object) Make someone lose courage or confidence//
to make someone feel
less confident and slightly frightened; e.g., ‘The
journey over the bridge had unnerved me.’ // e.g., ‘It unnerved me to hear that I had lost
that much track of time and felt nothing from it.’ // e.g., Her wide eyed frozen gaze unnerved him, her
chilly green eyes that held no sign of life in them.// e.g., ‘It unnerved me to be interviewed by so
many people.’ // e.g., The long
silence unnerved her.// e.g., Talk
of an economic slowdown has so far failed to unnerve the US markets./// Be unnerved by something e.g., Investors were unnerved by recent
profit warnings ((*) for the last 4 examples and the 2nd part of
the definition).
Truncheon
(pronounced ˈtrʌn(t)ʃ(ə)n) =
(noun) (UK English) A short, thick stick carried as a weapon by a police
officer. Synonym = club; baton. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Kravallpolis.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Polizei-Tonfa-Pfefferspray.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/May_Day_Immigration_March_LA66.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Chicago_Police_helmet_%26_billy-club.jpg //
e.g., He was taken to a police
station where he was beaten with truncheons, punched and kicked.//
e.g., One driver was even found with a
police truncheon in his car.// e.g., There they
confronted the police; a police
truncheon injured a protester.//// A staff or baton acting as
a symbol of authority, especially that used by the Earl Marshal.
Bludgeon (pronounced ˈblʌdʒ.(ə)n) =
(noun) a
thick stick with a heavy end, used as a weapon. Synonym = cudgel. See https://teepee12.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/bludgeon-historic-loaded-with-lead.jpg and https://teepee12.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/truncheon-01.jpeg and http://www.bridgeguys.com/images/logos/bludgeon_baton.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/BLW_Coshes_and_bludgeon.jpg and https://curryncode.files.wordpress.com/2016/11/2260172a3bb93cf9b8674dc066306ee5.jpg?w=584 // e.g., (metaphorically)
A rhetorical bludgeon in the war against liberalism./// (transitive verb) Beat someone
repeatedly with a bludgeon or other heavy object; e.g., He
was bludgeoned to death with the butt of a
pistol on the Caribbean island of Margarita.// e.g., The two men had been mercilessly
bludgeoned to death./// To force someone to do
something; e.g., The managers bludgeoned us into agreeing
to the changes ((**) for the last 2 examples and the last
definition).
Cudgel (pronounced ˈkʌdʒ(ə)l) or singlestick = (noun) A short, thick stick
used as a weapon. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Francisco_de_Goya_y_Lucientes_-_Duelo_a_garrotazos.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Singlestick.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pMIZhm7Jok and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNySSqPJ67U and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEmfbs36DUM // e.g., But the cudgel
was wielded to get me back in line; it worked./// (verb
with object) Beat with a cudgel; e.g., They would lie in wait and cudgel her to death.//// Cudgel your brains = (UK English)
(dated) to think very hard or try to remember something you have forgotten ((*)
for the last definition).
Earl
Marshal = a hereditary royal officeholder and chivalric title under the sovereign
of the UK used in England. He is the eighth of the
Great Officers of State in the UK, ranking beneath the Lord High Constable and
above the Lord High Admiral. The marshal was originally responsible, along with
the constable, for the monarch's horses and stables including connected
military operations. Nowadays, the position of Earl Marshal has evolved and
among his responsibilities is the organization of major ceremonial state
occasions like the monarch's coronation in Westminster Abbey and state
funerals. He is also a leading officer of arms and oversees the College of Arms
(*****). See (the current earl marshal) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/18th_Duke_of_Norfolk_1_Allan_Warren.JPG
Gullible (pronounced ˈɡʌl.ə.b(ə)l) = (adjective) Easily persuaded to
believe something; credulous; e.g., An attempt to persuade a gullible public to spend
their money.// e.g., But there is no evidence which shows that juries
are gullible fools, easily led by a passing headline.// e.g., Clothing design should not be about creating
pricey and snobbish brands to be foisted on a gullible public.//
e.g., A gullible young
man.// e.g., There are any number of miracle cures on the market for
people gullible enough to buy them.// e.g., The medical profession,
like most other scientists, is one of the most gullible things in the world!
(My comment as a medic: usually, it is not, as doctors are not based only
on the subjective symptoms of the patient but also on objective signs, physical
examination, image and lab tests). ((**) for the last 3 examples).
Credulous (pronounced ˈkrɛdjʊləs) (the opposite is incredulous) = (adjective) Having or showing too great a readiness
to believe things; gullible; e.g., ‘We’re credulous creatures and easily impressed by things we don't
understand.// e.g., A ceremony staged for credulous tourists.// e.g., The credulous nature of Americans drew only
contempt from him.// e.g., ‘I do
not think I am a particularly credulous
person, or one prone to indulge in easy enthusiasms.’ // e.g., The credulous soldier and his equally
simple sister believed this wonderful tale and pressed their royal visitor
to continue to receive their humble hospitality.// e.g., ‘What do we make of some credulous social scientists taking it
seriously?’ ((**) for the last 3 examples).
Foist someone/
something on // foist
something on/ upon someone// foist off something on
someone = (verb
with object) Impose an unwelcome or unnecessary person or thing on; e.g., She
had no desire to have an elderly relative foisted on her.// e.g., He’s patient and doesn’t foist his presence on anyone, but rather waits for them to acknowledge him as a
companion.// e.g., ‘I'm always suspicious when a previous generation
tries to foist its heroes on me.’ // e.g., He charged that junk food is being foisted on children by TV
commercials ((**) for the last example and the 2nd and 3rd
part of the definition).
Fort (or fortress) = (noun) A
military stronghold, especially a strongly fortified town. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Bibracte_Porte_Rebout.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/20090529_Great_Wall_8185.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mehrangarh_Fort.jpg/1200px-Mehrangarh_Fort.jpg and
(nerf fortress!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3P1FIqi589E and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP2aVGEUuXE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pyNJ_spwPQ //
e.g., ‘The
city was guarded by a ring of forts.// e.g., It was a separate fortress surrounded by strong
walls.
New Guinea (pronounced ˌnjuː ˈɡɪn.i)
= An island in the western South Pacific, off the north
coast of Australia, the 2nd largest
island in the world, following Greenland. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/LocationNewGuinea.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Melanesian_Cultural_Area.png
Guinea pig (pronounced ˈɡɪn.i ˌpɪɡ) = a species of
rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia. Despite
their common name, these animals neither do they belong to the pig family
Suidae nor do they come from Guinea in Africa. So, the origin of their name is
still unclear. They originated in the Andes of South America and studies based
on biochemistry and hybridization imply they are domesticated descendants of a
closely related species of cavy such as C.
tschudii, and consequently do not exist naturally in the wild. Biological
experiments on domestic guinea pigs have been carried out since the 17th
century. These
animals were so commonly used as model organisms in the 19th and 20th
centuries that the epithet guinea pig came into use to describe a human test
subject. Since
that time, they have mainly been replaced by other rodents such as mice and rats.
However, they are still used in experimentation, primarily as models for
various human medical conditions (*****).
Chauvinism (vs.)
