English Language Lessons: TIPS for English (21): Words(I) (k)

Education (not ‘educational’) system

On the spot = (phrase) Without any delay; immediately; e.g., ‘They offered me the job on the spot.’ // e.g., ‘If they have the right look, sign them on the spot.’ // e.g.,./// At the scene of an event; e.g., Journalists on the spot reported no progress.// e.g., The camera provides a sharp, close-up view for the remote physician (= doctor) that is actually superior to what the doctor on the spot can get using his own unaided vision.// e.g., He was arrested on the spot ((**) for this example)./// (British English) (with reference to an action) performed without moving from one's original position; e.g., Running on the spot.// e.g., There’s stretching and jumping and marching on the spot.// e.g., In the new Raymonda, the good guy isn't away at the Crusades; he's on the spot./// Someone who is put on the spot is forced to do or say something the person would rather not do or say; e.g., ‘I’m not trying to put you on the spot, but could you explain why you did that?’ ((*) for the last definition and example).

Plough (Plow) (pronounced plaʊ) into = (verb; no object; with adverbial of direction) (especially of a vehicle) move in a fast and uncontrolled manner. See (all these videos are shocking) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJcBWHRXotc and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AyFtjz4m6c and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UunebQ9v7ZM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2e8bpdIwp08 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUZzlJVu4PA // e.g., The car plowed into the side of a van.// e.g., All the adults had died instantly when the cars they were traveling in plowed into a wall.// e.g., One person was killed and at least 26 injured after a car plowed into the crowd on the second day of protests in the Virginia city (from the media, YouTube).

Frenzy (pronounced ˈfren.zi) = (noun; usually in singular) A state or period of uncontrolled excitement or wild behavior; e.g., Anna worked herself into a frenzy of rage.// e.g., He flew into a frenzy and headed up the ladder to the attic with a rope.// e.g., The audience was/ were whipped up into a frenzy of emotion that sent everyone home on a high.// e.g., In a frenzy of rage, he hit him.// e.g., The media frenzy over the royal wedding.// e.g., The audience worked/ whipped themselves into a frenzy as they waited for the singer to come on stage.// e.g., There was a frenzy of activity in the financial markets yesterday ((**) for the last 4 examples).

Transliterate (pronounced trænzˈlɪt.^ər.eɪt) = (verb with object) Write or print a letter or word using the closest corresponding letters of a different alphabet or language; e.g., Names from one language are often transliterated into another.// e.g., In Kodokan documents, it is usually transliterated Yoshiaki, but his passport in 1903 read Yoshitsugu.// e.g., On the road signs, the Greek place names have been transliterated into the Roman alphabet.// e.g., Suppose a person who first came across a foreign word had no choice but to swallow it whole and transliterate it.// e.g., Faced with such variants, we need to analyze them, choose the better or best form, and try to transliterate semantically ((**) for the last 3 examples).

Semantic (pronounced sɪˈmantɪk) = (adjective) (of words and language) connected with meaning (*)/ Relating to meaning in language or logic; e.g., Another very important way in which a language grows is by semantic modification of existing words.// e.g., Words are semantic units that convey meaning.// e.g., However, semantic representations are generally similar across individuals.// e.g., We found that translation times were significantly slower for words learned in semantic sets versus in random order ((**) for the last 3 examples).

Bipartisan (pronounced ˌbaɪˈpɑː.tɪ.zæn) = (adjective) Of or involving the agreement or cooperation of two political parties that usually oppose each other's policies; e.g., The reforms received considerable bipartisan approval.// e.g., The disclosure has led to a bipartisan call for a congressional investigation.// e.g., A bipartisan committee.// e.g., A bipartisan agreement.// e.g., Moreover, the reform enjoyed bipartisan support in most states ((**) for the last 3 examples).

Capricious (pronounced kəˈprɪʃ.əs) = (literary) (adjective) Given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior; e.g., A capricious and often brutal administration.// e.g., ‘I miss her because she was capricious and unreliable and because minis are the kind of car that make people smile.// e.g., A capricious kid.// e.g., He was a cruel and capricious tyrant ((**) for the previous 2 examples)./// Changing according to no discernible (= able to be discerned; perceptible; pronounced dɪˈsəːnɪb(ə)l) rules; unpredictable/ likely to change, or reacting to a sudden desire or new idea; e.g., ‘We have had very capricious weather lately’ ((*) for the second part of the definition and the first example).// e.g., A capricious climate.// e.g., Arbitrary (= based on chance rather than being planned or based on reason; pronounced ˈɑː.bɪ.trər.i) and capricious rather than democratic procedures prevailed.

Belligerent (pronounced bəˈlɪdʒ(ə)r(ə)nt) = (adjective) Hostile and aggressive; e.g., The mood at the meeting was belligerent.// e.g., The kids, especially the boys, are aggressive, belligerent, and rebellious! (My comment: this may be a gender bias).// e.g., A belligerent person.// e.g., A belligerent gesture.// e.g., ‘Watch out! Jack is in a belligerent mood.// e.g., ‘He was so belligerent that I gave up trying to explain’ ((**) for the previous 4 examples).//// Engaged in a war or conflict, as recognized by international law; e.g., Historically, when military forces occupied belligerent territory, little how-to guidance existed.// e.g., This framework must recognize the unique threat that terrorists pose to nation-states, yet not grant them the legitimacy accorded to belligerent states.// e.g., The belligerent countries are having difficulties funding the war ((**) for the last example).

Bicker vs. Biker

Bicker (pronounced ˈbɪkə) (not to be confused with ‘biker’) = (verb; no object) Argue about petty and trivial matters. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fg2dfBZmltk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ny5teeMMS7o and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3JRyKpdv7H4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfOINj6ZSHo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vY24rhxRX-w and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzapN4VoSe4 // e.g., Couples who bicker over who gets what from the divorce.// e.g., Additionally, the two sides routinely bicker over the disputed islands, a supposedly oil-rich area.// e.g., ‘Will you two stop bickering!’ // e.g., They’re always bickering with each other about/ over their personal problems ((**) for the previous 2 examples).// (literary) (of water) Flow or fall with a gentle repetitive noise; patter. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2LTLrRljqw // e.g., Against the glass, the rain did beat and bicker.// e.g., The sound of rain bickering outside his window was driving him crazy.// e.g., A path led in the foot of it, the water bickered and sang in the midst./// (of a flame or light) Flash, gleam, or flicker; e.g., The restless wheels whose flashing spokes bicker and burn.// e.g., At last, the end came; the light bickered for a moment, flared up for the last time, and then went out.

Biker = (noun) (informal) A motorcyclist, especially one who is a member of a gang or group; e.g., A biker was involved in a collision with a car.// e.g., The court was told he was also a biker and member of a Hell’s Angel group.// e.g., Action began last weekend when police off-road motorcyclists and plainclothes officers began targeting bikers in the Athersley and New Lodge area./// A cyclist; e.g., A mountain biker.

Starling (pronounced ˈstɑː.lɪŋ) = (noun) a common bird with black or dark brown feathers that lives in large groups in many parts of the world (*). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Lamprotornis_hildebrandti_-Tanzania-8-2c.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Starling_%285503763150%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Chestnut-tailed_Starling_I_IMG_2508.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Lamprotornis_nitens%2C_Kruger.jpg //// A wooden pile erected with others around or just upstream of a bridge or pier to protect it from the current (= a body of water or air moving in a definite direction, especially through a surrounding body of water or air in which there is less movement) or floating objects; a cutwater. See (London Tower Bridge) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/LondonTowerBridge2004-08-03.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/IMG_3978_bridge_piers.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Flood_debris_on_Bywell_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1114579.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Tczew_most_wiezyczki_2.jpg // e.g., The starling is that portion of the pier (= a low structure built at the edge of water, used especially for getting into and out of boats; pronounced pɪə(^r)) which faces the direction of the stream, and acts like the cutwater of a ship.

Brook (pronounced brʊk) = (noun) A small stream. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/WymingBrook.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Brook.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HugvwuSdyFA // e.g., ‘What a civilized way to spend a Sunday morning, a walk on the mountainside by the brooks and streams followed by lunch al fresco.’ // e.g., There were tall trees, wide-open planes, streams, babbling (babble = (of a stream) to make the low, continuous noise of water flowing over stones; pronounced ˈbæb.(^ə)l) (*)) brooks, and rolling hills.// e.g., A brook runs past the house.// e.g., ‘I could hear the sound of a babbling brook’ ((**) for the previous 2 examples). /// (verb with object and negative) (formal) To allow or accept something, especially a difference of opinion or intention; e.g., She won’t brook any criticism of her work ((**) for this definition & the 1^st example)..// e.g., Fidel Castro brooked no opposition to his régime, and many Cubans started to flee the island, first by the hundreds, then by the thousands.// e.g., This school brooks no dissent (= a strong difference of opinion on a particular subject, especially about an official suggestion or plan or a popular belief; pronounced dɪˈsent (*)) and does not see itself as competing with other philosophies.

