· Gluttony (pronounced ˈɡlʌt(ə)ni) = (noun) habitual greed or excess in eating. See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/9f/7e/f9/9f7ef9a904ff26b6e948d13b21553f3c.jpg and http://cdnb.20m.es/sites/76/2012/07/El-curioso-e-hist%C3%B3rico-origen-de-la-expresi%C3%B3n-%E2%80%98no-es-nada-del-otro-jueves%E2%80%99.jpg and http://www.ncregister.com/images/uploads/Stagnaro-GLUTTONY.jpg // e.g., He said plumpness was a sign of gluttony in most cases.
· Glutton (pronounced ˈɡlʌt.ən) = (noun) an excessively greedy eater. See http://cdnb.20m.es/sites/76/2012/07/El-curioso-e-hist%C3%B3rico-origen-de-la-expresi%C3%B3n-%E2%80%98no-es-nada-del-otro-jueves%E2%80%99.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2kuNO0vk3V4 and https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrDr1JDW1B92q4pGjANNIF2pdi9iwiV3wdhG0gQT_fQ3s-V9-MSRLXrmdnsIp1f6SXhiyTeUGCqz8hn9crvjg6XXMoIDkcYBH-wYZIplR8l_zKW7ePivp0p6-lF652WiEORdXDCDebGi9C/s1600/article-0-01CDAC870000044D-953_468x351.jpg // e.g., Surely gluttons shouldn't encourage overeating./// A person who is excessively fond of something e.g., He's a glutton for adventure./// Old-fashioned term for wolverine./// ''A glutton for punishment'' = (phrase) a person who is always eager to undertake hard or unpleasant tasks e.g., ‘Aren't all these modern, stressed-out mothers simply gluttons for punishment?’
· Gluttonous (pronounced ˈɡlʌt.ən.əs) = (adjective) excessively greedy. For a gluttonous capitalist See http://www.bartcop.com/capitalism-greed-gluttony-3.jpg and https://philosofunk.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/poorblackman.jpg // e.g., A gluttonous, cigar-smoking capitalist.
· Prelate (pronounced ˈprɛlət) = (noun) a bishop or other high ecclesiastical dignitary. See http://www.josemariaescriva.info/image/pr_prelate111.jpg // e.g., In the 1893 campaign in Chicago, Moody was the first evangelical preacher that I know of who invited Roman Catholic prelates, priests, and bishops to share his platform
· Wolverine = (noun) a heavily built short-legged carnivorous (pronounced ˌkärˈniv(ə)rəs, i.e., feeding on other animals) mammal with a long brown coat and a bushy tail, native to northern tundra and forests in Eurasia and North America. See and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/d6/57/9e/d6579e0548f13df4ca692168e23bf874.jpg and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/49/64/60/4964600098b7d6a5c215001b0cb0eccf.jpg (My comment: you surely know the movie – See https://static.comicvine.com/uploads/original/8/89742/3081195-wolverine_inmortal_new_poster_latino_e_cine_1.jpg and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/P2SzHAWr1B4/maxresdefault.jpg)
· Indispensable = (adjective) absolutely necessary e.g., He made himself indispensable to the parish priest.// e.g., The horse is an indispensable character to most stories of Chinese warriors.// e.g., Absolutely indispensable, it is a must purchase for anyone interested in house or soul music.// e.g., As a guide to the new enemies, the book is entirely indispensable.
· Notation = (mass noun) A series or system of written symbols used to represent numbers, amounts, or elements in something such as music or mathematics. For Algebraic notation See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/gddB32IQFnw/maxresdefault.jpg // e.g., Algebraic notation.// (count noun) e.g., New terminologies and notations.// A note or annotation (= note of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram) e.g., She noticed the notations in the margin.// e.g., ''I would probably get a notation on my permanent record for this.''
· Hindrance (pronounced ˈhɪndr(ə)ns) = (noun) a thing that provides resistance, delay, or obstruction to something or someone e.g., A hindrance to the development process./// (mass noun) e.g., The visitor can wander around without hindrance.// e.g., It should be stressed that these hindrances are not permanent, but they do constitute a barrier to entry.
· Hindsight (pronounced ˈhaɪndsaɪt) = (noun) understanding of a situation or event only after it has happened or developed e.g., ‘With hindsight, I should never have gone.’ // e.g., ‘We all do stupid things which with hindsight we can't believe we ever did.’ // e.g., ‘Many times I look back in hindsight and think of how I should have handled a situation.’
· Usher (pronounced ˈʌʃə) (Usherette if female (pronounced ʌʃəˈrɛt) = (noun) a person who shows people to their seats, especially in a cinema or theatre or at a wedding. For (cinema) usherette tray girls (vintage) See http://corporateentertainmentprofessionals.co.uk/wp-content/gallery/vintage-usherette-tray-girls/Usherette-cinema-05.jpg and http://www.oohmrsjames.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/MG_0205b-74.jpg // e.g., He steered his mother to the doors and watched as one of the ushers showed her to her seat in the front pew on the right./// An official in a law court whose duties include swearing in jurors and witnesses and keeping order. See https://snusercontent.global.ssl.fastly.net/member-profile-full/18/33618_5204205.jpg and https://images6.content-hcs.com/commimg/myhotcourses/blog/post/myhc_50638.jpg // e.g., The trial had started on Tuesday and by this time there was a flurry of black-cloaked ushers briskly walking through the building, desperately looking for a a police officer.// (UK English) A person employed to walk before a person of high rank on special occasions. /// (verb) (with object and adverbial of direction) Show or guide someone somewhere e.g., A waiter ushered me to a table./// (verb) (with object and adverbial of direction) Cause or mark the start of something new e.g., The railways ushered in an era of cheap mass travel.
· Milieu (pronounced miːlˈjɜː) = (noun) a person's social environment e.g., Johan came from the same aristocratic milieu as Sidonius.// e.g., Modern sociologists have tended to focus on the full range of social milieus that make up German society and on the various kinds of consumer behavior that characterize each milieu.// e.g., The social milieu upon which they have up to now been based is deeply divided.
· Tedious (pronounced ˈtiːdɪəs) = (adjective) too long, slow, or dull; tiresome or monotonous e.g., A tedious journey.// e.g., Lack of a break after a long year's tedious work will reduce the efficiency of teachers.// e.g., ‘Later today I head off to the airport for the tedious flight back to Europe.’
· Surrogate = (noun) a substitute, especially a person deputizing for another in a specific role or office e.g., He served as a surrogate for the President on a trip to South America.// e.g., Discuss the patient's need to make advance directives and to identify surrogates for medical and legal decision-making.// (in the Christian Church) A bishop's deputy who grants marriage licences.// (in the US English) A judge in charge of probate, inheritance, and guardianship. See http://www.livingprimetime.com/AllCovers/July2004/swearing%20in%20surrogate%20judge.jpg /// Surrogate mother = a woman who bears a child on behalf of another woman, either from her own egg fertilized by the other woman's partner or from the implantation in her uterus of a fertilized egg from the other woman. See http://worldfertilityservices.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/surros1.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrGnVJScvCQ // e.g., The baby was born through a surrogate mother and is eight weeks old./// A person or animal which takes on all or part of the role of mother to another person or animal. For a cat as a surrogate mother to 4 puppies See http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2015/04/23/20/27E9983B00000578-0-image-m-17_1429818532688.jpg and read the story on http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3052913/Fur-mily-magic-Kit-cat-surrogate-mother-four-Chihuahua-PUPPIES-dumped-old-shoe-box.html // e.g., A litter of orphaned kittens has been brought back from the brink of death by a caring surrogate mother - a hunting dog weighing 30 kilos.// e.g., ‘As a kid, my mom had to juggle her studies and her role as a surrogate mother to her sisters and brothers.’