Jingoism (vs.) Bigotry
Chauvinism (pronounced ˈʃəʊv(ɪ)nɪz(ə)m)
= (mass noun) Exaggerated or
aggressive patriotism. Synonym = jingoism.// e.g., Public
opinion was easily moved to chauvinism and nationalism.// e.g., A definite environment
has been created of blind patriotism and chauvinism.// e.g., These are gross
exaggerations aimed at fanning chauvinism./// Excessive or
prejudiced support for one’s own cause, group, or sex; e.g., We
stand together to stamp out chauvinism and bigotry (= intolerance
toward those who hold different opinions from oneself).// e.g., ‘That has nothing to do with sexual identity or
heterosexual chauvinism.’ // e.g., Yet to many natives, overcharging is
simply a habitual procedure rather than a real sign of racial chauvinism./// Male
chauvinism = male prejudice against
women; the belief that men are superior in terms of ability, intelligence, etc./// (My comment:
many people think that chauvinism means ‘male chauvinism’ although the initial
meaning was extreme patriotism named in the late
19th century after Nicolas Chauvin, a Napoleonic veteran noted
for his extreme patriotism. Chauvinism is extreme patriotism and is
not exactly the same as nationalism, which belongs to the far-right spectrum. For example, you may have heard the saying that the French are chauvinists]./// e.g., Usually, their biggest obstacle is not male
chauvinism or cultural restrictions, but lack of basic machinery.// e.g., ‘Male
chauvinism isn’t making a comeback - it never went away!’ // e.g., Male chauvinism is the major cause for
this social evil.
Jingoism (pronounced dʒɪŋɡəʊɪz(ə)m)
= (mass noun) (uncountable)
(derogatory) Extreme patriotism,
especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy; e.g., The
popular jingoism that swept the lower–middle classes.// e.g., ‘So it would be a mistake to allow, by default,
jingoism to become synonymous with patriotism and the American spirit.’// e.g., ‘But do any American governors actually
believe in this sort of jingoism, or
do they just affect to do so for political purposes?’// e.g., Patriotism can turn into jingoism and
intolerance very quickly.// e.g., Some
countries have high standards, and, in this debate, we must avoid jingoism and false patriotism
((**) for the last 2 examples).
Bigotry (pronounced ˈbɪɡ.ə.tri) = (mass noun) (disapproving) Intolerance towards those who hold
different opinions from oneself.// Synonym = Prejudice (pronounced ˈpredʒədɪs).//
e.g., The difficulties of combating prejudice and bigotry.//
e.g., He never reacted with hatred or bigotry of any kind.// e.g., His article amounts to pure
opinionated bigotry.// e.g., Religious/ racial bigotry
((**) for the last example).
Bigot (pronounced ˈbɪɡət)
= (noun) A
person who is obstinately (= in a
way that is unreasonably determined, especially by acting in a particular way
and not changing at all, despite what anyone else says (*)) or intolerantly
devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices; especially one who regards
or treats the members of a group (as a racial or ethnic group) with hatred and
intolerance.//
Synonym = dogmatist.// e.g., He was
labeled a bigot after making some offensive comments.// e.g., ‘A
bigot is a hater, she said. A bigot hates Catholics. A bigot hates Jews. …
It's no sin to be poor, she said. It is a sin to be a bigot. Don't ever be one
of them.’ (Pete Hamill; A Drinking Life) (***) // e.g., ‘Don't let
a few small-minded bigots destroy the good image of the city.’// e.g., He
was a fanatical bigot.// e.g., A
religious bigot.// e.g., He was known to be a loud-mouthed, opinionated
bigot ((**) for the last 2 examples).
Xenophobia (pronounced ˌzen.əˈfəʊ.bi.ə)
= (noun) Intense
or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries; e.g., ‘If
categorization and bias come so easily, are people doomed to xenophobia and racism?’
// e.g., The resurgence of racism and
xenophobia.// e.g., Britain,
my country of origin, appears to be infected by such selective xenophobia.
Rife (pronounced rʌɪf) = (adjective) (predicative) (especially of something undesirable) Of
common occurrence; widespread; e.g., Male chauvinism was rife
in medicine (My comment as a medic: things have improved over the last decades).// e.g., Sexual harassment is rife.// e.g., The
social and economic cancer of corruption is rife throughout the continent..// Rife with = Full of; e.g., The streets were rife
with rumor and fear.// e.g., Many
civilians will claim the judiciary (= the judicial authorities of a country; judges collectively), like
the rest of the government, is rife with corruption.// e.g., Although
the area is rife with archaeological
finds spanning millennia, neglect has deterred visitors./// (Adverb) In an unchecked or
widespread manner; e.g., Speculation ran rife that he was an
arms dealer.// e.g., Rumors
ran wild and rife, but the band would not play together again
until 2011.// e.g., Speculation has run rife on all sorts of mad theories
about who will get up in each state.
Instigator (pronounced ˈɪnstɪɡeɪtə(r))
= (noun) A
person who brings about or initiates something.// Synonym = initiator.// e.g., He
was not the instigator of the incident.// e.g., Any
instigators of violence will be punished.// e.g., The author implies that the
means to understanding the causes of the violence and the
motivations of its instigators lie in the study of the previous 14
centuries.// e.g., The instigators of
the disturbance have not yet been identified.// e.g., Women were represented as the victims rather than the instigators of
adultery.// e.g., Their
‘demonstration’ was quickly suppressed and an investigation was launched to
find the supposed instigators ((**)
for the last 3 examples).
Incisive (pronounced ɪnˈsʌɪsɪv) = (adjective) (of a person or mental process)
intelligently analytical and clear-thinking; e.g., He was an incisive critic.// e.g., ‘Consider this incisive analysis of the Whitewater investigation.’
// e.g., These traits have made him one of the
liveliest and most incisive intellectuals in the US./// (of an account)
accurate and sharply focused; e.g., The songs offer incisive pictures of American
ways.// e.g., Its
impact is enhanced by incisive writing and compelling evidence
in profusion.// e.g., His simple yet
incisive writing gives you a very clear picture of the fears and longings (=
a strong desire (*)) of these teens./// (of an action) quick
and direct; e.g., The most incisive
move of a tight match.// e.g., After a
scrappy start, both teams settled down
with York producing a series of incisive moves, all of
which collapsed either at the whistle of the referee.// e.g., Argentina started to take control of the
game, with a patient game in the back and quick and incisive counter-attacks,
complemented of course by their lethal penalty corners.
Crackle = (verb; no
object) Make
a rapid succession of short sharp noises; e.g., The fire
suddenly crackled and spat sparks.// e.g., Machine
guns crackled across the late afternoon sky.// e.g., Another bolt of
lightning crackled loudly over their heads./// Give a sense of great
tension or animation; e.g., ‘The air crackled with energy while my body
pulsed with it.’ // e.g., Attraction and
antagonism were crackling between
them.// e.g., The
fact that he is a murderer merely (merely is used to emphasize that
something is not large, important, or effective when compared to something else
(*)) adds to the background tension that crackles from the first page./// A sound made up of a
rapid succession of short, sharp noises; e.g., There was a crackle
and a whine from the microphone.// e.g., ‘All the
time I was climbing over the wreckage, I could hear the crackle of
flames.’ // e.g., She closed her
eyes and listened to the soft crackle of the warm campfire./// (mass noun) A pattern of minute surface cracks
on paintwork, varnish, glazed ceramics, or glass; e.g., Vary
the thickness of your crackle glaze until you obtain the
desired appearance.