Patter (pronounced ˈpatə) = (verb; no object) Make a repeated light tapping sound. For rain patter See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dC5gYtrCyhQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlAfOVS5nxw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbSZ5i4frLM // e.g., A flurry (= a small swirling mass of something, especially snow or leaves, moved by sudden gusts of wind) of rain pattered against the window.// e.g., The sky was a grey feathery mass; the rain pattered down in little stinging freezing drops.// e.g., The sound of rain pattering on the roof woke her up./// (verb; no object, with adverbial of direction) Run with quick light steps; e.g., ‘I grabbed it without hesitation and pattered down the hall behind him.’ // e.g., He quickly pattered down the stairs.// e.g., ‘I nodded (= lower and raise one's head slightly and briefly, especially in greeting, assent, or understanding, or to give someone a signal) a little bit and pattered back to the couch’ ./// (noun) A repeated light tapping; e.g., Two hours later, the last people were gone, and the rain was a steady patter on the roof.// e.g., The plashing patter of steady rain.// e.g., The rain had stopped its vibrating patter above him.//// (mass noun) Rapid continuous talk, such as that used by a comedian or salesperson. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VqWrGGvKCHo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skcNUZF-_58 For sales patter See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRMROO6Xue0 // e.g., Take a friend with you to deflect (= cause something to change direction by interposing something; turn aside from a straight course) the sales patter.// e.g., He worked up a good bit of patter with the audience and even managed to get a laugh when recounting a story that involved switching to a different language.// e.g., ‘As always, you can try your patter on the audience with the $100 joke competition.’ // / The jargon of a profession or social group; e.g., He picked up the patter from watching his dad.// e.g., The young people of Spain are becoming impressed with bullfighting again, the language of the fight part of their hip patter.//// Rapid speech included in a song, especially for comic effect; e.g., (as modifier) e.g., A patter song of invective (= insulting, abusive, or highly critical language)./// (verb; no object) Talk at length without saying anything significant; e.g., She pattered on and on as we walked out the ramp to the airplane and were seated in the last row of the First Class section.// e.g., She pattered on incessantly (= without interruption; constantly).

Gleam (pronounced ɡliːm) = (verb; no object) Shine brightly, especially with reflected light. See https://img00.deviantart.net/f3e3/i/2012/155/9/3/the_gleaming_light_of_the_souls_by_thejozz-d5281x8.jpg and https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/08/53/d0/fa/louisiana-museum-of-modern.jpg and https://fransiskaolivia.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/9pr-1564.jpg and (gleam of body radiance make-up) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6clkkT0Blw // e.g., Light gleamed on the china cats.// e.g., Her eyes gleamed with satisfaction.// e.g., The stars gleaming and moon shining lit my way to the secluded (= (of a place) not seen or visited by many people; sheltered and private) hill as the noise of everyone behind me faded./// (of a smooth surface or object) Reflect light because well-polished. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7Ne92CO628 // e.g., Anthony buffed(buff = polish something) the glass until it gleamed.// e.g., A black, highly polished coach gleamed in the moonlight as its side door closed.// e.g., The footwear radiated the sense of money, all polished and gleaming./// (of an emotion or quality) Be expressed through the brightness of a person’s eyes; See (My comment: all anime human characters have gleaming eyes!) (anime) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJBL--EwR7A and (anime) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12B1-0G6HR4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjjjLHzQ0wE // e.g., Affection gleamed in her large green eyes.// e.g., ‘A gleam of something shot through his eyes, and I shrunk back in fear.’ // e.g., ‘Just there, in the hopeful gleam of your eye, and the gentle bow of your lip.’ /// (noun) A faint or brief light, especially one reflected from something. For the gleam of gold See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysXLjR424uU For make-up See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPUMyHau3FY // eg., The gleam of a silver tray.// e.g., ‘Sighing, I drove off towards the park with only the faint gleam of the moonlight to guide me.’ // e.g., The gleam of gold./// A brief or faint instance of a quality or emotion; e.g., The gleam of hope vanished.// e.g., There is a gleam of intelligence, a gleam of humor, and there’s always amusement, but his delivery is so poor, people only laugh because of his power./// An expression of an emotion or quality in a person's eyes; e.g., She saw a gleam of triumph in his eyes.// e.g., He also expressed his joy and pride at the gleam in people's eyes at looking at ‘what is our art collection.’ // e.g., A wicked gleam appeared in his eyes, and his hands instantly became scaly and hard.//// (GLEAM) (acronym) Gay and Lesbian Employees at Microsoft ((*****) for this definition).

Laden (pronounced ˈleɪ.d(^ə)n) = (adjective) Heavily loaded or weighed down; e.g., A tree laden with apples.// e.g., The company is understood to be heavily laden with debt following recent investments.// e.g., (in combination) The moisture-laden air.// e.g., The flower-laden coffin of Lady, Diana, Princess of Wales during the funeral procession (= a number of people or vehicles moving forward in an orderly fashion, especially as part of a ceremony or festival) (from the media & Pinterest).

Adjourn (pronounced əˈdʒəːn) = (verb with object) Break off a meeting, legal case, or game with the intention of resuming it later; e.g., The meeting was adjourned until November 3.// e.g., The father-of-two appeared in court last month, but the case was adjourned until yesterday for reports.// e.g., (verb; no object) ‘Let’s adjourn and reconvene at 3 pm./// (verb; no object, with adverbial) (Of a group of people) go somewhere for rest or refreshment; e.g., They adjourned to a local pub.// e.g., Later, many adjourned to the Western Hotel for a night of music and song.// e.g., After dinner, the boys adjourned to the living room for a movie./// Put off or postpone a resolution (= an official decision that is made after a group or organization has voted (*) or sentence; e.g., Sentence was adjourned for a social inquiry report.// e.g., Sentence was adjourned for reports after the jury’s verdict and the man was granted bail.// e.g., Sentence was adjourned for a psychiatric report.

Reconvene = (verb) Convene (= to come together in a body; assemble) or cause to convene again, especially after a pause in proceedings.// e.g., (verb; no object) Parliament reconvenes on 1^st September.// e.g., (verb with object) It was agreed to reconvene the permanent commission./// e.g., The court also said the suspended, democratically elected parliament had to reconvene.// e.g., The group agreed to reconvene in 2 months.

Collusion (not to confused with collision’ that means crash) = (mass noun) Secret or illegal cooperation or conspiracy in order to deceive others; e.g., ‘I thought that they were worked in collusion with the terrorist network’ ((^^^) for this example).// e.g., The armed forces were working in collusion with drug traffickers.// e.g., Experience has shown that this kind of cooperation often leads to collusion between the two sides.// e.g., In addition, there are cases in which the bank suspects collusion between the customer and the payee of the erroneously debited amount.// e.g., The US president Donald Trump says ‘there has been no collusion,’ despite a former aide’s (aide = a person whose job is to help someone important, such as a member of a government or a military officer of high rank; pronounced eɪd (*)) admission of Russia links (from the BBC)./// (Law) Collusion between ostensible (= appearing or claiming to be one thing when it is really something else (*)) opponents in a lawsuit; e.g., As to the possibility of collusion, the judge provided a specific example.// e.g., There is no suggestion that the evidence of the four witnesses is tainted (taint = to damage the quality, taste, or value of something (*)) with collusion. // e.g., ‘Did the trial judge draw from this the inference (= a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning; pronounced ˈɪn.f^ər.^əns) that there had been collusion?’

Ostensible (pronounced ɒsˈten.sə.b(^ə)l) = (adjective) (attributive) Stated or appearing to be true, but not necessarily so; e.g., This is the real dispute which lay behind the ostensible complaint.// e.g., It is made up of ostensible competitors who are allied for the common good.// e.g., The safety team’s ostensible goal was, if possible, to manage the project to a safe and successful conclusion.// e.g., Their ostensible goal was to clean up government corruption, but their real aim was to unseat (= to remove someone from power, especially as a result of an election) the government.// e.g., He published 50 scientific papers after his ostensible retirement ((**) for the last 2 examples).

Payee (pronounced peɪˈiː) = (noun) (finance) (banking) A person to whom money is paid or is to be paid, especially the person to whom a cheque (‘check’ in North American English) is made payable; e.g., One must allocate any tax cut to the biggest payees, to have any impact.// e.g., We can ensure that information about payment is available to the payee.// e.g., Payroll taxes differ from income taxes in that they entitle the payee to a benefit in return.// e.g., They filled in the amount on the cheque, but left the payee’s name blank ((**) for the last 3 examples).