· Surrogacy = (mass noun) The action or state of being a surrogate.// The process of giving birth as a surrogate mother or of arranging such a birth. See http://worldfertilityservices.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/surros1.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yrGnVJScvCQ // e.g., Surrogacy is frequently denounced as exploitation.// (as modifier) Surrogacy agencies.
· Seafloor = Seabed = (noun) The ground under the sea; the ocean floor. See http://en.es-static.us/upl/2011/03/sea_floor_300.jpg and https://c1.staticflickr.com/7/6140/5940567711_df13fc8dd8_b.jpg
· Repentant (pronounced rɪˈpɛntənt) = (adjective) expressing or feeling sincere regret and remorse; remorseful e.g., He is truly repentant for his incredible naivety and stupidity.// e.g., She tried to ignore how adorable he looked, all contrite and repentant.// e.g., Picture a Julius Caesar recovered from his murderous assault to confront a repentant Brutus, who must painfully work out the consequences of his actions.
· Remorseful = (adjective) Filled with remorse; sorry e.g., The defendant was remorseful for what he had done.// e.g., The court heard the stepfather was remorseful and apologized to his stepdaughter for what he did.// e.g., He’s become extremely apologetic and very remorseful about what he did.
· Remorse = (mass noun) Deep regret or guilt for a wrong committed e.g., They were filled with remorse and shame.// e.g., Given the chance, as a young man, he would nap till noon without remorse or regret.// e.g., ‘Let us not create heroes even before they show any remorse and repentance for their acts of terrorism?’
· Contrite (pronounced kənˈtraɪt) = (adjective) feeling or expressing remorse at the recognition that one has done wrong e.g., Prisons are designed to transform a regretted crime into contrite behavior through penalties and punishment.// e.g., A contrite tone.// e.g., It was a dramatic change in tone, a contrite president uncharacteristically admitting a major failure.// e.g., Some were contrite, and apologized directly to the families of those they had murdered.
· Penitence (pronounced ˈpɛnɪt(ə)ns) = (noun) the action of feeling or showing sorrow and regret having done wrong; repentance e.g., A public display of penitence.// e.g. ‘It seems we are so far gone in sin and decadence that no repentance or penitence can be adequate.’// e.g., The rituals of confession, penitence, and absolution provided the time-honored solutions.
· Decadence = (mass noun) Moral or cultural decline as characterized by excessive indulgence in pleasure or luxury e.g., This has been a long-term process of decadence, of culture and of the economy.// e.g., He denounced Western decadence.// e.g., For Webster's audience, Italy was perceived as a site of political intrigue, economic power, decadence, and moral decay./// Luxurious self-indulgence e.g., It doesn't have that luxurious feeling of decadence like having coffee and scones at 3.30 when everyone else is working.// e.g., ‘Cream cakes on a Wednesday—pure decadence!’
· Scone = (noun) a small, often sweet bread that sometimes has pieces of dried fruit in it (***) See https://images.food52.com/XbFC7WGGJ_XOtinYw5QLYJ96kk4=/753x502/4908b07f-b716-4fe9-b8c7-2fa59f6de5f8--IMG_20141117_112810.jpg and http://www.telegraph.co.uk/content/dam/Food%20and%20drink/scones_intro1_1989_3391337a-large.jpg and https://i.pinimg.com/236x/40/3d/aa/403daa5a67be4ac583ced9c7dd561d3c--sweet-bread-snacking.jpg
· Lavish (pronounced ˈlæv.ɪʃ) = (adjective) sumptuously rich, elaborate, or luxurious. For a lavish banquet See http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/05/25/article-1390540-0C3F9E1B00000578-692_964x507.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYS22Yyhdz0 // e.g., A lavish banquet.// e.g., The dinner and drinking party was a favorite theme in the lavish paintings which adorned their tombs./// (of a person) Very generous or extravagant e.g., He was lavish with his hospitality.// e.g., He was a lavish philanthropist, endowing hospitals and libraries as well as the famous art gallery./// Spent or given in profusion e.g., Lavish praise.// e.g., She receives lavish gifts and letters with armorial seals from far-away places, possibly from a lover.
· Banquet (pronounced ˈbaŋkwɪt) = (noun) an elaborate and formal evening meal for many people. For a lavish banquet See http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2011/05/25/article-1390540-0C3F9E1B00000578-692_964x507.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYS22Yyhdz0 (My comment: When we refer to Plato’s book that describes the banquet with Socrates and other prominent Athenians we call it ‘Symposium’ (see below))// e.g., A state banquet at Buckingham Palace.// e.g., ‘Since this is a formal banquet, you will be wearing tuxedoes.’// An elaborate meal with several courses; a feast e.g., A lavish five-course banquet./// (figurative) e.g., A veritable banquet of seasonal events.// (verb with object) (usually as a noun banqueting) = entertain with a banquet.// (as modifier) e.g., A banqueting hall.
· Feast (pronounced fiːst) = (noun) a large meal, typically one in celebration of something. Synonym = banquet. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Chinese_banquet_in_a_banquet_hall.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/A_banquet_for_Babur.jpg // e.g., A wedding feast./// (verb) Eat and drink sumptuously (sumptuous = splendid and expensive-looking) e.g., The men would congregate (= gather into a crowd or mass) and feast after hunting.
· Symposium = (noun) A conference or meeting to discuss a particular subject (My comment: You may have read Plato’s’ Symposium with Socrates and other prominent Athenians). See http://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/archive/photos/banquet_sthlm/2011/images/banquet_2011_img7703.jpg For an ancient Symposium See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/a5/1d/39/a51d39b9ddcd2d6e967efce3a8b596dd.jpg and https://ericgerlachdotcom.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/symposium-with-flute-girl.jpg // For a modern Symposium See https://www.osteology.org/fileadmin/user_upload/rechte%20Spalte/international_symposia.jpg // e.g., There is a long history behind the ICS (I think it refers to the International Commission of Stratigraphy); most of the early international geological congresses had symposia and meetings to decide procedures and nomenclature stratigraphically.
· Binge (pronounced bɪn(d)ʒ) = (noun) (informal) A period of excessive indulgence in an activity, especially drinking alcohol or eating e.g., He went on a binge (drinking alcohol) and was in no shape to drive.// e.g., These reports of late-night drinking binges are untrue.// e.g., He has been eating in binges as well, and called in sick today merely because he didn't want to face anyone./// (verb) (no object) (informal) Indulge in an activity, especially eating, to excess e.g., He binged on ice cream.
· Binge (pronounced bɪn(d)ʒ) = (noun) (informal) A period of excessive indulgence in an activity, especially drinking alcohol or eating e.g., He went on a binge (drinking alcohol) and was in no shape to drive.// e.g., These reports of late-night drinking binges are untrue.// e.g., He has been eating in binges as well, and called in sick today merely because he didn't want to face anyone./// (verb) (no object) (informal) Indulge in an activity, especially eating, to excess e.g., He binged on ice cream.
· Sumptuous (pronounced ˈsʌm(p)tjʊəs) = (adjective) splendid and expensive-looking e.g., The banquet was a sumptuous, luxurious meal.// e.g., The sumptuous feast ended with a note of caution on how not to overeat! (My comment: the cherry on top!) // e.g., Their rich, sumptuous food contrasted with the simple and plain food prepared by the ordinary people of Nepal.
· Splendid = (adjective) magnificent; very impressive e.g., A splendid view of Windsor Castle.// e.g., His robes were splendid.// e.g., The songs are a fine collection of self-composed numbers and splendid cover versions.// (informal) Excellent; very good e.g., A splendid fellow./// (as an exclamation) ‘Is your family well? Splendid!’