Bolt = (noun) a long pin with a head that screws into a nut, used to
fasten things together. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Bolt-with-nut.jpg and https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/tools-bolt-629012.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Bolted_joint.svg and https://d3pl14o4ufnhvd.cloudfront.net/v2/uploads/bb01a003-cdae-453c-8411-150bee474e9d/69647133c3fd9ae3546741e603b5f0ce7bf365d4_original.jpg /// A bar that slides into a socket to fasten a door or window. See
(door sliding bolt) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy1_c1GmHxQ and
(window bolt) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zq3HCgC2aKo and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZF8csmDhBVY and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GA1jA8kHtGM ///. A long pin that is driven into a rock face so that a rope can be
attached to it. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Climbing_bolt_with_waterpipe_close_view.JPG /// (lightning
bolt)
(My comment: also known as lightning strike) (not ‘lighting’)
A jagged white flash of lightning. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Anvil-to-ground_lightning.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Dinosaur_lightning.JPG and (I think this guy
is a bolt hunter!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm3rHONOr9o and (heart shaped lightning
bolt!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UX0GX7h6x-U // e.g., A small
bolt of lightning flashes, and the thunder follows soon after.
Nut (related to a screw) =
(noun) A
small flat piece of metal or other material, typically square or hexagonal,
with a threaded hole through it for screwing on to a bolt as a fastener. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Bolt-with-nut.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Bolted_joint.svg and https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTd9zD8vNk18hCIPs7wnRX7PChi7YqNaM3FyvQXZmRS8TG1w50RHtWrFxPVk7BcSD1DAoX4pIjkNp3pkX-sXYbjX96Lu0_F8wnnR-uuzAvHpfBqO6bfmjeSA1OIwOsJaJJwKilG-wUyzA/s1600-h/Bolt-Nut-Dynamic%252520Simulation_1%25255B3%25255D.jpg //
e.g., Fix the new pipe and tighten the nuts.//
e.g., The final wheel nut was tightened./// A piece of metal wedged into a rock ((*****)
for this definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Climbing_nut_in_use.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Organ_Pipes%2C_Mt_Wellington_-_Lyle_Closs%2C_Pulpit_Chimney_-_4412574656.jpg
Onanism (pronounced ˈəʊnənɪz(ə)m) = (mass noun) (formal) Masturbation./// Coitus interruptus.
Coitus interruptus = sexual intercourse in
which the penis is withdrawn before ejaculation. (My comment as a medic:
it is an unsafe and ineffective method to prevent sexually transmitted
infections and unwanted pregnancy))
Whine (not to be confused with
'wine'!) = (noun) A long, high-pitched complaining cry. For a dog’s
whine See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1J4MoE5Y1E and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klTq2zx5ocI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWUBmO1hVhk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WppPC-VALWQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTA06XaSO4Q and (Doberman whine) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cB9pVJ3mYcE // e.g., The dog
gave a small whine.// e.g., He
asked me, his voice a slightly high-pitched whine, as though he had never
progressed from childhood.// e.g., ‘If
you’re getting a high-pitched whine rather than a hum your hard drive may be
the culprit.’ /// A long, high-pitched unpleasant sound; e.g., The whine
of the engine.// e.g., ‘I would
compare it with the whine of an aircraft engine, obliterating the sounds of
nature.’ // e.g., As they crossed the bridge, David spoke up through the roar of the rain and the whine of the ship’s
engine. // A complaining tone of voice; e.g., There was
a hint of a whine in Mary’s voice.// e.g., His frown deepened and his voice broke into a whine.// e.g., When rejected, his voice softens almost to
a whine./// A feeble or petulant complaint; e.g., A constant
whine about the quality of public services.// e.g., Jim started to calm
down, and the screams turned into whispered whines.// e.g., The music industry's constant whine about file sharing is
extremely annoying./// (verb; no object) Give or make a
long, high-pitched complaining cry or sound; e.g., The dog whined and
scratched at the back door./// e.g., A whining voice.// e.g., He had every right to complain and whine
about everything that went wrong for him, but he didn't.
// (Reporting verb) Complain in a feeble or petulant way; e.g., (verb; no object)
She began to whine about how hard she had been forced to work./// e.g., (with direct speech) ‘My legs
ache,’ she whined.// e.g., ‘I talked briefly to the
paramedic, whined a bit about my circumstances, and did whatever he
told me to do.’
Petulant (pronounced ˈpɛtjʊl(ə)nt) = (adjective) (of a person or their manner) childishly
sulky or bad-tempered// easily annoyed and complaining in a rude way like a
child. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2UBHCo99R4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxu0Ts2MBlQ // e.g., ‘I can also become
unpleasant and then behave like a petulant child.’ // e.g., She was moody and petulant.// e.g., A petulant shake of the
head.// e.g., He was petulant
all day and was earlier booked for mouthing-off at the referee.//
e.g., He plays the part of a petulant
young man in the film.// e.g., It is
like a petulant schoolmaster (= (dated) principal) who, because some boys play truant, keeps in those who come to school.//
e.g., ‘I have listened to the arguments,
and have confined myself to an impatient or petulant intervention’ ((**)
for the last 2 examples and the 2nd part of the definition).
Sulky (pronounced ˈsʌlki)
= (adjective) morose (= unhappy, annoyed, and
unwilling to speak or smile (*)), bad-tempered, and resentful; refusing to be cooperative or cheerful. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=av2IQfV1csk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1YWYCY315A and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-9azfekzJ4 // e.g., Disappointment was making her sulky.// e.g., He was a sulky, angry child, who hated his home overseas.//
e.g., After several days of being sulky, Samantha
flatly refused to talk to me on Wednesday./// Expressing or
suggesting gloom (= feelings of great
unhappiness and loss of hope (*)) and bad
temper; e.g., He had a sultry,
sulky mouth.// e.g., Her mouth was pinched, almost sulky, as if she’d sucked on a lemon.// e.g., Her mouth was sulky and her skin was so pale
and thin that she looked almost transparent.// (noun) A light two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle for one person, used chiefly in
trotting races [(harness racing) = is a form of horse racing in
which the horses race at a specific gait (a trot or a pace). They usually pull
a two-wheeled cart called a sulky, occupied by a driver, although in Europe,
jockeys riding directly on saddled trotters is also conducted (*****) for
harness racing). [Note: Sulky is a lightweight cart having two wheels and a
seat for the driver only but usually without a body, generally pulled by horses
or dogs, and is used for harness races. The term is also used for a light
stroller, an arch mounted on wheels or crawler tracks, used in logging, or
other types of vehicle having wheels and usually a seat for the driver, such as
a plough, lister or cultivator. Smaller sulkies are also used for dogs, both
for racing and as transportation ((*****) for this
Note).] See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuS_RnWJflE and https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/90/9190-004-54528096.jpg and https://presspack.rte.ie/wp-content/blogs.dir/2/files/2015/09/Blurred_Shot-2.jpg and http://jerseykids.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/IMG_3029.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnOtacd6OXI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LepZKnkYntM For a dog sulky See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkhIwz3iE3E and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Hundewa.jpg For a goat sulky See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eC-xvArwrnY and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Goat_racing.JPG For sulky
vehicles See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P89Zau2j7TY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh3NWq-0TGA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k-gPpnfmZ74 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiTLUM4uUmY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDFgLFBdXfA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7-fW4EFlyyU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J54syaYUdS0
Sulk (pronounced ˈsʌlk) = (verb) Be silent, morose (= unhappy, annoyed, and unwilling to speak or
smile (*)), and bad-tempered out of annoyance or
disappointment; e.g. He was sulking over the breakup of his band.// e.g., ‘And after heated arguments and manic
flicking through the pages of the dictionary, I lost the game, and
sulked.’ // e.g., He sulked and could get nasty if he did not get his
own way.//
e.g., He’s sulking in his room because I wouldn't let him have any more
chocolate.// e.g., She brought along a couple of sulky kids who didn’t
say a word the whole time ((**) for the last 2 examples).