Roughhouse = (verb; no object) (pronounced Verb: ˈrʌfhaʊz or ˈrʌfhaʊs./// Noun: ˈrʌfhaʊs) = (transitive or intransitive verb) (pronounced ˈrʌfhaʊz or ˈrʌfhaʊs) (US English) (dated) (informal) Act in a boisterous, violent manner// to fight in a way that is not serious. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4lVsOAjKPE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt0u5xwSenM // e.g., A couple of boys were roughhousing (each other) in the park.// e.g., The boys roughhoused outdoors ((*) for the second part of the definition and the first 2 examples).// e.g., They roughhouse on street corners.// e.g., ‘Did you break this lamp rough-housing around the house?’ /// (verb with object) Handle someone roughly or violently; e.g., He had them roughhoused by his servants.// e.g., Fathers step in to socialize their toddlers along gender lines at around 13 months, verbally rough-housing their sons and talking in more emotional terms with daughters (For the last you may watch the video on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0Lerbebrdc )./// (noun) (pronounced ˈrʌfhaʊs) (US English) (dated) (informal) A violent disturbance// a fight between many people, without weapons ((*) for the second part of the definition); e.g., ‘I shouldn't like to be up against you in a roughhouse.’// e.g., ‘If it turned into a rough-house later someone tells me - I've still got the video.’ // e.g., That latter (= the second of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned; pronounced ˈlæt.ə(r) – not to be confused with ‘later’) demand turned the Security Council into a roughhouse that saw one country lean heavily on smaller and more vulnerable members.

Tatters (pronounced ˈtatəz) = (plural noun) Irregularly torn pieces of cloth, paper, or other material. See https://neilsilberman.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/dscf1639.jpg and http://rense.com/1.imagesH/tatters.jpg and http://www.pub22.net/open/uns24734/24734-h/images/i-003.jpg and (tatters skirt) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PXiJJhzhZc // e.g., ‘How many pairs of boots did Carlyon tear to tatters in his researches?’ // e.g., There were photographs stuck to the stone wall, packages with letters, coins, tatters of cloth.// e.g., His clothes were completely ruined, no more than tatters.//// In tatters = Torn in many places; in shreds; e.g., Wallpaper hung in tatters.// e.g., His sleeves were in tatters, the worn cotton having merely given way to greater force.// e.g., They can’t just leave it in tatters on the floor./// Destroyed; ruined; e.g., The ceasefire was in tatters within hours.// e.g., It was argued that business would be destroyed and the town's economic future would be in tatters.// e.g., Soon the president’s reputation was in tatters.//// Rag-and-tatter = (adjective) Full of or characterized by rags and tatters, ragged. See http://www.oogaboogastore.com/shop/books/img/Boro-RagsAndTattersD1.jpg // e.g., He was forced to wear rags and tatters a beggar would scorn (= feel or express contempt or disdain for).// e.g., He designs his costume, most often resorting to rags and tatters.// e.g., ‘How can one say that contemporary theories of Egyptian archeologically based history are nothing more than notions derived from a few rags & tatters?’ // e.g., Just as some people, apparently servants in rags and tatters, served dinner.

Babble (pronounced ˈbab(ə)l) (related to a stream) (not to be confused with bubble, although the flowing water may make bubbles!) = (verb; no object) (of a flowing water) make a continuous murmuring sound. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bs_iL8v4LMw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2YLSEkWLtA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO2otXuncos and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgkf5rfuDS8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbHa4ULLOdU // e.g., The shallow river babbled over smooth rocks.// e.g., It was like even the river below us had stopped babbling.// e.g., After the Europeans came to this island, they wiped out countless babbling brooks (brook = a small stream), streams and rivers that flowed throughout the island down from the mountain.//// (mass noun) The continuous murmuring sound of flowing water; e.g., The babble of a brook.// e.g., The sounds coming from the workshops combine with the babble of the stream to create an authentic atmosphere of the settlement of old.

Discern (pronounced dɪˈsəːn) (beware of the pronunciation) = (verb with object) Recognize or find out; e.g., ‘I can discern no difference between the two policies.’ // e.g., (with clause) Pupils quickly discern what is acceptable to the teacher.// e.g., Between the two names, no effective difference can be discerned.//// Distinguish someone or something with difficulty by sight or with the other senses; e.g., He could faintly discern the shape of a skull.// e.g., ‘As I approached the chair I was able to discern some, but not all, of their characteristics.’// e.g., They began to discern shapes, touching them and discovering them again as if from new.

Discernible (or discernable) (pronounced dɪˈsəːnɪb(ə)l) = (adjective) Able to be discerned; perceptible; e.g., The scandal had no discernible effect on his career.// e.g., The inscription (= words inscribed, as on a monument or in a book) was barely (= by the smallest amount; only just; pronounced ˈbeə.li (*)) discernible.// e.g., The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate.

Flicker (pronounced ˈflɪkə) = (verb; no object) (of light or a source of light) shine unsteadily; vary rapidly in brightness. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgKQTjWjFaA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfVkM8kuOl0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=atPvvDDE4OM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dJHqR6peLA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KaHDCrMdSfA // e.g., The interior lights flickered, and came on.// e.g., Green and white lights flickered all up the sides of the hall.// e.g., In the near distance, torch light flickered through the blackness, slowly moving away from him./// (of a flame) burn fitfully, alternately flaring up and dying down. See (wood fire) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_udO0INKa8 For candle flickering flame See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFxmNnvPBRM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poNHx_rCf_Y and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sT-kEoL6trU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSbvczV3cfU For LED flicker flame See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YL6LU9lW3l8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuppeUZ6Z7w and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tV0JoTvnhWU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJaAhr-6z3A // e.g., The candle flickered again.// e.g., By the time she got him to the side of the road, flames were flickering.// e.g., She entered the dining room with a lighted candle in one hand, the flame flickering in the darkness.//// (of an emotion) be felt or shown briefly or faintly; e.g., Amusement flickered briefly in his eyes.// e.g., Rage briefly flickered in that imperial expression, then she seemed amused again.// e.g., ‘I watched the emotions flicker across his face, like a rainbow in a spray of water.’ /// Make small, quick movements. For a flickering eye See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJCRGse1yHs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zeFdClkHME and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFxJyiH0wBk For flickering eyelashes See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5pGevNZqhI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVTUtvb6xR0 // e.g., Her eyelids flickered.// e.g., (with complement) Dad’s eyes flickered open.// e.g., The queue (‘line’ in North American English) screen flickered: five counters open, then four, then three.//// (with adverbial of direction) (of someone’s eyes) move quickly in a particular direction in order to look at something; e.g., Her alert hazel eyes flickered around the room.// e.g., He joined in a conversation, his eyes flickering in the direction of the room doors.// e.g., ‘When his green eyes flickered toward mine, I quickly turned away.’ /// (noun) An unsteady movement of a flame or light causing rapid variations in brightness; e.g., The flicker of a candle flame caught our eyes.// e.g., The flicker of tail lights passed the window as two trucks were backing into the drive.// e.g., They stayed late beside its glow, a flicker of light barely visible to us through the trees.//// (mass noun) Fluctuations (= variations) in the brightness of a film or TV image such as occur when the number of frames per second is too small for persistence of vision. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZQafSaN2GQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTzQky3hRLI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyQjFuFYchg and (TV flickering screen) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4j6a_FLYIs and (flickering TV static distortion) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4OffFUhLxU // e.g., Even more detail can be included in the same amount of time, resulting in pictures with less flicker.// e.g., The work will target the key impairments of film flicker and unsteadiness, both of which interfere substantially with viewing.// e.g., In these films, even video flicker becomes substance.//// A tiny movement; e.g., The flicker of an eyelid.// e.g., There was a flicker of movement at the corner of my eye, and I threw myself to the side instinctively.// e.g., A flicker of movement, about a hundred yards from the gate suddenly drawing his attention.//// A brief feeling or indication of emotion; e.g., A flicker of a smile passed across her face.// e.g., No flicker of emotion showed on the lifeguard's face.// e.g., ///// An American woodpecker (mentioned below) that often feeds on ants on the ground. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gilded_Flicker_%28Colaptes_chrysoides%29_on_top_of_cactus.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Colaptes_rufipileus_%28Guadalupe_flicker%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/PICA-PAU-VERDE-BARRADO_%28Colaptes_melanochloros%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Colaptes_rubiginosus_%28male%29_-Costa_Rica-8.jpg

Tail light or taillight (US English) or tail lamp (or rear light in British English) = a red light on the back of a motor vehicle, train, or bicycle that makes it possible for the vehicle to be seen in the dark (*). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Alpina_B7%2C_IAA_2017%2C_Frankfurt_%281Y7A3123%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Image-Wemo-Zweiwegefahrzeug_DC2631-Heck.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Alpina_B7%2C_IAA_2017%2C_Frankfurt_%281Y7A3123%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/RearFogLightMercedes.png and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercedes_Benz_SLR_McLaren2.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/330ci_LED_tail.jpg and (bus) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting#/media/File:Reisebus.Heck.jpg and (a video that explains ‘why police touch your taillight’) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M7OO9NrEzI // e.g., There were headlights, floodlights, tail lights and spot lights.