· Longitude (vs) Meridian
· Longitude (pronounced ˈlɒŋɡɪtjuːd // ˈlɒn(d)ʒɪtjuːd) = (noun) the angular distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich meridian, or west of the standard meridian of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Longitude_%28PSF%29.png and http://mathforum.org/cgraph/history/pictures/greekmaps/worldmap.gif and https://sites.google.com/a/nkcps.k12.va.us/mrs-horne-6th-grade-history/_/rsrc/1410348455867/class-webquests/longitude-latitude/Image.jpg and http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/newart/imagee.jpg and https://keydifferences.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/latitude-vs-longitude2.jpg // e.g., At a longitude of 2° W.// (mass noun) Lines of longitude.// e.g., This displaces the track of totality about 60 degrees east in longitude.
· Meridian = (noun) a circle of constant longitude passing through a given place on the earth's surface and the terrestrial poles. See https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/63/2063-004-606AA722.jpg and http://mathforum.org/cgraph/history/pictures/greekmaps/worldmap.gif and http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/diagramprimemeridianglobe.png and http://cf.ydcdn.net/latest/images/main/A5meridian.jpg // e.g., The European Broadcasting Area extends from the Atlantic to the meridian 40°E.// (Astronomy) A circle passing through the celestial poles and the zenith of a given place on the earth's surface e.g., When a star passes over the meridian, the transit instrument can be used to measure the angle at which this happens.
· Equator = (noun) An imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°. See http://cf.ydcdn.net/latest/images/main/A5meridian.jpg and https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/19/129119-004-68F1F761.jpg and https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/equator_.png // e.g., UV (ultraviolet beam) intensity falls as one moves from the equator toward Earth's poles, increasing latitude.
· Longitudinal (pronounced lɒn(d)ʒɪˈtjuːdɪn(ə)l or lɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdɪn(ə)l) = (adjective) Running lengthwise rather than across. See http://reni.item.fraunhofer.de/reni/trimming/img2/mamma_d1.jpg // e.g., Longitudinal muscles.// e.g., Longitudinal stripes./// See http://www.datwiki.net/images2/Longitudinal-axis.jpg /// Relating to longitude (see above); measured from east to west e.g., Longitudinal positions./// (of research or data) Involving information about an individual or group gathered over a long period of time e.g., A longitudinal study of twenty patients.
· Latitude (vs) Lassitude
· Latitude (not to be confused with ‘lassitude’) = (noun) the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of the equator of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/MercNormSph_enhanced.png and http://mathforum.org/cgraph/history/pictures/greekmaps/worldmap.gif and https://sites.google.com/a/nkcps.k12.va.us/mrs-horne-6th-grade-history/_/rsrc/1410348455867/class-webquests/longitude-latitude/Image.jpg and http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/newart/imagee.jpg and https://keydifferences.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/latitude-vs-longitude2.jpg // e.g., At a latitude of 51° N./// (mass noun) e.g., Lines of latitude.// Latitudes = regions, especially concerning their temperature and distance from the equator. For Temperate latitudes See http://slideplayer.com/slide/274391/1/images/17/POLAR+High+Latitudes.+66.5%C2%B0N.+66.5%C2%B0N.+TEMPERATE.+Middle+Latitudes.+23.5%C2%B0N.+23.5%C2%B0N.+Low+Latitudes..jpg // e.g., Temperate latitudes.// e.g., Northern latitudes./// (mass noun) Scope (= the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with or to which it is relevant) for freedom of action or thought e.g., Journalists have considerable latitude in criticizing public figures.
· Lassitude (not to be confused with ‘latitude’) = (noun) a condition of weariness or debility; fatigue (My comment as a medic: we often use it in medicine to describe fatigue, tiredness) // e.g., The patient complained of a headache, nausea, and lassitude./// A condition characterized by lack of interest, energy, or spirit; languor e.g., ‘Surrendered to an overpowering lassitude, an extreme desire to sit and dream’ (Alan Moorehead) (***).
· Circumference = (noun) The enclosing boundary of a curved geometric figure, especially a circle. See http://images.tutorvista.com/cms/images/113/circumference.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/CIRCLE_1.svg/300px-CIRCLE_1.svg.png and https://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/images/circle.svg // e.g., His last work was on the cycloid, the curve traced by a point on the circumference of a rolling circle.
· Caudal (pronounced ˈkɔːd(ə)l) = (adjective) Of or like a tail. See http://reni.item.fraunhofer.de/reni/trimming/img2/mamma_d1.jpg // e.g., Scales from mid-body to the tail and the caudal and dorsal fins have black spots./// At or near the tail or the posterior part of the body. See http://www.urkesh.org/images-figurines/measuring_figurines.jpg and http://abacus.bates.edu/acad/depts/biobook/dir-cra.gif and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Te1BP6Zl7lM/maxresdefault.jpg // e.g., The caudal vertebrae.
· Anatomical terms of position & body planes. See https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR4Fae5YYnh1qXD3EoMZ9Sj3somwIt3b_4G3EB4mVJ-Dr2D6E81PNuGbMAYXJGmbZvY6aGRsI2T_k1w_KN8NWcHC_yxLa98VvanOfVqwespdCr1FCNoY1EQKBKNmu-Cs3sXX7YCNzK0s_J/s1600/image002.gif and http://www.getmededu.com/uploads/1/9/9/5/19952889/8821366_orig.png and https://mywwwzone-heckyeahllc.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/anatomy-planes.png and http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/APlab/images/A-P%20Lab%20Images/Unit_01-01.jpg and https://theanatomyofyourbody.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/plane.jpg
· Anatomical terms of direction. See http://www.urkesh.org/images-figurines/measuring_figurines.jpg and http://abacus.bates.edu/acad/depts/biobook/dir-cra.gif and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Te1BP6Zl7lM/maxresdefault.jpg and https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bodydirections1-131225223612-phpapp01/95/body-directions-regions-planes-5-638.jpg?cb=1388011409 and http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/APlab/images/A-P%20Lab%20Images/Unit_01-01.jpg
· Languor (pronounced ˈlaŋɡə) = (noun) weakness or weariness of body or mind e.g., The languor of convalescence./// Listless indolence or inertia e.g., Languor brought on by a hot summer afternoon (***) e.g., His whole being was pervaded by a dreamy languor./// An oppressive stillness of the air e.g., The afternoon was hot, quiet, and heavy with languor.// e.g., ‘There are clouds of this and drifts of that, totally in harmony with the languor of a drowsy summer day.’
· Listless (the adverb is ‘listlessly,’ and the noun is ‘listlessness’)= (adjective) characterized by lack of interest, energy, or spirit e.g., A listless melancholy attitude (***).// e.g., Bouts of listless depression.// e.g., A full stomach draws blood to the belly and away from the brain, leaving you listless and dull.
· Inertia (pronounced ɪˈnɜːʃə) = (noun) a property of matter by which it remains at rest or in uniform motion in the same straight line unless acted upon by some external force. For inertia in Science See http://www.entropy.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Newtons-Cradle.jpg and http://salidacitizen.com/wp/media/19Inertia.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8lEsbcUSoU8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gzCeXDhUAA For Newton’s laws of inertia See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zsE3mpZ6Hw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ncn2LH9yYms /// An analogous property of other physical quantities (as electricity)./// Indisposition to motion, exertion, or change; inertness./// Examples: She blames governmental inertia for the holdup./// e.g., After 8 years in an unsatisfying job, she overcame her inertia and went back to school (***).
· Holdup = A situation that causes delay, especially on a journey e.g., Traffic hold-ups at railway level crossings will considerably increase with more trains, the traffic study has found.// e.g., They said the hold-up was due to delays in calculating departmental budgets./// A robbery conducted with the use of threats or violence e.g., Two dead in armored car holdup.// e.g., The three men turned out to be members of a vicious gang of five armed robbers who were responsible for eight separate shootings and 10 hold-ups throughout West London.