Morose (pronounced məˈrəʊs) = (adjective) sullen and ill-tempered// unhappy, annoyed, and
unwilling to speak or smile; morose; e.g., She was morose and silent when
she got home.// e.g., ‘A morose mood of deep melancholy has descended
upon me this afternoon.’ // e.g., She sensed she
was feeling very morose today, and she was sure that the fact that
her mother was coming back wasn’t all that there was to it.// e.g., A
morose expression.// e.g., ‘Why are
you so morose these days?’ // e.g.,
Then there is the boy who perhaps has a bad family background and who is a bit
morose ((**) for the last 3 examples and the 2nd part of the
definition).
Sullen (pronounced ˈsʌlən)
= (adjective) bad-tempered
and sulky; angry
and unwilling to smile or be pleasant to people; e.g., A sullen pout.// e.g., ‘I shrink
into myself and become sullen and
uncommunicative.’// e.g., There’s a sullen and increasingly
angry mood on the issue.// e.g., They stared at him with an expression of
sullen dislike.// e.g., His sons
stared back at him with an expression of sullen resentment (= bitter
indignation (= anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair
treatment) at having been treated unfairly) ((**) for the previous 2 examples
and the 2nd part of the
definition)./// (of the sky) Full of dark clouds. See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/j0SHZQNezSE/hqdefault.jpg and https://icons.wxug.com/data/wximagenew/i/InTheWoods/248.jpg and https://icons.wxug.com/data/wximagenew/k/karalegal/1681.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6t-TvZvHybs // e.g., A
sullen sunless sky.//
e.g., The skies looked very sullen (= dark and unpleasant)
((**) for the
last example).
Sultry (pronounced ˈsʌltri)
= (adjective) (of the air or weather) Hot and humid. See and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0kaHk57Ec8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2L8etzPoAJs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nPUljwI1Re8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeigYHFTz1E // e.g., Excellent
music for packing on a hot, humid, sultry, summer's night.// e.g., The
sultry late summer weather had
brought swarms of insects.// e.g., As his
plane moved through the sultry air at twelve thousand feet, he
reviewed his progress./// (especially of a woman
or her behavior) Displaying or
suggesting a strong sexual nature. Synonym = passionate.// See
(the only appropriate videos I found to include them here!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6hAZ3oyUlHo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KsTcKq3DuFM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAI0SQz5Jgk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ne11TO0qz_A and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jSpChQPQcc // e.g., A
sultry French au pair (= a young foreign person,
typically a woman, who helps with housework or childcare in exchange for food,
a room, and some pocket money; pronounced əʊ ˈpɛː).// e.g., She
shot to fame as a sultry
seductress in ‘Desperate Housewives’ (TV series).// e.g., The sultry actress will be the face of the rap star’s
brand-new fashion line.
Pout (pronounced paʊt) = (transitive or intransitive verb) push one’s lips or one’s bottom (lower) lip forward as an expression of
petulant (=
easily annoyed and complaining in a rude way like a child; pronounced ˈpetʃ.ə.lənt
(*)) annoyance or in order to make oneself look sexually
attractive. For a pout face of a baby See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vM3KMszuXoo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8uEh2PUMHA and http://images.agoramedia.com/ugcphotoservice/100/2016/10/20/64850823/e5e77614-ac63-4afd-a94a-1388c9680336.jpg For a pout
face of a woman See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=373j_f1wpnI and https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbXo6rWZqpG8jNPQzCYbQdd_CjwKWy3iWURqbNHfdJikzEenWEz8IRQ_I5rS7DFtjf63Xx47El2b8Q3iw4wqX7kLUpQbzj9lfRoP5lb5bMT6b-rDDvHsTeJVgxHogIlY1CGb7iDXVDm5M/s1600/deepika+padukone+selfie+pout.png // e.g., She lounged on the steps,
pouting.// e.g., Pouting actresses.///
(verb) (with object) e.g., She shrugged and pouted her lips.// e.g., Martha always pouts if she
doesn’t get what she wants.// e.g., Katherine pouts her lips when she’s
putting on lipstick ((**) for the previous 2 examples)./// (noun) A pouting expression; e.g., His lower lip protruded in a sulky (= morose, bad-tempered, and resentful;
refusing to be cooperative or cheerful) pout.// e.g., ‘I was still a bad kid with an attitude and a
pout that Mom always threatened to make into a bookshelf.’ // e.g., Once she let him go, her
expression faded into a pout.
Lounge (pronounced
laʊndʒ) = (UK English) the room in a house or apartment that is
used for relaxing and entertaining guests. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Sittingroom-edit1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/California_Mid-Century_Modern_Home_with_open-beam_ceiling_1960.jpg // e.g., All the family were sitting
in the lounge watching TV./// Room in a hotel, airport, theater, etc.
where people can relax or wait; e.g., An airport/ A hotel lounge.// e.g., A cocktail lounge./// Lounge about/ around
something =
(phrasal
verb) spend your time in a
relaxed way, sitting or lying somewhere and doing very little; e.g., We
spent our days lounging around the pool (^^).
Inadmissible = (adjective) (especially of
evidence in court) not accepted as valid; e.g., Her confession was ruled inadmissible as evidence because it was given
under pressure from the police.// e.g.,
The lie detector test was inadmissible as evidence in the case.// e.g., Inadmissible evidence
((**)
for the first 3 examples).// e.g., It is extremely likely that these
witnesses would either lie or be giving inadmissible hearsay evidence.// e.g., They are
ruled on straight away, and a whole lot of what turns out to be irrelevant and inadmissible evidence does
not come near the court./// Not to be allowed or tolerated; e.g., An
inadmissible interference in the affairs of the Church.// e.g., Whatever criticisms we may have of publicly funded
healthcare, it is surely inadmissible to allow the Republican right to
use them as a justification for cutting public funding even further.//
e.g., Many forms of aid are compatible with the
single market; others are deemed
inadmissible because they severely distort trade between member states ((**)
for the last example).