Fitfully (not related to fit!) (it’s an adverb, not an adjective) = (adverb) Not regularly or continuously; intermittently; e.g., ‘I had also been sleeping fitfully and dreaming about the race all night.’ // e.g., He is blessed as an autobiographer with an outstandingly strange and only fitfully happy childhood.// e.g., He has appeared in public only fitfully in recent years.// e.g., It’s a lively show, and fitfully funny.// e.g., The rescue plan has progressed fitfully in recent weeks.// e.g., Negotiations were moving fitfully until October ((**) for the previous 4 examples).

Flurry (pronounced ˈflʌri) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) A small swirling (swirl = move in a twisting or spiraling pattern; pronounced swɜːl) mass of something, especially snow or leaves, moved by sudden gusts (gust = a brief, strong rush of wind) of wind. For snow flurry See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BOd2o4WaSE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yr1WdHJahdg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M0lnS4oFO1g and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Py1RFjfyv1Q and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnaHFK1BtEk For swirling leaves See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_28Q_TTrBI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ciup-ygN0pg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkvI4SnpnQo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7j5Nvz9p38 // e.g., In a flurry of heart-shaped jade-green leaves her wings appeared.// e.g., The city is shivering (shiver = (of a person or animal) shake slightly and uncontrollably as a result of being cold, frightened, or excited) under a rare flurry of snow.// e.g., A flurry of white confetti snowed down from my locker.//// Snow flurry = a light snowfall that results in little or no snow accumulation. The US National Weather Service specifically defines snow flurries as intermittent light snow that produces no measurable precipitation (trace amounts). Contrary, bursts of snowfall which do result in measurable snow accumulation are called snow showers ((*****) for this definition).///// A sudden short period of activity or excitement. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIMwVhxG5Dg // e.g., There was a brief flurry of activity in the hall.// e.g., This period also saw a flurry of construction activities in Beijing.// e.g., As you said, there has been a flurry of legal activity.//// A number of things arriving or happening suddenly and during the same period; e.g., A flurry of editorials hostile to the government.// e.g., ‘I am suddenly receiving a flurry of e-mails asking me to clarify what was done, who did it, etc.’ // e.g., Christmas morning brought no snow, but there was a flurry of packages arriving through the mail.//// (verb; no object) (with adverbial of direction) (especially of snow or leaves) be moved in small swirling masses by sudden gusts of wind; e.g., Gusts of snow flurried through the door.// e.g., ‘I looked back up, and saw that it was the first snow of the year was flurrying.’ // e.g., Fond memories flurried past by her eyes.//// (of a person) move quickly in a busy or agitated way; e.g., The waiter flurried between them.// e.g., He flurried to his locker, stored away his books, and ran off to the cafeteria.// e.g. He stood amidst the chaos of the control center, beings flurrying around him in a haste (= great speed; pronounced heɪst (*)) of information and conflicting orders.

Deflect (pronounced dɪˈflɛkt) (not to be confused with ‘reflect’) = (verb with object) (usually with adverbial of direction) Cause something to change direction; turn aside from a straight course; e.g., The bullet was deflected harmlessly into the ceiling.// e.g., An attempt to deflect a comet or asteroid is already in the planning stage.// e.g., (figurative) He attempted to deflect attention away from his private life.//// (verb; no object) (with adverbial of direction) (of an object) change direction after hitting something; e.g., The ball deflected off Knight’s body.// e.g., An autopsy report concluded that the bullet which killed the victim entered through the top of his head, most likely having deflected off a wall.// e.g., His shot deflected off the post into the back of the net, to the dismay (= a feeling of shock and unhappiness (*)) of the Veterans players.//// Cause someone to deviate from an intended purpose; e.g., He refused to be deflected from anything she had set his mind on.// e.g., He warned the director to use his influence to deflect the President from taking unilateral (= (of an action or decision) performed by or affecting only one person, group, or country involved in a particular situation, without the agreement of another or the others) action.// e.g., Worldly ambition and sexual desire deflected him from the true path.///// Cause something to change orientation; e.g., The compass needle is deflected from magnetic north by metal in the aircraft.// e.g., Although these ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays are relatively rare, they are deflected less by magnetic fields.// e.g., The light wave is deflected from the original path.

Deflection (or deflexion) (pronounced dɪˈflɛkʃ(ə)n) (not to be confused with ‘reflection’) = (mass noun) The action or process of deflecting or being deflected; e.g., The deflection of the light beam.// e.g., (countable noun) His volley took a deflection off a United defender.// e.g., Single stars are of comparatively small mass, cosmically speaking, and so produce little deflection of light beams.

Incessantly (pronounced ɪnˈsɛsntli) = (adverb) Without interruption; constantly; e.g., She talked about him incessantly.// e.g., ‘He grabbed my shoulders and began to shake me incessantly as he continued to shout.’ // e.g., ‘Why do so many dog owners allow their dogs to bark incessantly for long periods of time?’ (My comment: because the owners do not care about becoming a nuisance (= a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or annoyance; pronounced ˈnjuː.s(^ə)ns).

Seclude (pronounced sɪˈkluːd) (beware of the pronunciation) = (verb with object) Keep someone away from other people; e.g., ‘I secluded myself up here for a life of study and meditation.’ // e.g., ‘I’m actually with society… not secluding myself.’ // e.g., The fence will seclude the path next to it and make it unsafe for the elderly.

Secluded (pronounced sɪˈkluːdɪd) (beware of the pronunciation) = (adjective) (of a place) not seen or visited by many people; sheltered and private; e.g., The gardens are quiet and secluded.// e.g., ‘From this secluded position, you can watch people come and go in the change rooms.’ // e.g., A week later she put on a short skirt and leather boots and stood on a secluded street corner, near Spring Street.

Buff (pronounced bʌf) = (mass noun) A yellowish-beige color. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Chamois-natural.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Sand_Drawings.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/LoessVicksburg.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Tangara_cayana1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Portrait_of_a_gentleman_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/American_Cocker_Spaniel_buff_portrait.jpg // e.g., (as modifier) A buff envelope.//// A stout dull yellow leather with a velvety surface; e.g., Men know him as a lonely figure riding of a morning through Rock Creek Park, wearing an immense sombrero, kid gloves, buff waistcoat and an old riding coat.//// (countable noun) A stick, wheel, or pad used for polishing.//// (verb with object) Polish something. [Note: Polishing and buffing are finishing processes for smoothing a workpiece’s surface using an abrasive and a work wheel or a leather strop. Technically polishing refers to processes that use an abrasive that is glued to the work wheel, while buffing uses a loose abrasive applied to the work wheel. Polishing is a more aggressive process while buffing is less harsh, which leads to a smoother, brighter finish. A common misconception is that a polished surface has a mirror bright finish, however most mirror bright finishes are actually buffed ((*****) for this Note)]. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)#/media/File:Unpolished_and_polished_silver_artwork_pieces.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rz7HRhiDXFw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMuWrI-sCj8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0H-p-fFlADM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlkBcRZCTGY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-TxiQ6L260 // e.g., He buffed the glass until it gleamed.// e.g., She smoothed paste wax on the old red linoleum and buffed it by hand.// e.g., Waxed surface may be buffed occasionally to restore shine.//// Give leather a velvety finish by removing the surface of the grain. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtzQelSsqAg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zbTVf2tJmM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWYamgNcIEE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHBNV9ljIh4 // e.g., Many of the grain defects in a leather do not penetrate into the leather nearly to the depth of the grain layer, and can be entirely removed by buffing.///// (informal) Make an element in a role-playing or video game more powerful; e.g., There are cards that’ll buff your troops.//// (informal) (adjective) (North American English) (of a person or their body) in good physical shape with well-developed muscles. See (7:12) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iw2dg22LvI4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CTH_WbRyPtE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T5qNRzEjvEk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQf8QLj6Wb4 // e.g., The driver was a buff blond named March.// e.g., He worked in Honduras in the 1980s - a big, buff guy with a metal plate in his head.// e.g., They were big, buff guys in caps and sunglasses, and their guns were drawn. //// In the buff = (phrase) (informal) Naked; e.g., People generally don’t go swimming in the buff in public places! // e.g., ‘I’m not implying we should all be in the buff all the time!’ // e.g., ‘Some of us were doing real exams at university, and it was most distracting with all the girls wandering around in the buff!’ ///// (informal) (with modifier) A person who is enthusiastically interested in and very knowledgeable about a particular subject; e.g., A computer buff.// e.g., An evening for film buffs.// e.g., But history buffs, particularly those interested in Southern history, will still find much to like - and learn - in Big Cotton.