· Bout (pronounced baʊt) (not to be confused with ‘boot’ in ‘boot camp’ where intense activity is needed as well!) = (noun) A short period of intense activity of a specified kind e.g., Occasional bouts of strenuous exercise.// e.g., A drinking bout.// e.g., With interval training, repeated bouts of high-intensity work are performed with periods of recovery./// An attack of illness or strong emotion e.g., A severe bout of flu.// e.g., She still suffers from bouts of vomiting blood, headache and giddiness (= dizziness) (My comment as a medic: perhaps because of a peptic ulcer disease)./// A wrestling or boxing match. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJqgczPVVw0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5htIJ8hdvdo // e.g., He fought 300 bouts, losing only 8 times./// A curve in the side of a violin, guitar, or other musical instruments.
· Boot camp = (noun) (US English) A military training camp for recruits, with strict discipline. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6Ly1F59wxQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PN_us-YBMZM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWwULJvVmcM // e.g., By World War I, The Bluejacket's Manual was issued alongside the Handy Book to every recruit entering boot camp./// A prison for youthful offenders, run on military lines. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBHcut1Ux-4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDEpF8IKxEM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mtCaGwqad0 // e.g., ‘Do you miss anything about the boot camp experience and being isolated?’ /// A short, intensive, and rigorous course of training e.g., A grueling, late-summer boot camp for would-be football players..// e.g., A boot camp for the Spanish national team and the venue for three World Cup 2002 matches, Ulsan serves as a microcosm of how soccer business is at work.
· Infinite (vs) Finite
· Infinite (pronounced ˈɪn.fɪ.nət) = (adjective) limitless or endless in space, extent, or size; impossible to measure or calculate.// (My comment: the famous quote of Albert Einstein is ‘Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe!’) // e.g., The infinite mercy of God.// e.g., The infinite number of stars in the universe./// Very great in amount or degree e.g., She bathed the wound with infinite care./// (Mathematics) Greater than any assignable quantity or countable number./// (Mathematics) (of a series) able to be continued indefinitely./// (noun) The infinite = space or quantity that is infinite e.g., Beyond the infinite, the space traveler is transformed./// The Infinite = God e.g., Intimations of the infinite.
· Finite (pronounced ˈfʌɪnʌɪt) = (adjective) Having limits or bounds e.g., Every computer has a finite amount of memory.// e.g., ‘I have told them the heart only has a finite number of irreplaceable cells.’/// (of a verb form) Having a specific tense, number, and person e.g., In English, tense must be expressed in all finite verb phrases.
· Intimation = (noun) an indication or hint e.g., The first intimations of trouble.// e.g., No one gave any intimation that there had been any problems.// e.g., The intimation of immortality comes from this sense of love for all humanity./// (mass noun) The action of making something known, especially in an indirect way e.g., It took 9 years from the intimation of a claim to the assessment of damages.// e.g., Some of the personnel in the private hospitals said intimation regarding the meeting came at the last moment.
· Shore something up = (verb) support or hold up something with props or beams. See http://cdn.timesofisrael.com/uploads/2015/05/DSCN1832-e1431941925299.jpg and http://www.firewestyorkshire.com/DSC_2897.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pnlQnQZLd8 // e.g., Rescue workers had to shore up the building, which was in danger of collapse.// e.g., They were able to gain access a second time only after additional work to shore up the badly damaged structure./// Support or assist something that would otherwise fail or decline e.g., Congress approved an $800 billion plan to shore up the financial industry.// e.g., The English have made a host of changes, primarily to shore up their defense.
· Penultimate = (adjective)(attributive) Last but one in a series of things; second last e.g., The penultimate chapter of the book.// e.g., ‘I have therefore rewritten the last pages of the penultimate chapter in which an attempt was made to judge his career.’
· Tenable (pronounced ˈtenəb(ə)) = (adjective) able to be maintained or defended against attack or objection e.g., Such a simplistic approach is no longer tenable.// e.g., It is tenable to object to embryo research on ethical grounds.// e.g., The facts simply do not make out a tenable cause of action against this defendant./// (of an office, position, scholarship, etc.) Able to be held or used e.g., A scholarship of $500 per annum tenable for five years.// e.g., All the land that was tenable was taken by former generations and not for sale.
· Tenancy = (mass noun) Possession of land or property as a tenant e.g., Holding took over the tenancy of the farm.// e.g., His landlord gives him a week's notice to quit the house, although he is not in breach of his tenancy.//
· Tendentious (pronounced tɛnˈdɛnʃəs) = (adjective) expressing or intending to promote a particular cause or point of view, especially a controversial one.// Synonym = contentious.//e.g., A tendentious reading of history.// e.g., The version is not itself a lie, but it is a relentlessly tendentious interpretation.// e.g., The channel is dispensing a view of the world that is tendentious and intellectually idle.
· Tentative = (adjective) not certain or fixed; provisional e.g., A tentative conclusion.// e.g., While such research is illuminating, its conclusions are always tentative and probabilistic.// e.g., At this stage, however, ideas about what causes the link between early mental ability and risk for dementia are only tentative./// Done without confidence; hesitant e.g., She eventually tried a few tentative steps around her hospital room.// e.g., ‘It is a whole combination of things, that’s what I was trying to say, the ability to draw is just the first tentative step.’
· Discrepancy (pronounced dɪˈskrep.(ə)n.si) (plural = discrepancies) = (noun) A lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts e.g., There's a discrepancy between your account and his.// e.g., It is this variation that he says created the discrepancies in this year's results.
· Profound = (adjective) (of a state, quality, or emotion) very great or intense e.g., Profound social changes.// e.g., A profound effect./// (of a person or statement) having or showing great knowledge or insight e.g., A profound philosopher./// (noun) The vast depth of the ocean or the mind.
· Contentious (pronounced kənˈtɛnʃəs) = (adjective) Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial e.g., A contentious issue.// e.g., Some of the most contentious and disputed issues of our day are matters of bioethics./// Involving heated argument; e.g., The socio-economic plan had been the subject of contentious debate.// e.g., In 1996, after much contentious debate, Congress passed historic welfare reform legislation./// (of a person) Given to provoking argument e.g., The book fails to portray the bawdy and contentious woman who wanted always to be on center stage./// (Law) Relating to or involving differences between contending parties e.g., ‘I therefore agree that the client care letter or any contentious business agreement should be attached to the bill of costs.’
· Succumb (pronounced səˈkʌm) = (verb; no object) Fail to resist pressure, temptation, or some other negative force e.g., ‘We cannot merely give up and succumb to despair.’// e.g., Do not succumb to the temptation to reduce development time, stop time, or clearing time.’ /// Die from the effect of a disease or injury e.g., Men will also live for nine years longer without succumbing to heart disease, and those that do will suffer it for fewer years of their lives.// e.g., Luciano Pavarotti, fitting with the approach that characterized his life and works, remained positive until finally succumbing to the last stages of his illness ((*****) for the last example).
· Woods (vs) Forest - Woods is an area of land, smaller than a forest, that is covered with growing trees. See https://az616578.vo.msecnd.net/files/2016/05/31/636002658217303484-259956883_woods-wallpaper-25.jpg and http://www.metroparks.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/BLN_Fall-Stroll_Bradley-Paskievitch.jpg // e.g., A thick hedge divided the wood from the field..// e.g., We went for a walk in the woods after lunch (^^^).
