· Deli = short for ‘delicatessen’ = (noun) A store selling cold cuts, cheeses, and a variety of salads, as well as a selection of unusual or foreign prepared foods e.g., Many supermarkets, butcher shops, delicatessens and gourmet food stores spit-roast chickens right on the premises (premise = a house or building, together with its land and outbuildings, occupied by a business or considered in an official context).
· Cold cuts = (US English) Slices of cold cooked or processed meat. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Cold_cuts.jpg and http://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/istock_000056582724_small.jpg?resize=1100x740 and http://www.divinogroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Cold-cuts-platter.jpg
· Extracurricular activity = (adjective) (of activity at a school or college) pursued in addition to the normal course of study e.g., Extracurricular activities include sports, drama, music, chess etc.
· ''I have studied at Bachelor’s degree (not ‘diploma’) where I got a merit/ distinction'' (‘distinction’ cannot be used as a verb; e.g., We don’t say ‘I was distinctioned’) (Note: merit is a passing grade in an examination denoting above-average performance e.g., ‘If you expect to pass, why not go for a merit or a distinction?’)
· ‘Yet’ goes with a question and negative clause, while ‘already’ goes with a question and affirmative clause e.g., ‘Have you finished yet?’ ‘No, I haven’t finished yet.’// e.g., Have you studied already?’ ‘Yes, I have already studied/ studied already.’
· Expert on e.g., ‘I am expert on viruses’.// e.g., ‘I am expert on American history.’ // We've asked to interview an expert on foreign policy.’/// In some occasions we may use ‘expert in’ that makes the emphasis slightly heavier on the person who has an expertise (pronouncedˌek.spɜːˈtiːz), while on places some emphasis on the subject in which expertise is shown, e.g., ‘My brother is an expert in foreign policy.’// e.g., Economist is an expert in economics.// e.g., He was widely regarded by colleagues as one of the leading experts in his field.// e.g., Experts in child development./// Expert may also go with ‘at’; e.g., My mother is an expert at dress-making (^^^ for this example).
· Overpass = (noun) A bridge by which a road or railroad passes over another. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/High_Five.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Overpass_501x229.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Wilson_Avenue_overpass.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Berkeley_I-80_bridge_02.jpg/1200px-Berkeley_I-80_bridge_02.jpg // e.g., New overpass opens to the public in China (from the media).// e.g., It also involves dismounting to clear bridges, under bridges, overpasses, signs, culverts and guard rails./// (verb) Pass over; traverse e.g., She had never been more than 5 miles out of Bennett, but they had overpassed that mark earlier that day.
· Differ (pronounced ˈdɪf.ə(r))) = (verb) Be unlike or dissimilar e.g., The second set of data differed from the first.// e.g., Widely differing circumstances.// e.g., Tastes differ./// Disagree e.g., He differed from his contemporaries in ethical matters.// e.g., Another problem is differing interpretations of what it means to use a client-side certificate.
· Futile (pronounced ˈfjuː.taɪl) = (adjective) Incapable of producing any useful result; pointless e.g., A futile attempt to keep fans from mounting the stage.// e.g., They don’t show an act of suicide but an attempt, however futile, to escape death .// e.g., Although residents put up pockets of resistance, their attempts were largely futile.
· Barricade (pronounced ˈbær.ɪ.keɪd or bær.ɪˈkeɪd) = (noun) An improvised barrier erected across a street or other thoroughfare to prevent or delay the movement of opposing forces. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Barykada.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Horace_Vernet-Barricade_rue_Soufflot.jpg and https://thefunambulistdotnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/barricade-paris-1945.jpg and http://www.johnnyonthespot.com/wp-content/uploads/barricade-panels.png and http://www.trafficsafetywarehouse.com/images/Plasticade%20Angle%20Iron.JPG and https://islamgreatreligion.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/delhi_gang_rape_protest61.jpg // e.g., Huge concrete and steel barricades were erected to prevent demonstrators from getting anywhere near the venue, while surrounding streets were completely blocked off./// (verb) Block or defend with an improvised barrier e.g., He barricaded the door with a bureau.
· Thoroughfare = (noun) A road or path forming a route between two places. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdDFZZ830xU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqbE7RgOyOQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLdXGzu85x0 and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Widok_na_tunel_i_Plac_na_Rozdro%C5%BCu.JPG and https://www.ite.org/css/online/img/Figure9-21.jpg // e.g., By night the City Mall turns into a thoroughfare for people moving between the City's most popular nightspots./// The main road in a town e.g., The march passed through the town's main thoroughfares and ended outside the local press club.