Infer (pronounced ɪnˈfəː) = (verb with object) Deduce (= arrive at a fact or a conclusion by reasoning; draw as a logical conclusion) or conclude something from evidence and reasoning (= the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way) rather than from explicit (= stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt) statements; e.g., (with clause) From these facts we can infer that crime has been increasing.// e.g., There are in fact two types of error that can be made when inferring statistical significance.// e.g., A reasonable man would not infer guilt from the fact of a police inquiry.

Infer vs. Imply: There is a distinction in meaning between ‘infer’ and ‘imply.’ In the sentence ‘The speaker implied that the General had been a traitor’, ‘implied’ means that the speaker subtly suggested that this man was a traitor although nothing so explicit (= stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt) was actually stated. However, in the sentence ‘We inferred from his words that the General had been a traitor,’ ‘inferred’ means that something in the speaker’s words enabled the listeners to deduce that the man was a traitor. The two words ‘infer’ and ‘imply’ can describe the same event, but from different angles. Use of ‘infer’ to mean ‘imply’ is a common error; e.g., when someone says: ‘Are you ~~inferring~~ that I’m a liar?’ instead of saying: ‘Are you implying that I’m a liar?’

Inference (pronounced ˈɪnf(ə)r(ə)ns) (beware of the pronunciation) = (noun) A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning (= the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way); e.g., It seemed a fair inference that such books would be grouped together.// e.g., ‘I was a statistician, interested in inferences from the particular to the general.’ // e.g., All of the evidence is circumstantial and requires the drawing of inferences.//// (mass noun) The process of inferring something; e.g., His emphasis on order and health, and by inference cleanliness.// e.g., By inference, he could be accused of taking on board the views expressed at meetings.// e.g., Richard was displaying a kind of learning by inference that is called ‘fast mapping.’

Deduction (pronounced dɪˈdʌkʃ(ə)n) (noun) (the verb is ‘deduct’ (= subtract or take away an amount or part from a total), not ‘~~deduce~~’) = (mass noun) the calculation of taking an amount or a part of something away from a total or the amount that is taken away; e.g., ‘The interest I receive on my savings account is paid after the deduction of tax’ (*).// e.g., The dividend will be paid without deduction of tax.// e.g., The profit was calculated after the deduction from revenue (= income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature) of all manufacturing costs.//// (countable noun) An amount that is or may be deducted from something, especially from taxable income or tax to be paid; e.g., Tax deductions.// e.g., Different tax allowances and deductions can be available, depending on the nature of the arrangement.// e.g., Income and social security deductions are only part of the picture.///// The inference (= a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning (= the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way); pronounced ˈɪnf(ə)r(ə)ns) of particular instances by reference to a general law or principle. It is often contrasted with ‘induction.’ // e.g., Sherlock Holmes was famous for making clever deductions ((**) for this example).// e.g., The detective must uncover the murderer by deduction from facts.// e.g., (countable noun) ‘We do not yet know if these deductions are correct.’ // e.g., No architect of these institutions has proceeded by deduction from general principles.// e.g., Rhetoric and dialectic rely on the same theory of deduction and induction.//// [(US and Australian English) (‘stoppage’ in British English)] an amount that is taken away from the money you are paid before you officially receive it; e.g., After deductions, his taxable income is $25,000 ((*) for the last definition and example).

Induction (pronounced ɪnˈdʌkʃ(ə)n) (noun) (the related verb are ‘induce’ (= succeed in persuading or influencing someone to do something/// bring about or give rise to/// bring on the birth of a baby artificially, typically by the use of drugs/// derive by inductive reasoning) and ‘induct’ (= admit someone formally to a position or organization) = (mass noun) The action or process of inducting someone to a post or organization; e.g., Induction into membership of a Masonic (related to Freemasonry) brotherhood.// e.g., After this induction into adulthood, the boys travel back to their communities as men.// e.g., ‘Congratulations to you on your induction into the Western Music Hall of Fame!’ /// (usually as modifier) A formal introduction to a new job or position; e.g., An induction course.// e.g., The CEO said this year would see a focus on staff inductions, expectations and education, as well as team activities.// e.g., Introduction to the library starts during students’ initial induction./// (US English) Enlistment into military service; e.g., ‘I was still on military time from my induction to government service.’ // e.g., All other draft (= compulsory recruitment for military service)-age men should be subject to military induction.// e.g., ‘I was classified 1A, which qualified me for induction into the US Army on January 10, 1950.’ /// The process or action of bringing about or giving rise to something; e.g., The induction of malformations by radiation.// e.g., Thus, no clear evidence for the induction of this promoter by these stress conditions was found.// e.g., In this respect, it should be noted that induction of heat-shock proteins can also be triggered by stress factors other than heat. [Note: Heat shock proteins (HSP) = a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions. They were first described in relation to heat shock but are now known to also be expressed during other stresses including exposure to cold, UV (ultraviolet) light, and during wound healing or tissue remodeling ((*****) for this Note)].//// (Medicine) The process of bringing on the birth of a baby by artificial means, typically by the use of drugs (such as intravaginal, endocervical or extra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin E2 and intravenous (IV) administration of synthetic oxytocin); e.g., Labor is induced in up to 20 percent of pregnancies, and cervical ripening ((or cervical effacement) = a thinning of the cervix; it is a component of the Bishop score, a pre-labor scoring system to assist in predicting whether induction of labor will be required (*****)) is required in about one half of inductions.// e.g., Once the fetal demise (= death) was diagnosed, pregnancy was terminated by medical induction, such that the products of conception were largely delivered intact.//// (Medicine) Induction chemotherapy = the first line treatment of cancer with a chemotherapeutic drug aiming at curing cancer.//// (Medicine) Rapid sequence induction (RSI) = a method of emergency intubation, involving paralytics and sedation. (My comment: it precedes Rapid Sequence Intubation.//// (Logic) The inference of a general law from particular instances. It is often contrasted with deduction.// e.g., The admission that laws of nature cannot be established by induction.// e.g., The two principal features of Bacon’s new method were an emphasis on gradual, progressive inductions, and a method of exclusion.// e.g., For Aristotle, there are two species of arguments: inductions and deductions.//// The production of facts to prove a general statement.//// (Mathematics) A means of proving a theorem by showing that if it is true of any particular case it is true of the next case in a series, and then showing that it is indeed true in one particular case.//// (magnetic induction) The production of an electric or magnetic state by the proximity (without contact) of an electrified or magnetized body.//// The production of an electric current in a conductor by varying the magnetic field applied to the conductor. //// The stage of the working cycle of an internal combustion engine in which the fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinders.

Induct (pronounced ɪnˈdʌkt) (not to be confused with ‘induce’) = (verb with object) Admit someone formally to a post or organization; e.g., Arrangements for inducting new members to an organization.// e.g., He was recently inducted into The American Academy of Arts and Letters.// e.g., New members were also inducted into the Senior Citizens Association at the meeting.///// Formally introduce a member of the clergy into possession of a benefice; e.g., The service was held at St Mary’s Parish Church and the newly inducted vicar (= (in the Roman Catholic Church) a representative or deputy of a bishop) led the service in which the church choir took part.// e.g., He was inducted to the pastorate of the Reformed Baptist Church, Inverness, on 10 May.// e.g., He was then inducted as vicar of St Paul’s.//// (US ) Enlist someone for military service; e.g., In early 1942, he was inducted for a one-year draft at age 28, gaining a discharge on July 9 of that year.// e.g., He was drafted for military service and was inducted into the U.S. Army in June.///// Induct someone in/ into = Introduce someone to a difficult or obscure subject; e.g., My master inducted me into the skills of magic.// e.g., In Benaras he came in close contact with Karpatriji Maharaj, who inducted him into the Shaivite school of Hinduism.// e.g., ‘You are inducted into a reservoir of knowledge.’