· Plagiarism (pronounced ˈpleɪdʒərɪz(ə)m) = (mass noun) The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RcbiGsDMmCM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RCS2N4nUu84 // e.g., There were accusations of plagiarism.// (count noun) It claims there are similar plagiarisms in the software produced at the university.// e.g., Anyone with that academic background knows the serious consequences of plagiarism of words and ideas.// e.g., Donald Trump campaign denies plagiarism (from Michelle Obama) in Melania’s speech (the last example is from the media).
· Snob (vs) Snub
· Snob (pronounced snɒb) = (noun) A person with an exaggerated respect for high social position or wealth who seeks to associate with social superiors and dislikes people or activities regarded as lower-class e.g., He's a snob, a social climber and a misogynist (pronounced mɪˈsɒdʒ.(ə)n.ɪst), really a very unpleasant man.// (as modifier) e.g., Extra snob appeal./// (with an adjective or noun modifier) A person who believes that their tastes in a particular area are superior to those of other people e.g., A musical snob.
· Snub (pronounced snʌb) = (verb with object) rebuff, ignore, or spurn disdainfully e.g., She snubbed faculty members and students alike.// e.g., They snubbed his invitation to a meeting of foreign ministers./// Check the movement of (a horse or boat), especially by a rope wound around a post. See http://forums.horsecity.com/uploads/1302996325/gallery_52162_1638_173045.jpg and https://static.wixstatic.com/media/baf8ce_40053297a29e433a82feaa64f2c4e879~mv2.png_256 // e.g., A horse snubbed to a tree./// (noun) An act of rebuffing or ignoring someone or something e.g., The move was a snub to the government./// (adjective) (of a person's nose) Short and turned up at the end (in combination). For snub-nosed See http://cbsnews3.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2011/08/15/b99e6704-a644-11e2-a3f0-029118418759/resize/620x465/e8d09805b45729525ea04120856ebffb/6-elizabethtaylor.jpg and https://thumb9.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/2250527/278102312/stock-photo-young-girl-is-posing-in-the-studio-she-have-a-smooth-healthy-skin-snub-nose-dark-eyes-and-short-278102312.jpg //e.g., Snub-nosed.
· Misogynist (pronounced mɪˈsɒdʒ.(ə)n.ɪst) = (noun) a person who dislikes, despises or is strongly prejudiced against women. (My chauvinistic comment: and how do we call a woman who similarly dislikes men?) Synonyms: woman-hater, antifeminist, (male) chauvinist, sexist, male chauvinist (not ‘chauvinistic’) pig.// e.g., A bachelor and renowned misogynist./// (adjective) Relating to or characteristic of a misogynist e.g., A misogynist attitude.// The US president Donald Trump has infamously hated on Rosie O’Donnell, making crude, sexist and misogynistic remarks about her on multiple occasions (from the media).
· Spurn (pronounced spəːn) = (verb) reject with disdain or contempt e.g., He spoke gruffly, as if afraid that his invitation would be spurned.// e.g., She has spurned potential lovers and judged those close to her harshly.// e.g., If America spurns global agreements on climate change, the whole planet is more vulnerable.
· Gruff (pronounced ɡrʌf) = (adjective) (of a voice) rough and low in pitch. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KY-U5uqT2vA // e.g., She spoke with a gruff, masculine voice.// e.g., A gruff voice came from his left as he reached the mouth of the cave./// Abrupt or taciturn in manner e.g., Nick's gruff, no-nonsense approach.// e.g., Under the gruff exterior was a gentle and sensitive man with a generous spirit.
· Taciturn (pronounced tæs.ɪ.tɜːn) = (adjective) (of a person) reserved or uncommunicative in speech; saying little; untalkative e.g., After such gatherings, she would be taciturn and morose.// e.g., One is more taciturn, accepting what goes on with a shrug.// e.g., He was conscious of it, but he was a taciturn man, and just then he had nothing to say.
· Defiance (pronounced dɪˈfaɪ.əns) = (mass noun) Open resistance; bold disobedience e.g., An act of defiance.// e.g., The demonstration was held in defiance of official warnings.// e.g., This growing support for the protests has come in defiance of Germany's official trade unions.
· Defiant = (adjective) Showing defiance e.g., A defiant gesture.// e.g., They can be cautious and indecisive, but also reactive, defiant and rebellious.
· Unprecedented (pronounced ʌnˈprɛsɪdɛntɪd) = (adjective) never done or known before e.g., The government took the unprecedented step of releasing confidential correspondence.// e.g., It was underpinned by a level of social consensus unprecedented since before the Reformation.// e.g., The catastrophe that made all of that a distant memory was equally unprecedented in the history of humankind (‘humankind’ or ‘humanity’ is a more politically correct than ‘mankind’!).
· Sanction = (noun) a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule e.g., A range of sanctions aimed at deterring insider abuse.// e.g., ‘Did we save lives or improve the security of those whose lives were threatened by imposing sanctions in the case of Bosnia?’ /// Measures taken by a state to coerce (= persuade an unwilling person to do something by using force or threats) another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade or official sporting participation e.g., The US had agreed to lift economic sanctions.// e.g., Trade sanctions provide a means of encouraging participation in agreements and penalizing signatories that step out of line./// (Philosophy) A consideration operating to enforce obedience to any rule of conduct e.g., The problem is that religion provides an ultimate sanction for your actions./// (mass noun) Official permission or approval for an action e.g., He appealed to the bishop for his sanction.// e.g., Sligo County Council still await sanction from the Dept. of the Environment to upgrade the Tubbercurry sewerage treatment facilities./// Official confirmation or ratification of a law e.g., The Plan sanction should have been approved by the BDA.// e.g., ‘In the case of the South Australian Tribunal, my understanding, your Honor, is that it does not have the power to impose any direct sanction.’/// (countable noun) (Law; historical) A law or decree, especially an ecclesiastical (= of or relating to the Christian Church or its clergy) decree e.g., It was an ecclesiastical sanction that had the effect of closing churches and suspending religious services./// (verb with object) Give official permission or approval for an action e.g., The scheme (pronounced skiːm) was sanctioned by the court./// Impose a sanction or penalty on e.g., Foreigners in France illegally should be sent home, their employers sanctioned and border controls tightened up.
· Tribune (pronounced ˈtrɪbjuːn) = (noun) An official in ancient Rome chosen by the plebeians to protect their interests./// A Roman legionary officer./// A popular leader; a champion of people's rights e.g., James Madison is known as the tribune of open government and the philosophical father of the Freedom of Information Acts./// An apse in a basilica. See https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXyLpWgO6X24lI7UgwJVqj5IXbjvYzb11IkeLa6z0NGEK59LTUH1X4ArF8V_5TuGQ8zWdvJXR_BxSkrTLnShOsboXeFUBh8-Q0XGwZaU3IhD8oz5JE6lFQfgeoQNpiB8CRGgSuKI5DpjA/s320/118+Gold+Inlaid+Ceililng+-+St+Peter%27s+Basilica,+Rome+-+20+Oct.jpg and https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/34/7534-004-BC1B6EAB.jpg /// A dais or rostrum, especially in a church. See https://previews.123rf.com/images/byzonda/byzonda1409/byzonda140900017/31297910-Wood-Podium-Tribune-Rostrum-Stand-with-Microphone-Stock-Vector-podium-lecture.jpg and https://i.pinimg.com/originals/65/d2/00/65d200d905d4562bda685fa72f9d65b2.jpg For speaking from tribune See http://www.trbimg.com/img-58000988/turbine/ct-donald-trump-girls-chicago-tribune-archive-20161013 and http://thetribune.media.clients.ellingtoncms.com/img/photos/2017/11/13/11122017_CynthiaMotherPrattBookLaunch28JPG_t670.jpg?b3f6a5d7692ccc373d56e40cf708e3fa67d9af9d /// A raised area or gallery with seats, especially in a church. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hagia-Sofia-Int-01s.jpg/250px-Hagia-Sofia-Int-01s.jpg
· Tribunal (pronounced traɪˈbjuː.n(ə)l) = (noun) a) Related to the tribune, a title of various elected Roman officials under the monarchy and the republic with the function of protecting the plebeian citizen from arbitrary action by the patrician magistrates. b) An unofficial defender of the rights of the individuals./// A court or forum of justice./// Something that decides or determines the tribunal of public opinion.// Examples: An international tribunal was formed to deal with war crimes.// Was tried before a military tribunal and found not guilty of the charges (***).