· Boulevard (pronounced ˈbuː.lə.vɑːd) (abbreviation Blvd) = (noun) a wide road in a city, usually with trees on each side or along the center. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Bogot%C3%A1_-_avenida_Parkway%2C_localidad_de_Teusaquillo.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Roxas_Boulevard.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Stra%C3%9Fe_des_17._juni.brandenburger_tor.night.JPG // e.g., We strolled along the boulevard (^^).
· Propagation = (mass noun) The breeding of specimens of a plant or animal by natural processes from the parent stock. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzwVKZ6UoGM // e.g., The propagation of plants by root cuttings.// (as modifier) e.g., Propagation techniques such as grafting./// Reproduction by natural processes e.g., Hunting regulations ensure the propagation of the species.// e.g., Asexual propagation is the primary mode of reproduction./// The action of widely spreading and promoting an idea, theory, etc. e.g., A life devoted to the propagation of the Catholic faith.// e.g., The propagation of ideas was important. /// Transmission of motion, light, sound, etc. in a particular direction or through a medium e.g., The propagation of radio waves through space.// e.g., The physics of light propagation.
· Resume (vs) Résumé
· Resume (as a verb) (pronounced rɪˈzjuːm) = (verb) Begin to do or pursue something again after a pause or interruption e.g., A day later, normal service was resumed.// e.g., Music concert resumes after threat concerns (from the media)
· Resume (or résumé) (as a noun) (pronounced ˈrɛzjʊmeɪ) = A summary e.g., ‘I gave him a quick resume of events.’/// (US English) Another term for CV.
· Schnozzle (plural = schnozzles) (pronounced ˈʃnɒz.əl) = (informal) (humorous) (slang) The human nose, especially one that is large. Source: https://en.wictionary.org/wiki/schnozzle
· Meager (pronounced ˈmi·ɡər) = (adjective) (of something provided or available) Lacking in quantity or quality e.g., They were forced to supplement their meager earnings.// He is of a meager intellect.// e.g., A meager diet of bread and beans./// (of a person or animal) lean; thin e.g., A tall, meager man.
· Cackle = (verb) (of a bird, typically a hen or goose) Give a raucous, clucking cry. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFmYsFNra0k and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qc2usu1QsDk For cackle laugh See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B08BAHGJ_bM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uHYJ546ZJ6E // e.g. The hen was cackling as if demented.// e.g., Cackling, whooping cries./// Make a harsh, raucous sound when laughing e.g., She cackled with laughter./// (with direct speech) ‘“Ah ha!” he cackled.’
· Raucous (pronounced ˈrɔː.kəs) = (adjective) Making or constituting a disturbingly harsh and loud noise. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJLGfszRpj0 For raucous laughter See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5FDxxGMyQU e.g., Raucous youths.// e.g., The atmosphere gets high spirited - with heckling and raucous laughter.// e.g., Suddenly, he began to laugh, a loud and raucous sound it was, almost making you feel ashamed to be next to him.
· Cluck = (intransitive verb) To make the low interrupted noise that a chicken makes. For clucking chicken See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aq-be7Y_yyY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WeBPE7xdTH4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZG3NlOgy0Zo // (transitive or intransitive verb) (informal) to express disapproval or other emotion by making a short, sharp sound with your tongue. For a baby clucking its tongue See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9052ydsUFkE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1fxrEw47AE // e.g., To cluck in disapproval/ amazement.// e.g., He shakes his head, smiles, and clucks his tongue./// (intransitive verb) (informal) To express an unnecessary amount of sympathy, worry, or approval towards someone e.g., The attendants clucked and fussed over passengers (^^).
· Fuss = (intransitive verb) to give too much attention to small matters that aren’t important, usually in a way that shows that you are worried and not relaxed e.g., ‘It irritates me the way she’s always fussing with her hair.// e.g., ‘Please stop fussing – the food’s cooking and there’s nothing more to do until the guests arrive.’/// (transitive verb) (US English) To make someone nervous and angry by trying to get their attention when they are very busy e.g., ‘Don’t fuss me, honey, I’ve got a whole pile of work to do.’ /// Fuss over something/ somebody = (phrasal verb) to give something or somebody too much attention because you want to show that you like them e.g., She’s always fussing over that son of hers as if he were a little boy (^^).
· Bewilderment (pronounced bɪˈwɪl.də.mənt) = (mass noun) A feeling of being perplexed and confused e.g., ‘I'm not alone in my complete sense of bewilderment over the success of this movie.’// e.g., There was bewilderment at the shift of government policy.// e.g., The three of them looked at him in bewilderment
· Scut = (noun) The short tail of a hare, rabbit, or deer. For a rabbit’s scut See https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwUvZhGq9i-67jAWjDb1UbuzvHAZ87Qxk0INY980C6T_4ljpc6PUk8H6X_QG7GszkEuMlSWw-nj2-CZafZB7mUmoJLrw6frDRsIrwD6mbsL4jqmS6hv91LbIo1GgFIodyJnxiYIwbtqT6v/?imgmax=800 and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Sylvilagus_audubonii_showing_tail.jpg For a deer’s scut See http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/Stag1.jpg /// A person perceived as foolish, contemptible, or objectionable e.g., ‘I recently fought tooth and nail with a young scut of a 28-year-old over dancing rights.’