Dividend (pronounced ˈdɪvɪdɛnd) (beware of the pronunciation) = (noun) A sum of money paid regularly (typically annually) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves); e.g., The ratio (= a comparison of two numbers calculated by dividing; pronounced ˈreɪ.ʃi.əʊ (*)) is calculated as earnings per share divided by the dividend per share.// e.g., Most companies distribute dividends to shareholders every three or six months.// e.g., No dividend payment will be carried out and the profit will go for reserves.//// A payment divided among a number of people, e.g. winners in a football pool or members of a cooperative; e.g., Payment of dividends could begin as early as next year, with holders of preferred stock receiving the first dividend payments.// e.g., ‘Our company is already planning to make its first dividend payment to co-op members.’ // e.g., Other funds have been used to invest in local schools or paid out as cash dividends to the members.//// An individual's share of a dividend; e.g., The loss of the tax credit is only applicable to dividends paid on shares.// e.g., Once the corporate tax is paid, dividends received by individuals are tax-free.// e.g., ‘I still have a few more to find, because I tend to take my dividend income in shares, as many long-term investors do.’ //// Dividends = a benefit from an action or policy; e.g., Buying a rail pass may still pay dividends.// e.g., When imitation becomes obsession, it’s normally a destructive force, but, sometimes it pays dividends.// e.g., Listening to children isn’t only the right thing to do, it might actually pay dividends here.//// (Mathematics) A number to be divided by another number; e.g., Symbol from the dividend should be a multiple of the divisor.

Unseat (pronounced ʌnˈsiːt) = (verb with object) Remove a government or person in authority from power; e.g., The main opposition party, has decided to resort to street agitation to unseat the government.// e.g., Jean-Marie Le Pen has won through to the last round of the French presidential election, unseating the socialist prime minister, Lionel Jospin.// e.g., A stalemate (= a situation in which neither group involved in an argument can win or get an advantage and no action can be taken; pronounced ˈsteɪl.meɪt (*)) had been reached in which the opposition could not unseat the government by force and the government could not reassert full control.///// Cause someone to fall from a horse or bicycle; e.g., Rawhide unseated Kevin Bradley at the first fence.// e.g., The 30-year-old jockey suffered a fractured collarbone and an array of other injuries on June 10 when he was unseated in the seventh race.// e.g., Her horse reared suddenly, nearly unseating him.

Ostentation (pronounced ˌɒstɛnˈteɪʃ(ə)n) (noun) (the adjective is ostentatious) = (mass noun) The pretentious or showy display of wealth and luxury, designed to impress. Synonym = showiness; e.g., The office was spacious (= large and with a lot of space; pronounced ˈspeɪ.ʃəs), but without any trace of ostentation.// e.g., By the beginning of the 20^th century the representative symbols of luxury and ostentation had come full circle.// e.g., Luxury of ostentation is the kind of luxury with which the very wealthy engage in display; it originates from vanity (excessive pride in or admiration of one’s own appearance or achievements; pronounced ˈvæn.ə.ti)! // e.g., His luxurious lifestyle and personal ostentation were both hated and envied ((**) for the last 2 examples).

Torrent (pronounced ˈtɒr.(^ə)nt) (My comment: most know it as streaming torrent videos!) = (noun) A strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rzVgXp70T4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1eZX_rZOtk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5cG9dCN2Zyc and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xjMWDmlBag and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B_kT27bOYrw For torrent river at a waterpark See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzG2FGb-QzE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2WQbVz3FoA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zN71CmBwYtM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtZ0K9g6018 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=008U7REa4iM // e.g., Rain poured down in torrents.// e.g., After the rains, the stream becomes a raging torrent.// e.g., The water flowed down his garden to join the torrent coming down the stream./// A torrent of/ torrents of = an overwhelming outpouring of something, typically words; e.g., He was subjected to a torrent of abuse.// e.g., He barely lets me finish and unleashes (unleash = to let happen or begin something powerful that, once begun, cannot be controlled; pronounced ʌnˈliːʃ(*)) a torrent of abuse in my direction.// e.g., It also brought a torrent of anti-union abuse and lies in most of the media./// (Computing) BitTorrent: a peer-to-peer file sharing (P2P) communications protocol./// (Computing) Torrent file, stores metadata used for BitTorrent ((*****) for the last 2 definitions).

Tidy (pronounced ˈtaɪ.di) (not to be confused with ‘tie’ or ‘tide’) (it’s an adjective, not a verb or a noun) (the adverb is tidily) = (adjective) Arranged neatly (neat = (of a place or thing) arranged in an orderly, tidy way) and in order. For a tidy room See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_FCNlaNZXY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pytAQf6fuZE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNdsPW0VGZA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2E9ZV6fUn8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2JempkYUjo For a kid learning to have its room tidy See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvCJd-hB114 // e.g., Her scrupulously (= in a very careful way that makes sure everything is done exactly as it should be; pronounced ˈskruː.pjə.ləs.li (*)) tidy apartment.// e.g., The judges were very impressed with the area and how tidy and neat it is. // (figurative) e.g., The lives they lead don’t fit into tidy patterns./// Inclined to keep things or one’s appearance neat, and in order; e.g., He’d never been a very tidy person; thus the slightly mess apartment.// e.g., She was a tidy young girl.// e.g., ‘And then he decided the reason we aren’t living together is because you're tidy and I’m not.’ //// Neat and controlled; e.g., She wrote down her replies in a small, tidy hand.// e.g., The words inside were written in black ink, in very neat and tidy handwriting.// e.g., He has a tidy action and excellent control over his line and length.//// (informal; attributive) (of an amount, especially of money) considerable; e.g., The book will bring in a tidy sum.// e.g., You could join the thieves guild and make quite a tidy bit of money.// e.g., It amounts to the tidy sum of several thousand dollars./// Used as a general term of approval; e.g., City have the backbone of a tidy side./// (noun) (also: Tidy-up) = (in singular) (UK English) An act or spell (= a period of time for which an activity or condition lasts continuously (*)) of tidying something; e.g., She’s coming to give his house its Sunday morning tidy-up.// e.g., The graveyard (= a burial ground, especially one beside a church) looks well after last Sunday’s tidy-up - the final one for this year.// e.g., The house needs some serious cleaning and a good tidy-up, plus a lot of airing.//// (usually with modifier) A receptacle (= a hollow object used to contain something) for holding small objects or waste scraps; e.g., ‘As we look down the inside length of the unit, on the left hand side at the rear is a nice cable tidy, to keep the power leads out of your way.’ // e.g., Disposing of the tub in the kitchen tidy, she searched the lounge room for her mobile phone and wallet./// (US English) A detachable ornamental cover for a chair back.///(verb with object) Bring order to; arrange neatly; e.g., The kids have finally tidied their bedroom.// e.g., (figurative) ‘The Bill (= a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussion) is intended to tidy up the law on this matter.’ // e.g., (verb; no object) ‘I’ll just go and tidy up.’ /// Tidy something away = put something away for the sake of neatness; e.g., ‘I was tidying away papers in my office.’ // e.g., ‘We finished up, tidied things away, then hit the showers!’ // e.g., ‘After tidying the stuff away, I popped up to see Peter and he seemed really well.’ (My comment: ‘pop up’ is more British than American English).

Neat (pronounced niːt) (beware of the pronunciation) (the noun is neatness) = (adjective) Arranged tidily; in good order. For a neat and tidy home See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DQl8mxlWFw and http://www.designsponge.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/13.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNpr_jA7zOY For a neat room See https://st.hzcdn.com/fimgs/51b17b890cfe649e_7637-w618-h411-b0-p0--contemporary-living-room.jpg and http://www.lovethispic.com/uploaded_images/66254-Neat-Bedroom-Book-Storage.jpg // e.g., The books had been stacked up in neat piles.// e.g., He absent-mindedly made a neat pile of the scattered magazines on the coffee table.// e.g., ‘Wow, your room is so neat!’ //// (of a person) Habitually tidy, smart, or well organized; e.g., His daughter was always neat and clean.// e.g., ‘I can get my daughter to clean her room by setting up competition images with her neat friend, Sarah.’ // e.g., He was an amazingly neat gardener, one might almost say a perfectionist.//// Having a pleasing appearance; well-formed; e.g., George noted down the orders in his neat, precise script (= handwriting as distinct from print; written characters).// e.g., The words ‘For Susan’ were written in extremely neat handwriting on it.// e.g., Ancient runes (rune = a letter of an ancient Germanic alphabet, related to the Roman alphabet) were patterned in neat, flowing script, words that had not been read in many years.//// Done with or demonstrating skill or efficiency; e.g., A neat bit of deduction.// e.g., Admittedly, it is a rather neat effect to use, but not when it appears on nearly every track.// e.g., The economist who raised the subject has found a neat solution to all these problems./// Tending to disregard specifics for the sake of convenience; facile; e.g., With regard to gender, these associations meant that they appeared to resist neat definitions.// e.g., This neat division does not take into account a host of associated factors.// e.g., The book does not offer easy answers or neat endings.//// (of liquid, especially spirits) Not diluted or mixed with anything else; e.g., He drank neat Scotch.// e.g., ‘And I followed that with a large shot of neat single malt whisky.’ // e.g., The young lad (= a boy or young man (often as a form of address)) behind the bar poured him half a pint of neat whiskey! // (informal) (US English) Very good; excellent; e.g., It was really neat seeing the city.// e.g., ‘I think Seattle is a very cool place and our technology is really neat.’ // e.g., One of the really neat things about conventional wisdom is that sometimes it’s true! //// (archaic) A bovine animal. (mass noun) Cattle. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/CH_cow_2_cropped.jpg

Recrimination (usually recriminations) (pronounced rɪˌkrɪmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n) = (noun) arguments between people who are blaming each other; e.g., The peace talks broke down and ended in bitter mutual recrimination(s).// e.g., Western leaders, instead of presenting a coherent ((= of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent; pronounced kəʊˈhɪə.r^ənt) policy, have repeatedly lapsed into finger-pointing and recrimination (*).// e.g., There are no tears, no recriminations.// e.g., (mass noun) There was a period of bitter recrimination.