· Apse (pronounced aps) (not to be confused with ‘apps’) = (noun) a large semicircular or polygonal recess in a church, arched or with a domed roof and typically at the church's eastern end; an alcove (pronounced ˈalkəʊv). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stappoclasseaps.jpg/250px-Stappoclasseaps.jpg and https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/34/7534-004-BC1B6EAB.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/St._Matthew_church_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_apse.jpg and https://photos.smugmug.com/HousesofWorship/United-States/Christ-Church/i-Kcgvwxb/0/65789063/L/Christ-Church-United-Methodist-nave-apse-altar-L.jpg
· Dais (pronounced ˈdeɪ.ɪs or deɪs) = (noun) A low platform for a lectern, seats of honor, or a throne. See https://makebelievemediaz.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/dais.png and http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Shafique-ur-Rehman-speaking-at-the-Convention-with-National-President-Bashir-Khan-seated-on-the-dais..jpg For a throne dais See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Dais_1_%28PSF%29.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Dais_2_%28PSF%29.png/1200px-Dais_2_%28PSF%29.png and http://www.yourdictionary.com/images/definitions/lg/11210.dais.jpg // e.g., Behind the two ancient thrones and their dais, there was a tapestry on the wall.
· Lectern = (noun) A tall stand with a sloping top to hold a book or notes, and from which someone, typically a preacher or lecturer, can read while standing up. See https://www.jeffgeerling.com/sites/jeffgeerling.com/files/galleries/photos/Lectern.jpg and http://ec-i21.geccdn.net/site/images/n-picgroup/77085.jpg and http://test.stpeterseynsham.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/lectern-768x10241.jpg // For a speaker lectern See https://www.bhphotovideo.com/images/images2000x2000/denon_lecturn_active_amplified_speaker_lectern_1279634.jpg and https://cardiff.imgix.net/__data/assets/image/0012/797475/professor_chris_pountain2-1.jpg?w=570&h=321&fit=crop&q=60&auto=format and https://mannerofspeaking.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/medium-lectern1.jpg?w=337&h=237
· Rostrum = (noun) A raised platform on which a person stands to make a public speech, receive an award or medal, play music, or conduct an orchestra. See https://i.imgur.com/DtR2tfu.jpg and https://chinahotelsupplies.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/rostrums-hz-f0141.jpg and https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/976x549_b/p01hmrq5.jpg and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/jt2EyEGyQaQ/maxresdefault.jpg /// A beaklike projection, especially a stiff snout or anterior prolongation of the head in an insect, crustacean, or cetacean. See http://www5.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/img/science/ecorc/images/cicada26_e.jpg and http://www.biology-resources.com/images/weevil-rostrum-big.jpg
· Reprise (verb) (vs) Reprisal (noun)
· Reprise = (noun) A repeated passage in music e.g., After a reprise of the music for horns and piano for another short male solo, the Coda begins in vigorous style.// e.g., After 15 seconds of cheers the band kicks in with a reprise of the theme, the crowd explodes, and then, for three more minutes, the variations continue./// A repetition or further performance of something e.g., A reprise of his earlier performance.// e.g., Rather, for other readers, the thinkers featured here, and the implications for rhetoric, have been so absorbed as not to need a lengthy reprise./// (Verb with object) Repeat a piece of music or a performance e.g., Peter Sellers, who had wanted to play Fagin, had committed to other projects by the time production began and so Ron Moody, who had played the role on stage, reprised his performance.// e.g., Piazzolla used to lead his bands from the bandoneon, and accordionist James Crabb reprised the composer's role.
· Reprisal (pronounced rɪˈprʌɪz(ə)l) = (noun) an act of retaliation e.g., Three youths died in the reprisals which followed.// (mass noun) e.g., The threat of reprisal.// e.g., By its lack of information, the text distances the - individual homicides from the history of reprisals that area prominent feature-of sectarian murders.// e.g., No one was arrested in the 1983 incident, but professional reprisals did follow.
· Seine (pronounced seɪn) = (noun) (also seine net) A fishing net that hangs vertically in the water with floats at the top and weights at the bottom edge, the ends being drawn together to encircle the fish. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBo-6F49ej8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M-uK4HA57jI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1KnoeTXLSQ // e.g., The fishermen use a seine net in this fishery to encircle the tuna like a fence./// (verb) Fish an area with a seine./// A river in northern France. Rising north of Dijon, it flows northwest for 473 miles (761 km) through the cities of Troyes and Paris to the English Channel near Le Havre. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yi2nLmgenVY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0QuoYdXZTBU
· Barred (pronounced bɑːd) = (adjective) closed or secured with a long rigid piece of wood, metal, or similar material.// For a barred gate See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Barred_gate._-_geograph.org.uk_-_138977.jpg and https://img00.deviantart.net/2d56/i/2012/208/c/f/barred_gate_by_kmarci-d58tv0g.jpg For a barred window See http://14textures.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/BarredWindow.jpg and http://heidistone.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/barred-windows.jpg.jpg // e.g., She sits by a barred window.// A barred gate./// Marked with bands of color or light.// For a barred owl See https://naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/barred-owl-fractured-wing-062.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Barred_Owl_%28Canada%29.jpg/220px-Barred_Owl_%28Canada%29.jpg // e.g., ‘I spotted a barred owl.’// e.g., He made a signal, and they marched out of the blue-barred gateway.
· Mob = (noun) a large or disorderly crowd; especially one bent on riotous or destructive action. See http://images.natureworldnews.com/data/images/full/5886/crowd.jpg and https://psychologymind.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/folla.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jD2tV0aSMHY // The lower classes of a community: masses, rabble.// (Australian English) A flock, drove, or herd of animals./// A criminal set: mafia, especially, often capitalized (mafia). See http://www.thelocationguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Making-of-the-Mob.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuJWsVqfDrY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8JBvS9UU0s For nerf mob See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8JBvS9UU0s and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W88sj8BCx_U // (Informal) A group of people; crowd./// Examples: The angry mob smashed store windows and attacked people on the streets.// The police had to be called in to handle the growing mob.// He was jailed for his dealings with the Mob (***).
· Mobster = (noun) a member of a criminal gang. See http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Konnikova-Mafia-1200.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McNdilWCats // e.g., The mobster threatened to break his legs if he didn't pay up (***) // e.g., And it has hauled a group of Mafia mobsters into the dock to testify.// e.g., Dealing with a mobster was like dealing with a terrorist, he had told himself.
· Demob (not related to ‘mob’) = (verb) demobilize (troops) e.g., There were one million men being demobbed.// e.g., The picture was taken in the late 1940s, when her father had been demobbed from the Royal Artillery.// (mass noun) (UK English) (informal) Demobilization e.g., We were waiting for our demob.// e.g., On demob, he was given a wartime degree and went into the educational world as an administrator, working in many parts of the country until he finished up in charge of education in Keighley.