Negation (not
to be confused with ‘navigation’) = (mass noun) (uncountable) The contradiction or denial of something. Synonyms: denial, contradiction.//e.g., It
can be identified only by its negation of modernism; as its
architecture exemplifies perceptually, it has no form of its own.// e.g., There
should be confirmation-or negation-of the findings.// e.g., As
a consequence, it is the guarantor of human dignity and freedom, especially in
the gas chambers and gulags which are the total negation of both (i.e., human
dignity and freedom).// e.g., She stressed
she was categorically against the total negation of what had been reached in
the last 3 years.// e.g., That
unformulated coherence (= the quality of being logical and consistent;
pronounced kəʊˈhɪə.r(ə)ns)
is what happens when we move from
negation to negativity.//// The absence or opposite of something
actual or positive; e.g., Evil is not merely the
negation of goodness.// e.g., The contradictions and negations
of life cannot be sublated into a determinate negation because
life is not a positive, given fact but is the product of human labor.// e.g., It
was not the literature of negation that was proposed, but the negation of
literature.//// (Grammar) Denial of the truth of a clause or sentence, typically involving the
use of a negative word (e.g. not, no, never) or a word or affix with negative
force (e.g. nothing, non-); e.g., This is dedicated to friends of double
negatives and to those who have wondered
what the word pas, ‘step,’ has to do with negation in French.//// (countable
noun) (Logic) A proposition whose
assertion specifically denies the truth of another proposition; e.g., The
negation of A is, briefly, ‘not A.’ //// (Mathematics) Inversion; e.g., (countable noun) These formulae (or formulas) and their negations.
Negate =
(verb with object) Make ineffective; nullify; e.g.,
Alcohol negates the
effects of the drug.// e.g., They
have to continue with unpredictable flight times and routes and counter measures in the air to negate the
effect of these missiles.// e.g., Diet was nor restricted
in this study, so it’s possible the women increased their food intake, thus
negating the effects of their exercise regimen.// e.g., ‘The increase in our profits has
been negated by the rising costs of running the business.’ // e.g., The increase in sales was negated
by the rising cost of materials.// e.g., In the case of ‘there is no police situation,’ this is a response to
the interviewer’s comments and acts to negate their claim ((**) for the
previous 3 examples).//// (Grammar) (Logic) Make
a clause, sentence, or proposition negative in meaning; e.g., In some English dialects, after all, a
double negative reinforces a negative, it doesn’t negate it.//// Deny the existence of; e.g.,
Negating the political nature of education.// e.g., It is difficult to see why dialogue negates or denies the existence of
authority.// e.g., Colonial
rule, in denying democracy, seemed to negate any concept of the state’s duty to
its subjects.
Sublate (pronounced səˈbleɪt)
= (verb with object) (Philosophy) Assimilate (= take in
information, ideas, or culture and understand fully) a smaller entity into
a larger one; e.g., Fragmented aspects of the self the
subject is unable to sublate.// e.g., In short, capital is the subject of production,
producing above all itself, while labor is negatively posited as its sublated
foundation.// e.g., It affirmed what Stanley calls ‘the ontology of objective nature’ at the expense of a
worldview sublating nature to Spirit.
Repudiation (pronounced rɪˌpjuːdɪˈeɪʃn) =
(noun) Rejection of a
proposal or idea; e.g., The repudiation of reformist policies./// (countable noun) e.g., A repudiation of left-wing
political ideas.// e.g., They avoid open repudiations of their
predecessors (predecessor = a
person who held a job or office before the current holder; pronounced ˈpriː.dɪˌses.ə(r) in British English and ˈpred.ə.ses.ɚ in North American English), no matter how demagogic./// Refusal
to fulfil or discharge an agreement, obligation, or debt; e.g., So it is not open to any court below the House of Lords to find that
unlawful repudiation without acceptance terminates the contract of employment.//
e.g., (countable noun) The breach
(= an act of breaking or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of
conduct) is not so serious as to amount
to a repudiation of the whole
contract.// e.g., Your
corporate client was found liable
in damages for repudiation./// Denial of the
truth or validity of something.
Repudiate (pronounced rɪˈpjuːdɪeɪt)
= (verb with object) Refuse to accept; reject; e.g., We live in a society that has forgotten,
and repudiated, its past.// e.g., He has repudiated
policies associated with previous party leaders.//
e.g., Keynesianism thus evolved
from a general theory repudiating laissez-faire economic orthodoxy into a kit of policy tools./// (Law) Refuse
to fulfill or discharge an agreement, obligation, or debt; e.g., Breach (= an act of breaking
or failing to observe a law, agreement, or code of conduct) of a condition gives the other party the right to
repudiate a contract.// e.g.,
The logical and just thing was to repudiate the enormous debt incurred
by the monarchy.// e.g. ‘I
would advocate going on to repudiate the entire debt outright.’ /// (in the past or
non-Christian religions) Disown or divorce one’s wife; e.g., Philip was excommunicated (excommunicate
= officially
exclude someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the
Christian Church) in 1095 because he had
repudiated his wife.// e.g., Only the husband may repudiate his spouse,
although the wife may provoke him to make that decision./// Deny the truth or
validity of; e.g., The minister
repudiated allegations of human rights abuses.// e.g., He is determined to repudiate
the legal and moral claims of his half-brother on their father’s estate.
Stunt (as
a verb) = (verb) Prevent from growing
or developing properly; e.g., Some weeds produce chemicals
that stunt the plant’s growth.// (figurative) e.g., The
recovery of our industries is stunted by lack of funds.// e.g., An
emotionally stunted young woman./ / e.g., Drought has stunted (the growth of) this
year's cereal/ corn crop.// e.g., That is not the right way in which to
approach such a serious issue, which is
slowly being turned into a political
stunt ((**) for the previous 2 examples)./// Perform stunts,
especially aerobatics; e.g., Agile terns are stunting
over the water.
Squash (vs) Pumpkin
Squash (pronounced skwɒʃ in British English and skwɑːʃ
in US English) = (noun) a type of large vegetable with a
hard skin and a lot of seeds at its center that is very common in America (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Cucurbita_moschata_Butternut_2012_G2.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Cucurbita_pepo_Cocozelle_fruits.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Zucchini-Whole.jpg and https://d1wcgy4dy6voh7.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/IMG_0001-2-cropped.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G96IuzdKKdw and https://www.eatme.eu/uploads/images/producten/muscat_squash_2a.jpg
Pumpkin (pronounced ˈpʌmp.kɪn) = (noun) a large round vegetable
with hard yellow or orange flesh (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Squashes_at_Kew_Gardens_IncrEdibles_2013.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Cucurbita_2011_G1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/2009_Circleville_Pumpkin_Show_champions.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Pumpkins.jpg and http://demandware.edgesuite.net/sits_pod32/dw/image/v2/BBBW_PRD/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-jss-master/default/dwa6425655/images/products/vegetables/03978t_01_cargopmr.jpg?sw=1120 // Note: Pumpkins are commonly carved into
decorative lanterns called jack-o’-
lanterns for the Halloween season in North America ((*****) for this
note).
Agile (pronounced ˈadʒʌɪl) = (adjective) Able to move quickly
and easily. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rT8XXxY-jic and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WffaPRmbmw // e.g., Rita
was as agile as a monkey! // e.g., Monkeys are very agile climbers.//
e.g., ‘You need to have agile fingers to do this kind of work.’ //
e.g., For a woman of 85, she has a remarkably agile mind
((**) for the previous 3 examples).//// Relating to or
denoting a method of project management, used especially for software
development, that is characterized by the division of tasks into short phases
of work and frequent reassessment and adaptation of plans; e.g., Agile
methods replace high-level design with a frequent redesign.// e.g., Agile
company/ corporation/ organization.// e.g., Most agile corporations have
flexible management systems that can quickly accommodate global change and exploit opportunities
((**) for the previous 2 examples)./// Agility (noun); e.g., He
has the agility of a mountain goat.// e.g., This job requires considerable
mental agility.// e.g., Business agility means a company is always
in a position to take account of market changes
((**) for the above examples as a noun).