Coherent (pronounced kə(ʊ)ˈhɪər(ə)nt) = (adjective) (of an argument, theory, or policy) logical and consistent; e.g., They failed to develop a coherent economic strategy.// e.g., Their industrial policies are coherent and substantial.// e.g., It presents a clear and coherent argument that applies historical analysis to a significant contemporary issue./// (of a person) able to speak clearly and logically; e.g., He was lucid and coherent and did not appear to be injured.// e.g., ‘In fact I was more coherent about the general approach than I can remember being.’ // e.g., He was here, in the moment, and he was totally coherent and rational (= based on or in accordance with reason or logic ).//// Forming a unified whole; e.g., The arts could be systematized into one coherent body of knowledge.// e.g., With this work, he achieves a rare artistic testimony as well as a new step in the very coherent body of his work.// e.g., Both sources must be read with the knowledge that a complete and coherent truth can never be fully retrieved.//// (Physics) (of waves) having a constant phase relationship.

Lucid (pronounced ˈluːsɪd) (My comment: being or not lucid is something important especially in case of patients with head trauma (= injury)) = (adjective) Expressed clearly; easy to understand; e.g., A lucid account.// e.g., ‘Write in a clear and lucid style.’ // e.g., The story is interesting, and remarkably lucid given the rapid pace of its telling.//e .g., It’s written in a very concrete language, very lucid, easy to understand.//// Showing or having the ability to think clearly, especially in intervals between periods of confusion or insanity; e.g., She has a few lucid moments every now and then.// e.g., This moment of lucid thinking must be alarming to the Labor Party.// e.g., In his more lucid moments, he attempts to hide behind a paradox declaring that after all he doesn’t believe his beliefs./// (Psychology) (of a dream) experienced with the dreamer feeling awake, aware of dreaming, and able to control events consciously; e.g., ‘I know I probably wasn't really awake… Maybe it was lucid dreaming?’ /// (literary) Bright or luminous; e.g., Birds dipped their wings in the lucid flow of air.// e.g., It is empty space, though space that is bright and lucid.

Confetti (pronounced kənˈfet.i) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (uncountable noun) small pieces of colored paper that you throw at a celebration, especially over two people who have just been married. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Bubbles_confetti_Dryham_Park_country_club_wedding.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Confetti_au_Moma.jpg For confetti cannon See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Confetti_canon_at_london_wedding_party.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hml4oyQA618 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T5GG6Ogf58 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lUYsmsPMEk // e.g., At midnight, we all cheered and threw confetti.// e.g., In the gardens of the hotel, the paths lay ankle-deep in scattered (scatter = throw in various random directions) confetti.

Vanity (pronounced ˈvanɪti) = (mass noun) Excessive pride in or admiration of one’s own appearance or achievements. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_Bernaert_-_%22Vanitas%22_Still_Life_-_Walters_37682.jpg and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Couture_-_Daydreams_-_Walters_3744.jpg // e.g., ‘It flattered his vanity to think I was in love with him.’ // e.g., (countable noun) The vanities and ambitions of politicians.// e.g., Once their pride and vanity has been wounded it takes a long time to recover.//// (as modifier) Denoting a person or company publishing works at the author's expense; e.g., A vanity press.// e.g., He lands a job editing manuscripts at a vanity publisher.// e.g., It’s critical, in-depth and insightful, rather than just vanity publishing./// (mass noun) The quality of being worthless or futile (= incapable of producing any useful result; pointless; pronounced ˈfjuː.taɪl ); e.g., The vanity of human wishes.// e.g., She composed another poem on the vanity of worldliness.// e.g., He was reflecting, perhaps, on the vanity of human passions.//// (North American English) A dressing table (also known as ‘duchess’ in Australian English). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Lowboy_%28PSF%29.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Dressing_table_%28PSF%29.png // e.g., ‘Instead of paint, try a colored stain to revive wood cabinets or a vanity.’

Ransack (pronounced ˈræn.sæk) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (verb with object) Go through a place stealing things and causing damage; e.g., Burglars ransacked his home.// e.g., The thieves ransacked the living room but only stole a small amount of jewelry.// e.g., The place was ransacked and the papers boxed up and stolen.// e.g., The burglars ransacked the house but found nothing valuable.// e.g., ‘I ransacked the cupboard for my ski boots’ ((**) for the previous 2 examples)./// Search a place or receptacle (= a hollow object used to contain something) thoroughly, especially in such a way as to cause harm; e.g., Man has ransacked the planet for fuel.// e.g., The rogues (= dishonest or unprincipled men) ransack the place in search of a treasure map.// e.g., He is forced to sign a ‘Permission for Search’ which allows Ford detectives to ransack his home.

Burglar = (noun) A person who commits burglary. Synonyms: housebreaker; robber.

Spell (with meaning other than ‘a form of words used as a magical charm or incantation (= a series of words said as a magic spell or charm)’) = (verb with object) Write or name the letters that form a word) in correct sequence; e.g., ‘I spelled his name.’ // e.g., (verb; no object) Journals have a house style about how to spell./// (of letters) make up or form a word; e.g., The letters spell the word ‘when.’ /// Be a sign or characteristic of; e.g., ‘She had the chic, efficient look that spells Rome./// Mean or have as a result; e.g., The plans would spell disaster for the economy.// e.g., The event could have spelled disaster for the little grocery store.// e.g., Failure to resolve this last issue quickly and effectively would have spelled disaster for the plan.//// Spell something out = (phrasal verb) Explain something in detail; e.g., ‘I’ll spell out the problem again.’ // e.g., The details of the agreement will be spelled out in a contract.// e.g., The research questions are spelled out in a very specific way.//// (noun) A short period; e.g., ‘I want to get away from racing for a spell.’ // e.g., The execution of his brother, his long spells in emigration, and the failure of the old-type revolutionaries all contributed to this difference.// e.g., It doesn’t happen very much and usually only lasts for a short spell.// e.g., His early career was interrupted by various short spells in prison for violent behavior.//// A period spent in an activity; e.g., A spell of greenhouse work.// e.g., The second half produced some excellent spells of crisp passing from Town, but defences dominated.// e.g., It was then that he began a five-year spell working full-time on Socialist Worker.//// (Australian & New Zealand English) A period of rest from work; e.g., Just before this we had an hour's spell so we would be fresh.// e.g., This spell from the action may well bring the front runners back to the field.//// (Cricket) A series of overs during a session of play in which a particular bowler bowls; e.g., He usually produces only one good spell in a Test./// (verb with object) (North American English) Allow someone to rest briefly by taking their place in an activity; e.g., ‘I got sleepy and needed her to spell me for a while at the wheel.’ // e.g., People begged him to seek help, admonished him for being stubborn, for his refusal to bring in others to spell him, for his refusal ever to leave her side./// (verb; no object) (Australian & New Zealand English) Take a brief rest; e.g., ‘I'll spell for a bit.’ //// (noun) A splinter (= a small, thin, sharp piece of wood, glass, or similar material broken off from a larger piece) of wood.

Loiter (pronounced ˈlɔɪtə) = (verb; no object; with adverbial of place) Stand or wait around without apparent purpose; e.g., She saw Ann loitering near the cloakrooms.// e.g., ‘Be especially aware of strangers loitering around ATMs.’// e.g., ‘Outside my window I could see Sebastian, my former team leader, loitering near the car park entrance.’ /// (with adverbial of direction) Walk slowly and with no apparent purpose; dawdle; e.g., The weather had tempted them to loiter along the banks of the Cherwell.// e.g., Alabaster couples loitered along the garden path, handsome, whole and serene.