· Bent = a) Past simple and p.p. of ‘bend.’ b) (adjective) Sharply curved or having an angle e.g., A piece of bent wire.// e.g., A little further along there was a bent bicycle wheel./// (UK English) (informal) Dishonest; corrupt e.g., A bent cop.// e.g., The spy was a bent motor dealer who controlled a network of car thieves and was supplying vehicles to a terrorist organization./// Stolen. It is fair to say that not all sellers of these fake items are knowingly selling bent goods as genuine./// (UK English) (offensive; informal) Homosexual (My comment: it is unacceptable to use this word for gays)./// Bent on = determined to do or have something e.g., A missionary bent on saving souls.// e.g., A mob bent on violence./// (noun) A natural talent or inclination e.g., A man of a religious bent.// e.g., He had no natural bent for literature./// A stiff grass that is used for lawns and is a component of pasture and hay grasses. See http://bentgrasses.com/images/bent-quater.jpg and https://weedmanusa.com/WeedManUSA/files/df/df876933-bb7a-4c56-8330-55eb58967a8f.jpg /// The stiff flowering stalk of a grass.
· Expulsion (pronounced ɪkˈspʌlʃ(ə)n) = (mass noun) The action of forcing someone to leave an organization e.g., His expulsion from the union.// (countable noun) e.g., Rise in the number of pupil expulsions.// e.g., Certain behaviors or behavior repetitions were sufficiently extreme to result in permanent expulsion from school./// The action or process of forcing someone to leave a place e.g., The expulsion of a diplomat from the embassy./// The action of forcing something out of the body e.g., Oxytocin (= a female hormone) causes expulsion of milk from the lactating (= giving milk) mammary (= breast) gland (My comment as a medic: I would use here the phrase ‘secretion of milk’ that is also called ‘lactation’).
· Avenge (pronounced əˈvɛn(d)ʒ) (the noun is ‘avenger’ (pronounced əˈvɛndʒə) = retaliator) = (verb) inflict harm in return for an injury or wrong done to oneself or another e.g., He vowed in a silent fervor to avenge their murders.// e.g., The spirit begs Hamlet to avenge the foul murder, but to leave Queen Gertrude unharmed./// Inflict harm in return for an injury or wrong on behalf of oneself or another e.g., We must avenge our dead.// e.g., They avenged themselves on the interlopers.// e.g., God granted victory to him that he alone avenged himself with a sword when he needed help.
· Fervour (‘fervor’ in US English) = (noun) Intense and passionate feeling e.g., He talked with all the fervor of a new convert.// e.g., ‘We're all looking for a bit of excitement and patriotic fervor.’ // e.g., Their love for these artifacts often resembles the passion one associates with religious fervor.
· Interloper = (noun) a person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are considered not to belong. Synonym = intruder.// e.g., Japanese consumers have in the past been unreceptive to foreign interlopers in the cell phone market.// e.g., ‘To her, I was always an outsider, an interloper.’ // e.g., But when Independence came, some Africans looked on the Asians as interlopers, foreigners depriving the locals of jobs and economic opportunity.// e.g., ‘But then a voice wakes me up, and I am an interloper again; a stranger in a strange land.’
· Clan = (noun) A close-knit group of interrelated families, especially in the Scottish Highlands// a group of families, especially in Scotland, who originally came from the same family and have the same name (^^ for the 2nd definition) e.g., The clan Macleod.// e.g., Civil strife (= angry or bitter disagreement over fundamental issues; conflict) has followed as rival clans jockey for power./// A large family e.g., The Watts clan is one of racing's oldest families.// e.g., ‘Is/ are the whole clan coming to visit you for Xmas?’ (^^ for this example)./// A group of people with a strong common interest e.g., New York's garrulous clan of artists.
· Clannish = (adjective) (derogatory) (of a group or their activities) tending to exclude others outside the group e.g., They are a clannish lot with no time for foreigners.// e.g., Highly clannish, these tribes were organized in tight kinship groups with commonly held property and a rough-and-ready sort of representative government regarding matters other than military.// e.g., Basque immigrants tended to remain clannish at first, socializing with other Basques - often from the same villages in Europe - and patronizing Basque businesses.
· Kinship (pronounced ˈkɪn.ʃɪp)=(mass noun) Blood relationship e.g., Relationships are not given in kinship but rather need to be made and continually remade.// e.g., Patterns of traditional kinship still shape the social conventions of family life./// (countable noun) A sharing of characteristics or origins e.g., They felt a kinship with architects.
· Incest = (My comment: the term is related to human) (noun) Sexual relations between people classed as being too closely related to marry each other. (My comment as a medic: Incest was relatively common in the past, especially in isolated villages in the province. It is a cause of many genetic diseases, physical and mental. Some say that it may explain longevity in some areas, but my research on ‘PubMed’ showed zero studies to prove this!) e.g., We also show incest avoidance between closely related kin, as well as the influence of other factors on paternity in males.
· Inbreeding = (My comment: general term for people and animals; not absolutely the same with incest) = (verb) Breed from closely related people or animals especially over many generations e.g., Persistent inbreeding has produced an unusually high frequency of sufferers from this disease.
· Derogatory (pronounced dɪˈrɒɡət(ə)ri) = (adjective) showing a critical or disrespectful attitude e.g., ‘She tells me I'm fat and is always making derogatory remarks.’// e.g., Peers often hold back and may refer to the gifted person in derogatory terms.// e.g., ‘I find the consistently derogatory comments about the people who ride motorcycles totally unacceptable.’
· Scoundrel (pronounced ˈskaʊndr(ə)l) = (noun) a dishonest or unscrupulous person; a rogue e.g., That scoundrel sets a bad example for the other young men.// e.g., However, patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel - especially a scoundrel facing electoral decimation within months! // e.g., Children must be removed from these scoundrels as early as possible and be taught correct facts and values by Party-approved professionals.
· Scrupulous (pronounced ˈskruːpjʊləs) = (adjective) (of a person or process) careful, thorough, and extremely attentive to details e.g., The research has been carried out with scrupulous attention to detail.// e.g., Brown is scrupulous in presenting what is and what is not known about these situations.// e.g., Individually and as a group, Cubist images demand the viewer's scrupulous attention./// Very concerned to avoid doing wrong e.g., She's too scrupulous to have an affair with a married man.// e.g., Seeking to protect his pregnant wife, the gangster decides to give himself up to the authorities, only to find his act of self-sacrifice results in the loss of everything to less scrupulous rivals.
· Unscrupulous (pronounced ʌnˈskruːpjʊləs) = (adjective) Having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair e.g., Unscrupulous landlords might be tempted to harass existing tenants.// e.g., As a result, many people lost money, some no doubt cheated by unscrupulous speculators.// e.g., An unscrupulous financial adviser (^^^ for the last example).
· Purge = (verb) (with object) Rid someone of an unwanted feeling, memory, or condition e.g., He had helped purge Anna of the terrible guilt that had haunted her./// Free someone from an unwanted feeling, memory, etc. e.g., Her hatred was purged.// e.g., Does art have the power to purge such a foul karmic residue?/// Remove a group of people considered undesirable from an organization or place abruptly or violently; e.g., He purged all but 20 of the central committee members./// Remove a group of undesirable people from an organization or place in an abrupt or violent way e.g., It was an opportunity to purge the party of unsatisfactory members./// (Law) Atone for or wipe out contempt of court e.g. He had a right to apply to the court to purge his contempt./// Physically remove something completely e.g., A substance designed to purge impurities from the body./// (verb; no object) Evacuate one's bowels, especially as a result of taking a laxative e.g., Sufferers eat normally in summer but overeat and purge during winter.// e.g., Occasional binges are followed by self-induced purging or vomiting (My comment as a medic: these are also characteristics of bulimia nervosa, a psychiatric disease).//// (Noun) An abrupt or violent removal of a group of people e.g., The savagery of government's political purges./// (dated) A laxative. Usually referred as ‘purgative’ e.g., In this plant was a milky substance which was a drastic purge.