· Hum (pronounced hʌm) (not to be confused with ‘ham’ (= meat from the upper part of a pig's leg salted and dried or smoked)) = (verb) Make a low, steady continuous sound like that of a bee. For humming bees See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yjY1grrC3w and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vKEUJaQcPrg For hamming frog See http://museum.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/imagecache/wam_v2_page_full_gallery/photo-galleries/247_1.jpeg // e.g., The computers hummed./// Smell unpleasant e.g., When the wind drops this stuff really hums./// (noun) A low, steady, continuous sound e.g., The hum of insects./// (exclamation) Used to express hesitation or dissent (= disagreement) e.g., ‘Ah, hum, Elaine, isn't it?’
· Hummingbird (pronounced ˈhʌmɪŋbəːd) (1 word) = (noun) A small nectar-feeding tropical American bird that can hover and fly backward, and typically has colorful iridescent plumage. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Trinidad_and_Tobago_hummingbirds_composite.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Purple-throated_carib_hummingbird_feeding.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Haeckel_Trochilidae.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUEZkwJulBY and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/d2/3a/6e/d23a6e93136a70cdaba35b1ae8d080a3.jpg
· Mutter (pronounced ˈmʌt.ə(r)) (not to be confused with ‘matter’) = (noun) A barely audible utterance, especially a dissatisfied or irritated one e.g., A little mutter of disgust.// e.g., ‘I got a room at the hotel,’ she said in a mutter, her words slurred.’ // (reporting verb) Say something in a low or barely audible voice, especially in dissatisfaction or irritation.// (verb with object) e.g., He muttered something under his breath.// e.g., He muttered an utterance.// (with direct speech) e.g., ‘I knew she was a troublemaker,’ Jenny muttered.// (verb; no object) e.g., He muttered in annoyance as the keys slid from his fingers./// (verb; no object) Speak privately or unofficially about someone or something; spread rumors e.g., When she disappeared, people began to mutter.
· Imbecile (pronounced ˈɪm.bə.siːl) = (noun) A stupid person e.g., ‘No matter what you call the mentally deficient, that term will come to be an insult when applied to people of ordinary intellectual capacity, and not long after it will be seen as an insult to the true idiots, imbeciles, and so forth.’// e.g., In the 18th Century, imbeciles but not idiots could be executed for capital offenses.// e.g., He even goes as far as to proclaim that we are foolish, imbeciles, insane and lunatics, if that what his term ‘idiocy’ translates as./// (adjective) (attributive) Stupid; idiotic e.g., ‘Try not to make imbecile remarks.’
· Whoose = (verb) Move or cause to move quickly or suddenly with a rushing sound. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_uCK92jrK0Q and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUxyg_DFMfM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDfosq2rQho e.g., A train whooshed by./// A sudden movement accompanied by a rushing sound e.g., There was a big whoosh of air./// (exclamation) Used to imitate a rushing movement and sound e.g., ‘And then, just when he has finished building a double-digit lead in the polls, whoosh!’
· Swoosh (not exactly the same with ‘woosh’) = (noun) The sound produced by a sudden rush of air or liquid. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0l2HjOb6TXw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FF-aHYWBkQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5HepYhmDm4 // e.g., The swoosh of a surf./// (verb) Move with a swoosh e.g., Swooshing down beautiful ski slopes.
· Swish (not to be confused with ‘Swiss’ (= relating to Switzerland)) = (noun) A hissing or rustling sound. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mE7U-Eyht6U and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rt1SANhsgq0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv8L0JD-yHc // e.g., He could hear the swish of a distant car./// A shot that goes through the basket without touching the backboard or rim. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-4z3u3gRnc and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6v1avx0PVZI // e.g., Three shots, three swishes; these somehow lifted the sense of occasion./// An effeminate male homosexual./// (verb) Μove with a hissing or rushing sound e.g., A car swished by./// Sink a shot without the ball touching the backboard or rim e.g., ‘After Arizona hit a three-pointer of its own, I again swished a shot from behind the arc, and we trailed by only two with thirty seconds left to go.’/// (adjective) (of a man) Effeminate./// Impressively attractive and fashionable e.g., Dinner at a swish hotel.
· Yelp = noun) A short, sharp cry, especially of pain or alarm. For a dog yelping See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtB9BooO2bc and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yH6gTKdLgvo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8enSAB8XcAE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DmtgJv97-U For a baby’s yelp See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMKS1r448gw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5KPgROPPC0 // e.g., She uttered a yelp as she bumped into a table./// (verb) Utter a short, sharp cry of pain or alarm e.g., My dogs were yelping at Linus.