Tern = (noun) A small black and
white seabird with long, pointed
wings and a divided tail. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Crested_tern444_edit.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Tern_in_Chilka%2C_Orissa_I_IMG_9309.jpg
Rudimentary (or
rudimental) (pronounced ˌruː.dɪˈmen.t(ə)r.i)
= (formal) (adjective) Involving or limited to basic
principles; e.g., He received
a rudimentary education.// e.g., Health and education services
are rudimentary or non-existent.// e.g., As a result of the
mismatches, selection was made according to rudimentary principles.// e.g., Medical, education and public infrastructure is almost non-existent
and what is there is rudimentary./// Relating to an
immature, undeveloped, or basic form; e.g., A rudimentary stage of
evolution.// e.g., Rudimentary organs (of an
animal).// e.g., In
his shabby
(= in poor condition through long or hard use or lack of care) Cologne apartment in 1973, Brinkmann used
rudimentary means to improvise on a few scraps of paper.
Aberration (pronounced ˌæb.əˈreɪ.ʃ(ə)n) = (noun) (formal) A departure from what
is normal, usual, or expected, typically one that is unwelcome; e.g., They
described the outbreak of violence in the area as an aberration.// e.g., ‘I see these activities
as some kind of mental aberration.’ // e.g., The
market will automatically correct any aberrations./// (Biology) A characteristic that deviates from
the normal type; e.g., Color aberrations.// e.g., No chromosome
aberrations were found in human spermatozoa (spermatozoon = a motile sperm cell (*****) in vitro (= (of processes
or reactions) taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a
living organism) exposed to several chemicals, including dioxin
(= a (toxic) colorless solid with no distinguishable
odor at room temperature; it is usually formed as a side product in organic
synthesis and burning of organic materials (*****)).//
e.g., No consistent chromosome
aberrations have been identified in basophilic leukemia./// (Optics) The failure of rays to converge at
one focus because of a defect in a lens or mirror./// (Astronomy) The apparent
displacement of a celestial object from its true position, caused by the
relative motion of the observer and the object.
Concurrence (pronounced kənˈkʌr(ə)ns)(or concurrency) = (noun) The fact of two or more
events or circumstances happening or existing at the same time; e.g., The incidental concurrence of two separate tumors.//
e.g., The concurrence of such events
with Richard II’s celebrative motif of English travel-heroics may be less than coincidental.//
e.g., He raised an arm over his head, signaling
the advance, and the trumpet blew in concurrence.//// Agreement or
consistency; e.g., Delays can be avoided by arriving at political concurrence at the start.//
e.g., ‘We want the concurrence of law enforcement.’
// e.g., In reliance on that agreement,
they did, with the defendants' concurrence, perform services for the defendants.//
(countable noun) (Mathematics) A point at which three or more lines meet; e.g., The
number of possible concurrences in the diagram.
Preponderant (pronounced
prɪˈpɒnd(ə)r(ə)nt) (the verb is preponderate) = (adjective) Predominant in
influence, number, or importance; e.g., The
preponderant influence of the US within the alliance.// e.g., The nation, moreover, continues to
enjoy the preponderant influence
among national actors in determining what issues do and do not
dominate the organization's agenda.// e.g., As a preponderant power, it can provide
an important public good by acting as a mediator.// e.g., Music
doesn’t play a very preponderant role in the school’s teaching ((^^^)
for the last example).
Preponderate (pronounced
prɪˈpɒndəreɪt) =
(verb; no object) Be greater in number, influence, or importance; e.g., The advantages preponderate over this
apparent disadvantage.// e.g., In
1845 a Russian investigator disguised as a Kazakh visited Tarbagatai in Xinjiang
and confirmed that British goods preponderated there among imported
manufactures.// e.g., In business, a
single objective preponderates: making money!
Plot (as a noun with
the meaning of area, a piece of ground) = (noun) a small piece of ground marked out for a
purpose such as building or gardening. For
a garden plot See http://www.recreater.com/ImageRepository/Document?documentID=600 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBgcfDUKAIE
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgkpuhJSPZk
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RznFvinHDpQ
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=429NKyYd3p8
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGCg3rYfSzo
// e.g.,
A vegetable plot.
Lot (or plot) = (mainly US
English) A plot of
land assigned for sale or a particular use. For a house lot See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Lot_map.PNG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmCMRl0HclU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1918c4w92Gk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERw4e1_wha8 For a parking lot See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/P3030027ParkingLot_wb.jpg/220px-P3030027ParkingLot_wb.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Multi-level_stack_parking_NYC_07_2010_9583.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Subterranean_parking_lot.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4d/Car_Park_in_Dazaifu%2C_Fukuoka.jpg For a Multiple level stack parking
lot (in a building) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Multi-level_stack_parking_NYC_07_2010_9583.JPG // e.g., An outside
parking lot.// e.g., An empty lot ((^^) except the
definition)./// An area of land near a film studio where outside
filming may be done. See http://ecorazzi.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/sunsolaer.jpg and http://i.imgur.com/bIxDff7.jpg // e.g., Production
builders buy finished lots a
block at a time, which gives them enough room for efficient staging and
production./// The area at a car dealership where cars for sale are
kept. For
a car lot See http://www.seeing-stars.com/Locations/SHIELD/HonestEddiesCarLot1.jpg and http://www.automoblog.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/CAR-PIC.jpg e.g., ‘I
really do not like used car lots, never have, never will.’
Automated (car) parking system (APS) = a mechanical system designed to minimize the area
and/or volume required for parking cars. Like a multi-story parking garage, an APS provides parking for cars on
multiple levels stacked vertically to maximize the number of parking spaces
while minimizing land usage. The APS, however, utilizes a
mechanical system to transport cars to and from parking spaces (rather than the
driver) in order to eliminate much of the space wasted in a multi-story parking
garage. While a multi-story parking garage is like multiple parking lots
stacked vertically, an APS is more like an automated storage and retrieval
system for cars (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Saravana_Super_Stores_Automated_Car_Park.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Autoturm_von_Innen.jpg and (a Paternoster type of
APS) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Paternoster_animated.gif
Multistory car park (UK English) or parking garage (US English), also called a multistorey, parkade (mainly Canadian) or indoor parking) = a building designed for car parking and where there
are several floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially an indoor,
stacked parking lot. Parking structures may be heated if they are enclosed
(*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9%2C_Resslova%2C_parkovac%C3%AD_d%C5%AFm.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Met_2_Miami_20110307.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/1111_Lincoln_Road_at_night.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Free_Parking.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Multi-level_stack_parking_NYC_07_2010_9583.JPG
Vacant (pronounced
ˈveɪ.k(ə)nt) lot = an area of land
that is not built on, usually in a town or city, sometimes one
that is available to buy or rent. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/BywaterMay07OldFenceLot.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zEZCoSayD08 and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/58/3a/60/583a606f712997cfdf633f4f43c39774.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_1D2jPLiaY and http://www.gimme-shelter.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Vacant-Lot-in-Youngstown-Industrial-Edmonton.jpg //e.g., The
group plans to build 300 houses on vacant lots on the
outskirts of the city (*) // e.g., They are planning
to build a house on a vacant lot on 32nd street
(^^ for this example).