· Laxative = cathartic = aperient (pronounced əˈpɪərɪənt) = purgative.
· All but = (phrase) Very nearly e.g., The subject was all but forgotten.// e.g., His practice time was all but wiped out because of the demands of the media./// All except e.g., We have support from all but one of the networks.// e.g., The plant is easy to grow in sun, or partial shade and will tolerate all but chalky soils.//e.g., He purged all but 20 of the central committee members.
· Amendment = (noun) a minor change or addition designed to improve a text, piece of legislation, etc. e.g., An amendment to existing bail laws.// e.g., This key amendment was defeated, leaving words in the Act that must be given meaning./// An article added to the US Constitution e.g., To repeal the 16th Amendment would require a constitutional amendment.// e.g., More than 130 years later, many subsequent applications of the 14th Amendment seem obvious./// Something which is added to soil in order to improve its texture or fertility. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYxhmxHGjNQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JrfjWQSazkU // e.g., ‘You can add some soil-texturizing amendments to improve soil drainage.’
· Amend = (verb) make minor changes to a text, piece of legislation, etc. in order to make it fairer or more accurate, or to reflect changing circumstances e.g., The rule was amended to apply only to non-members.// e.g., Until the constitution is amended, the power to appoint ministers will remain with the president (^^^ only for this example)./// Improve the texture or fertility of soil e.g., ‘Amend your soil with peat moss or compost.’
· Texturize (texturise in UK English) = (verb with object) impart a particular texture to a product, especially a fabric or a foodstuff, in order to make it more attractive e.g., Some of the styles are richly colored; others feature only one color but are heavily texturized.
· Reparation (pronounced repəˈreɪʃ(ə)n) (not to be confused with ‘preparation’) = (mass noun) The action of making amends for a wrong one has done, by providing payment or other assistance to those who have been wronged e.g., The courts required a convicted offender to make financial reparation to his victim.// e.g., Financial reparation, she assumes, will be sufficient apology./// (war) Reparations = the compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state e.g., The Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy reparations and restrictions on Germany.
· Atone for something = (phrasal verb) make amends or reparation e.g., A human sacrifice to atone for the sin.// e.g., He is desperate to be given a chance to atone for the worst experience of his fledgling career.
· Peat = (noun) A dark-brown substance like soil that was formed by plants dying and becoming buried. It is sometimes added to ordinary garden earth to improve it, and it sometimes used as fuel (^^) For a peat stack (= pile, heap) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Peat-Stack_in_Ness%2C_Outer_Hebrides%2C_Scotland.jpg For peat moss see https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Schultz_Sphagnum_Peat_Moss.jpg and https://static.cms.yp.ca/ecms/media/1/5-uses-for-peat-moss-in-the-garden-1436469913-600x360.jpg and https://garden.org/pics/2014-06-24/drdawg/c1a616.jpg
· Clandestine (pronounced klænˈdes.tɪn) = (adjective) Kept secret or done secretively, especially because illicit e.g., She deserved better than these clandestine meetings.// e.g., Other clandestine links operate, smuggling arms and, according to the police, drugs into Northern Ireland.// e.g., He switched on later to the lucrative clandestine trade of felling and smuggling of sandalwood trees.
· Lucrative (pronounced ˈluː.krə.tɪv)=(adjective) Producing a great deal of profit. Synonyms: profitable, profit-making, gainful.// e.g., A lucrative career as a stand-up comedian.// e.g., In their short period of operation, the Detroit casinos have proved extremely lucrative.// e.g., He now uses his luck to run a casino, a venture that has proven very lucrative.
· Booze = (mass noun) (informal) Alcoholic drink. See http://img05.deviantart.net/7be4/i/2013/363/f/7/booze__by_redapropos-d6zugwb.jpg and https://video-images.vice.com/articles/588b9a3ad6726130efc42945/lede/1485543997082-alcohol-492871_1920.jpeg?crop=1xw:0.8430913348946136xh;center,center&resize=0:* and http://sm.askmen.com/askmen_in/articlepage/t/this-month-in-booze-october/this-month-in-booze-october_35sx.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56R-1vbPOHc and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFej6BBVHX8 // e.g., ‘I wonder where he's hidden his booze.’// e.g., ‘I have cut down on the booze to the point where I go days without a tipple.’/// (verb; no object) (informal) Drink alcohol, especially in large quantities e.g., ‘I expect he is boozing.’// e.g., Paul is trying to quit boozing.
· Tipple = (verb) (no object) Drink alcohol, especially habitually. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lk-CVMeQmEo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoWEKcliJPY and https://sbnn.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/11/Tipple-Box-founder-Sonny-Charles.jpg // e.g., Those who liked to tipple and gamble.// ‘It tipples/ it is tippling down’= (phrase)(UK English) (informal) Rain heavily e.g., It was tippling down with rain./// (Noun) (informal) An alcoholic drink e.g., He drank several glasses of sherry, his favorite tipple.
· Brag = (reporting verb) Say something in a boastful manner. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20am-Brid9M and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7fKmGoEL8M8 // (with clause) e.g., He bragged that he was sure of victory.// (verb; no object) e.g., They were bragging about how easy it had been.// (Noun) (mass noun) A gambling card game which is a simplified form of poker. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gambling-ca-1800.jpg/1200px-Gambling-ca-1800.jpg and http://www.artnet.com/WebServices/images/ll00110lldeM5GFgbNECfDrCWvaHBOcne9D/p.j.-crook-three-card-brag.jpg // e.g., Games of pontoon, brag, and poker./// A boastful statement e.g., He was not the kind of man to make a brag./// (Adjective) (US English) (informal) (attributive) Excellent; first-rate e.g., That was my brag heifer.
· Heifer (pronounced ˈhef.ə(r))= (noun) (in farming) a cow that has not borne a calf or has borne only one calf. See http://www.agweb.com/assets/1/19/BT_Heifer_Hereford_Flint_Hills_5.JPG?97535 and https://www.heifer.org/resources/images/home/cornerstones/improved-animal-management.jpg
· Pontoon (pronounced panˈtuːn) = (noun) a flat-bottomed boat or hollow metal cylinder used with others to support a temporary bridge or floating landing stage. See http://old.seattletimes.com/ABPub/2013/12/12/2022452252.jpg andhttp://images.boats.com/resize/wp/2/files/2016/01/BH0I5840.gif For a pontoon bridge See http://www.steel-trussbridge.com/photo/pl813318-reusable_floating_pontoon_bridge_army_pontoon_bridge_with_heavy_loading_capacity.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdg-niiTuX8 and http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/pictures/Pontoon-Bridge-003.jpg // (as modifier) e.g., A pontoon bridge./// A bridge or landing stage supported by pontoons e.g., Other concepts include wind and submarine cars with the latter docking onto floating pontoons./// Each of a pair of floats fitted to an aircraft to enable it to land on water. For pontoons of a floatplane See https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/pontoon-plane-1016300.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/DeHavilland_Single_Otter_Harbour_Air.jpg // e.g., With drag from pontoons and floats removed, the OS2Us had greater speed and could carry heavier loads of bombs.- /// A large flat-bottomed barge or lighter equipped with cranes and tackle for careening ships and salvage work.
· Careen (pronounced kəˈriːn) = (verb) Turn a ship on its side for cleaning, caulking, or repair. See https://aldebaran42.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/img_6428.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NoND5HeHucM // e.g., That sort of upkeep had always been done between tides, on gently sloped sandy beaches, where the boats were careened and cleaned./// Move swiftly and in an uncontrolled way in a specified direction e.g., An electric golf cart careened around the corner.
· Sphere of influence
· Belarus (= a country in eastern Europe; its capital is Minsk)
· Miami
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