Alabaster (pronounced ˌæl.əˈbæs.tə(^r) in British English and ˈæl.ə.bæs.tɚ in North American English) = (noun) a fine-grained, translucent form of gypsum, typically white, often carved into ornaments. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/39/Lioness_Bast_cosmetic_jar_83d40m_tut_burial_artifact.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Tutankhamun%27s_Alabaster_Jar.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/The_Royal_lion_hunt_reliefs_from_the_Assyrian_palace_at_Nineveh%2C_a_dying_male_lion%2C_about_645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2812254756385%29.jpg // e.g., The right honorable lady quoted the story of the woman with the alabaster jar ((**) for this example)./// (adjective) Made of alabaster.

Noel (or Noël) (pronounced nəʊˈel in British English and noʊˈel in North American English) = (noun) Christmas, especially as a refrain in carols (carol = a religious folk song or popular hymn, particularly one associated with Christmas; pronounced ˈkær.(^ə)l) and on Christmas cards. Synonyms: Yule (pronounced juːl) (literary; old use)./// e.g., So this Noel, a trip to the City’s business district may well pay off.

Yuletide (pronounced ˈjuːl.taɪd) = (literary; old fashioned) the period around Christmas; e.g., Yuletide greetings.

Dawdle (pronounced ˈdɔːd(ə)l) = (verb; no object) Waste time; be slow; e.g., ‘He mustn’t dawdle—he had to make the call now!’// e.g., They dawdled and were successful in wasting the whole period in taking a single picture each.// e.g., Those who dawdled with their doubts were diverting attention from important government work.// e.g., ‘Don’t dawdle - questions must reach us by next Thursday.’ /// (with adverbial of direction) Move slowly and idly in a particular direction; e.g., She dawdled back through the wood.// e.g., The store was very busy, as customers dawdled up and down the newly stocked aisles (aisle = a passage between rows of seats in a building such as a church or theater, an airplane, or a train).// e.g., There’s not much to do here but fish, dive and dawdle your bicycle along the island’s one path.

Pull-down = (attributive) (computing) (of a menu) Appearing below a menu title only while selected; e.g. The software’s pull-down menus and interface are also more flexible and easier to use.

Drop down = (computing) (of a menu) Appearing below a menu title when it is selected, and remaining until used or dismissed; e.g., Each channel group is updated separately and only when you select it from the drop-down menu./// Dropping down or unfolding when required; e.g., A drop-down bed.// e.g., Actually, there used to be a drop-down bar.

Interface = (noun) A point where two systems, subjects, organizations, etc. meet and interact; e.g., Coastal lands - the interface between land and sea - are of significant ecological, economic, and cultural importance.// e.g., Both works explored the interface between two cultures.// e.g., The interface between accountancy and the law./// (Physics) A surface forming a common boundary between two portions of matter or space, for example between two immiscible liquids; e.g., The surface tension of a liquid at its air/ liquid interface./// (Computing) A device or program enabling a user to communicate with a computer; e.g., A graphical user interface.// e.g., A new type of computer interface is to enable blind people to feel and hear 3D environments./// A device or program for connecting two items of hardware or software so that they can be operated jointly or communicate with each other; e.g., An application program interface./// (verb; no object) Interact with another system, person, etc.// e.g., ‘You will interface with counterparts from sister companies.’ // e.g., All systems will have to be automated and operating, and control systems will have to be able to interface with medical systems.// e.g., A major step for the DWP pension fund would be to create a committee to interface with independent auditors./// (Computing) Connect with another computer or piece of equipment by an interface; e.g., The hotel’s computer system can interface automatically with the booking system.// e.g., (verb with object) A device which can be interfaced with a computer.

Scabbard (pronounced ˈskabəd) = (noun) A sheath for the blade of a sword or dagger, typically made of leather or metal. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/PageMuseum_of_Scotland_scabbard.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Arms_and_Armor.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Samurai_wearing_a_nodachi_%28field_sword%29.png /// e.g., The scabbard was leather, with white metal designs of dragons breathing flame imprinted on to it.// e.g., A ceremonial sword hung (it’s hang-hung-hung) at his side in a gilded scabbard.// e.g., He sheathed (sheath = a close-fitting cover for something, especially something that is elongated in shape, in particular) his dagger (= a short, pointed knife that is sharp on both sides, used especially in the past as a weapon (*)) into a scabbard he kept under his pillow, and looked around, embarrassed./// A sheath of a gun or other weapon or tool.

Crenelate (US English) (or crenellate in UK English) (pronounced ˈkrɛn(ə)leɪt) = (usually as adjective crenellated (or crenelated in US English)) (historical) Provide a wall of a building with battlements. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Arg-e_Bam_Tower.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cooling_Castle%2C_2011.jpg/250px-Cooling_Castle%2C_2011.jpg and http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Images/maxstok.JPG /// e.g., The Abbey of Quarr had been licensed to crenelate its buildings.// e.g., To the left of this tower are the walls that surround the basilica itself, as solid and crenelated as a castle keep.// e.g., The glass structure that enclosed them had a crenellated top suggestive of historic armories.

Start-up = (mass noun) The action or process of setting something in motion; e.g., The start-up of marketing in Europe.// (as modifier) e.g., Start-up costs.// e.g., A downturn in workload in Scotland had led the firm to try and increase business south of the Border which led to the group being hit by start-up costs./// (countable noun) A newly established business; e.g., The town was also one of the highest performers in the North-west for business start-ups.// e.g., Mr. Smith will address New York delegates on what makes successful business start-ups.// e.g., Problems facing start-ups and small firms in rural areas.

Gullet (pronounced ˈɡʌlɪt) = (noun) The passage by which food passes from the mouth to the stomach; the oesophagus (‘esophagus’ in North American English). Also known colloquially as food pipe. See (red) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Tractus_intestinalis_esophagus.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Illu_esophagus.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXBLjgI8rwo // e.g., The corrosive chemicals are irritating to the delicate lining of the gullet.// e.g., Contact may be with your skin, or with the lining of your lungs, mouth, gullet, stomach or intestine.

Complicit (not to be confused with ‘explicit’) = (adjective) Involved with others in an activity that is unlawful or morally wrong; e.g., Doping is very, very seldom accidental and almost always involves people complicit in the effort.// e.g., The press has been complicit in turning a blind eye to the government’s record.// e.g., Search engines and advertisers have become complicit in the same self-delusion.// e.g., The international Amnesty accuses the EU (European Union) of being complicit in migrants’ abuse in Libya (from the media).

Flute (musical instrument) is pronounced fluːt

Cloakroom = (noun) A room in a public building where coats and other outwear may be left temporarily. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Garderobe_01.jpg // e.g., From cloakroom attendant at The Cavern to hostess of a thousand Blind Dates, she remains one of our best-loved entertainers.//// In the UK, a cloakroom may also refer to a lavatory (= toiler) ((*****) for this definition)

Garderobe (pronounced ˈɡɑːdrəʊb) = (noun) a historic term for a room in a medieval castle; a store-room for valuables; a private room, a bed-chamber or also a privy. Its most common use now is as a term for a castle toilet. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Garderobe%2C_Peveril_Castle%2C_Derbyshire.jpg

Freshwater = (noun) Of or found in fresh water; not of the sea; e.g., Freshwater and marine fish.// e.g., Fishing is another popular activity as the lake is home to 80 varieties of freshwater fish./// (informal) (US English) (especially of a school or college) Situated in a remote or obscure (= not known to many people; pronounced əbˈskjʊər) area; provincial.

Excursion (not to be confused with ''incursion'' (= an invasion or attack, especially a sudden or brief one)) (My comment: I am sure most of you know this word, but I refer to it to learn its other than ‘trip’ meanings)= (noun) A short journey or trip, especially one engaged in as a leisure activity; e.g., An excursion to the London Zoo./// A deviation from a regular activity or course; e.g., The firm’s disastrous excursion into the US electrical market.// e.g., To understand the underlying basis of the Buteyko method and related methods, a short excursion to the root of the problem may help.// e.g., From there the album takes a short excursion into a more experimental direction that isn't quite as satisfying./// (technical) A movement of something along a path or through an angle; e.g., Large excursions of the hip and knee joint.// e.g., The self-referencing vibrating probe oscillated along an excursion of 10 m.

Bullet point = (noun) Each of several items in a list, typically the ideas or arguments in an article or presentation and typically printed with a bullet before each for emphasis. For example

· A

· B

· C

See https://www.veodin.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Example.png and https://libroediting.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/3-what-not-to-do-word-forms.png and // e.g., ‘So, for you here’s a bullet point list of what I’ve been doing while I've been away, just so that we can all catch up:

· Having a frustrating moving day.’

English Language Lessons

English Language Lessons

Friday, July 5, 2019

TIPS for English (21): Words(I) (k)

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