Hourglass = (noun) a glass container
filled with sand that takes one hour to move from an upper to a lower part
through a narrow opening in the middle, used especially in the past
to measure time. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Wooden_hourglass_3.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_002-detail-Temperance.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Egg_timer.jpg and https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1350/5331/products/twg019-2-600.jpg?v=1483812176 and http://www.ldoceonline.com/media/english/illustration/hourglass.jpg
Gourd (pronounced ɡʊəd or ɡɔːd) = (noun) a large fruit that has
a large shell and cannot be eaten, or the shell of this fruit is used as a
container (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/%D4%B4%D5%A4%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A7%D5%B6.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gourds_-_grown_in_the_garden.JPG and https://cdn.instructables.com/FJ9/CUDM/FLROKM43/FJ9CUDMFLROKM43.MEDIUM.jpg and (bottle
gourd) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JcU9Zjn4nU4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wq3ZId-LY_U and (bottle gourd) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srwzT20TvsE
Barely (pronounced ˈbeə.li) = (adverb) By the smallest amount; e.g., They
have barely enough (= no more than what is needed) to pay
the rent this month.// e.g., He was barely (= only
just) 16 when he won his first championship (^^).// e.g., He nodded,
barely able to speak./// (as submodifier) e.g., A barely
perceptible pause./// Only a very short time before; e.g., They had
barely sat down before twenty police officers swarmed in.//
e.g., The flight to safety has barely
started.// e.g., Aaron Brown had barely started at CNN when
terrorists attacked the World Trade Center.// Simply and
sparsely; e.g., Their barely
furnished house.// e.g., Fully
furnished apartments cost much, more than barely furnished apartments.//
e.g., At night, when the moon is about to rise,
this is what it can look like on the barely lit island of Fernando de Noronha.
Apparel (pronounced əˈpær.əl) = (noun) (US English) Clothes of a particular type when they are being sold
in a shop; e.g., Sports
apparel (^^). See http://images.wisegeek.com/clothes-on-rack.jpg and https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUb0-6iT1WFLf0Tx_KuLR6EPu1XpaEAZnmI2u8bq0loUflHN0fgaXWmixubW391_APTIO1t7wwAio1nY9kY1trhovSRiVQrTCQX0YY7TY2eU_iRsMvTz_332WG93X-GjFOB3RHDVG8nZg/s1600/wholesale-fashion-apparel-hanging.jpg For high
school apparel See https://www.prepsportswear.com/Content/images/Global/linkpage_shareimage.jpg // e.g., They
were dressed in bright apparel./// Apparels = embroidered (embroider = decorate (cloth) by sewing patterns on it with thread) ornamentation on
ecclesiastical (= of or relating to the
Christian Church or its clergy) vestments. See http://www.aquinasandmore.com/images/vestsapparelcatpic.jpg
Vestments = (plural noun) the special clothes worn
by priests during church ceremonies (*). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b2/Fr._Pavlo_Smiling.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Kanjirappally_Bishop_Mar_Mathew_Arackal_at_Tomb_of_Mar_Varghese_Payyappilly_Palakkappilly.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Rite_versaillais.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Stjohn_shanghai.png // e.g., The liturgical vestments worn by the priest
also indicate this.
Cable–stayed bridge = a bridge that has
one or more towers (or pylons), from
which cables support the bridge deck. A distinctive feature
is the cables which run directly from the tower to the deck, normally forming a
fan-like pattern or a series of parallel lines. This contrasts with the
modern suspension bridge, where the cables supporting the deck are
suspended vertically from the main cable, anchored at both ends of the bridge
and running between the towers (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/%22Russian_bridge%22_in_Vladivostok.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Abdoun_Bridge_%287%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Ada_Bridge_2012.jpg and http://www.bridgemeister.com/imgpow/powapascokennewick1.jpg and https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/cable-stayed-bridge.jpg
Double–deck
(or decker or decked) suspension bridge – See http://id2126ara.pbworks.com/f/1348974938/6a.jpg and http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/50/61/34/10688305/3/920x920.jpg and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0aAXCytlccY/maxresdefault.jpg
Double–decker bus = a bus that has
two stories or decks. Double-decker buses are used for mass
transport in the UK, Europe, Asia and many former European
possessions. The most iconic example is the red London bus (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/LT_471_%28LTZ_1471%29_Arriva_London_New_Routemaster_%2819522859218%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Hedingham_Omnibuses_bus_L376_Volvo_Olympian_Northern_Counties_P602_CAY.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Berlin_Omnibus_Linie_100_Doppeldecker.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Double_Decker_Bus_Kochi.JPG/220px-Double_Decker_Bus_Kochi.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wyJZQ5sUvMc and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Dj0o2zOE2U and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv5DVtwII0c
Suspension bridge = A bridge in which the
weight of the deck is supported by vertical cables suspended from further
cables that run between towers and are anchored in abutments at each end. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Akashi_Bridge.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/George_Washington_Bridge_from_New_Jersey-edit.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Manhattan_Bridge_2007.jpg and http://s.hswstatic.com/gif/how-bridges-work-6.jpg and https://wonderopolis.org/_img?img=/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dreamstime_xl_27206428_(Custom)_1.jpg&transform=resizeCrop,720,450 and https://wonderopolis.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/dreamstime_xl_47692386_(Custom).jpg
_1.jpg&transform=resizeCrop,720,450){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
Abutment = (noun) a structure built to
support the lateral pressure of an arch or span, e.g. at the ends of a bridge. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Old_Town_Road_SIRT_SB_stair_jeh.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Kurobe_Dam_survey.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Railway_bridge_abutment_riverbank_park_yass.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDTMfs8l2to and https://lh6.ggpht.com/_PR8ZKUe4Yc0/S3J8HkSlkGI/AAAAAAAALHA/tMN2oPYxhqQ/clip_image0062.jpg?imgmax=800 and https://theconstructor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/bridge-abutments.jpg and http://www.rebuildchristchurch.co.nz/i-scirt/6085-bridge-st-bridge-ground-improvements-550x354.jpg and http://www.tensarinternational.com/-/media/Images/Gallery/EH_Resized_Images/Application/Bridge-Abutments_Middle_Small.ashx?mh=400&mw=600 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMQis-n5pM8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruldJ3zFeG8 // e.g., The first bridge was of
timber with stone abutments./// A point at which something abuts against
something else; e.g., A mirror with a
delicate border of engraved blue glass in ten sections, each abutment masked
by a thin metal strip.
· Unpremeditated = (adjective) (of an act, remark, or state) not thought out or planned beforehand e.g., It was a totally unpremeditated attack.// e.g., The other is unpremeditated, as in improvised comedy.// e.g. In English Romantic Poetry and Prose, Russell Noyes enlarges upon Shelley's ‘profuse strains of unpremeditated art.’
· Fair-weather = (adjective) Having or characterized by calm or good weather; relating to or produced by such conditions./// Fit or suitable only for calm or good weather./// Dependable only when conditions or circumstances are favorable; unreliable in times of difficulty.
· Nightstand (or night table or bedside table or bedside cabinet) = (US English) A small low bedside table, typically having drawers. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Nightstand_2184073576.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Aanightstand2.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Aanightstand1.jpg
· Workaround = (noun) (My comment: it is usually related to computing) a way of dealing with a problem or making something work despite the problem, without completely solving it; e.g., The software still has a few glitches, but we've come up with a workaround (^^).
· Tap into something = (phrasal verb) to manage to use something in a way that brings good results e.g., If only we could tap into all that energy and creativity.
· Roadway (US English) (or carriageway in UK English) = (noun) one of the two halves of a main road. It consists of a width of the road on which a vehicle is not restricted by any physical barriers or separation to move laterally. It generally consists of several traffic lanes together with any associated shoulder but may be a sole lane in width, for example, a highway offramp (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Carriageway_diagram.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/15-05-23-Berlin-Sachsendamm-Tesla-RalfR-N3S_7354.jpg
· Hummus (or houmous) (pronounced ˈhʊm.əs) = (noun) a soft, smooth food made from crushed chickpeas, oil, and lemon juice (^^). See
· All-out = (adjective) full-scale; e.g., An all-out war.
· Classic (vs.) Classical
· a) Classic as an adjective means ‘high quality,’ and we use for something that is valued because it has a traditional style; e.g., She was wearing a classic dark blue skirt.// e.g., It’s a classic sports car from the 1960s. Classic also means a perfect or most typical example of something; e.g., The show is a classic example of TV made for children.
· b) Classic and classics as a noun: We can use a classic and the classics to refer to the greatest and most famous works of literature from the past; e.g., Tolstoy’s ‘War and Peace’ is a classic./// Classics without an article means the academic subject which includes the study of Ancient Greek and Latin; e.g., ''I am currently studying Classics at Oxford University.''
· c) Classical as an adjective refers to the culture of the past and to art forms which belong to a long formal tradition; e.g., Beethoven is probably the best-known classical composer.// e.g., ''When I was nine years old, I learned to dance classical ballet'' (^^).
· Doorkeeper (or doorman) = (noun) A person on duty at the entrance to a building. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Hotel_Doormen_in_London.jpg // e.g., The runner knocked and announced her to the doorkeeper.// e.g., The doorkeeper won't let you in if he doesn't like your face!
· Oblong = (noun) A rectangular object or flat figure with unequal adjacent sides. It is a rectangle with length greater than its width, i.e., not a square (***** for this). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Rectangle_Geometry_Vector.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Stacked_bond.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Wallpaper_group-p4g-1.jpg // e.g., An oblong of grass.// e.g., Moonlight lay across the floor in a precise oblong of light./// (adjective) Having the shape of an oblong; e.g., Oblong tables.// e.g., They may be square in shape like ravioli or in half-moon or oblong shapes.
· Underarm = (adjective) of or for use in the armpit (= hollow place under the arm where the arm joins the body; also known as axilla or oxter); e.g., Underarm deodorants/ hair (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Arm_pit_%E2%80%93_Juno.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Shaved_arm_pit.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray1215.png
· Roundup (pronounced ˈrɑʊndˌʌp) = (noun) systematic gathering together of people or things; e.g., Mass police roundups and detentions.// e.g., His sons helped their father with the yearly round-ups and worked on the ranch together with five hired cowboys.// e.g., It was only from the spring of 1942 that the German police took charge of these round-ups./// A summary of facts or events; e.g., A news roundup every fifteen minutes.// e.g., After a long break, here’s a round-up of news from Hardware Land.// e.g., Here is a round-up of some of the key events in this struggle.
· Glitch = (noun) (informal) (plural = glitches) A sudden, usually temporary malfunction or fault of equipment; e.g., A draft version was lost in a computer glitch.// e.g., He plays his pirated cassette of the score, with its glitches and sudden stops, over and over again.//// An unexpected setback; e.g., The only glitch in his year is failing to qualify for the Masters.’ // e.g., ‘I was the unexpected glitch in everyone's plan.’ /// (Astronomy) A brief irregularity in the rotation of a pulsar./// (verb; no object) (US English) (informal) Suffer a sudden malfunction or fault e.g., The elevators glitched.// e.g., One of the screens glitched and both men looked at it.// e.g., ‘I’m curious how that notoriously unreliable piece of engineering, the human body, will cause glitches in this system.’
· Slumber party = a party when a group of children spends the night at one child's house.// A party in which a group of friends, esp. girls, sleep at one friend’s home (^^).
· Slumber party = a party when a group of children spends the night at one child's house.// A party in which a group of friends, esp. girls, sleep at one friend’s home (^^).
· Extricate (pronounced ˈɛkstrɪkeɪt) = (verb with object) free someone or something from a constraint or difficulty; e.g., He was trying to extricate himself from official duties.// e.g., The scooterist came back running, asking the crane to stop till his scooter was extricated.// e.g., ‘A man was trapped and we extricated him but it has been confirmed as a fatality,’ he said.
· Gringo (noun) (plural = gringos) (derogatory, humorous) (in Spanish-speaking countries and contexts, chiefly in the Americas) a person, especially an American, who is not Hispanic or Latino.
· Also: how to use it in a sentence)
· We use ''also'' in a front position to emphasize what follows or to add a new point or topic; e.g., The weather is hot and damp. Also, you can easily get dehydrated.// e.g., (chat) ''OK, I’ll call you next week and we can figure it out then. Also, we need to decide who will pay the bills.''
· We use ''also'' in the normal mid position for adverbs, between the subject and main verb, or after the modal verb or first auxiliary verb, or after ‘be’ as the main verb. In this position, the meaning of also usually connects back to the whole clause that comes before; e.g., He works very hard, but he also does daily charity work.// e.g., ‘I’ve been working as a barista this week, and I’ve also been studying a lot for the June finals.’
· In end position, ''also'' normally connects two phrases. We use ''as well'' and ''too'' instead of ''also,'' in end position, especially in speech; e.g., I tried to reach her at work, but she didn’t answer. Her mobile phone was silent also. (or ''her cell phone was silent too'' or ''her cell phone was silent as well.'')
· In time = early enough e.g., ‘I got home just in time – It started to rain.’// e.g., If we don’t hurry up, we won’t be in time to catch the train’ (^^).
· Lift (UK English) or elevator (US English)
· Barrister
· Whiskey (US & Irish English) (whisky UK English)
· Yogurt (yoghourt or yoghurt in UK English)
· Fulfill (fulfil in US English)
· Committing a suicide
· ‘He is the best driver on our planet’
· Plummet (= fall or drop straight down at high speed; e.g., a climber was killed when he plummeted 300 feet down a cliff) - plummeted; plummeting
· ‘I will stand firm in my opinion’
· Spill- spilled (or 'spilt' in UK English)), spilled (or 'spilt' in UK English)
· Beethoven and Mozart (classical music composers)
· Ax (US English) (‘axe’ in UK English)
· Broccoli is an uncountable noun
· Insist on
· Acknowledgement or acknowledgment
· ‘My attention is distracted’
· The envoy (= a messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic mission) went to Tibet to meet Dalai Lama
· ‘I perceived it as unfair treatment’
· ‘Assess something solely with regard to its intrinsic quality rather than other external factors.’
· ‘Write it by hand’
· A new space race is underway (1 word)
· The audience was/ were whipped up into a frenzy of emotion that sent everyone home on a high.
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