· Rust = (noun) A reddish- or yellowish-brown flaky coating of iron oxide that is formed on iron or steel by oxidation, especially in the presence of moisture. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XW-XdDe6j0 and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Rust_on_iron.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Rust_wedge.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rust_on_iron.jpg/310px-Rust_on_iron.jpg For iron rust See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rust_on_iron.jpg/310px-Rust_on_iron.jpg // e.g., A blackened heap of rust and iron, the old stove sat in the corner of the living room./// A fungal disease of plants that results in reddish or brownish patches. See https://funflowerfacts.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/fungal-rust-flickr.jpg and http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/Basidiomycetes/Article%20Images/WhitePine08.jpg // e.g., Many rust diseases are very specialized and have just one or two hosts./// (verb) Be affected with rust. Synonyms: corrode, oxidize// e.g., The blades had rusted away.// e.g., Rusting machinery.
· Rusty = (adjective) (of a metal object) affected by rust (= a reddish- or yellowish-brown flaky coating of iron oxide that is formed on iron or steel by oxidation, especially in the presence of moisture). See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XW-XdDe6j0 and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Rust_on_iron.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Rust_wedge.jpg // e.g., A rusty hinge./// (of knowledge or skill) impaired by lack of recent practice e.g., ‘My typing is a little rusty.’
· Rustle (pronounced rʌs(ə)l) = (noun) A soft, muffled crackling sound like that made by the movement of dry leaves or paper. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wfg4h6CVqo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uftblhnw5fA // e.g., There was a rustle in the undergrowth behind her./// (verb) Make a soft, muffled crackling sound like that caused by the movement of dry leaves or paper e.g., She came closer, her skirt swaying and rustling./// Roundup and steal cattle, horses, or sheep. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=775BXg3Fl7E // e.g., In 1875, Dan was one of a coterie of five thieves rustling cattle and horses in southeastern Wyoming.
· Bobcat = (noun) A small North American cat species with a barred and spotted coat and a short tail. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Bobcat2.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Bobcat500.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Bobbie_2010_2.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtPFOP0TM24 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gg2HTHt02sA
· Compel = (verb) Force or oblige someone to do something e.g., A sense of duty compelled him to answer her questions.// e.g., ‘After I left the parking lot of the store, something compelled me to drive around.’/// Bring about something using force or pressure e.g., They may compel a witness's attendance at court by the issue of a summons./// (literary) Drive forcibly.
· Compelling = (adjective) Evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerfully irresistible way e.g., His eyes were strangely compelling.// e.g., A compelling film.// e.g., But try though she might, she could not succeed in drawing attention to this compelling side of her./// Not able to be refuted; inspiring conviction e.g., A compelling argument./// e.g., e.g., Compelling evidence./// Not able to be resisted; overwhelming e.g., The temptation to give up was compelling.// e.g., ‘The only standard I care about in advertising is accuracy - and it's the only area in which the state, as the regulator of commerce, has any compelling interest to interfere.’
· Refute = (verb with object) Prove a statement or theory to be wrong or false; disprove e.g., These claims have not been convincingly refuted.// e.g., To be useful to scholars a proposition must be falsifiable - there must be something which could, in theory, refute the statement.// e.g., This argument can be refuted by deriving a contradiction./// Prove that someone is wrong e.g., But one cannot refute Howard by suggesting that his intervention somehow ‘disrupts’ the study of history./// Deny or contradict a statement or accusation e.g., A spokesman refuted the allegation of bias.
· Whine (not to be confused with ‘wine’) (pronounced waɪn) = (noun) A long, high-pitched complaining cry. For a dog whining https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=klTq2zx5ocI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pi1BUQ5Kip8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXSblZUHZ-8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0-wyjCAIaM // e.g., The dog gave a small whine./// (verb) Give or make a long, high-pitched complaining cry or sound e.g., The dog whined and scratched at the back door.
· Whimper = (noun) A low, feeble sound expressive of fear or pain e.g., She gave a little whimper of protest./// (verb) (of a person or animal) Make a series of low, feeble sounds expressive of fear, pain, or discontent. For a whimpering baby See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQ1WTwA3AFM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RNQaPPjRD0 For a whimpering dog See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gopyp-80XnQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ks4GGIJtfu0 // e.g., A child in a bed nearby began to whimper.
· School (related to fish) = (noun) a large number of sea creatures swimming in a group e.g., A school of dolphins/ whales (^^) For a school of sardines See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Sardines_-_%E9%B0%AF%28%E3%81%84%E3%82%8F%E3%81%97%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sardines.ogv/220px--Sardines.ogv.jpg
· Shoal (pronounced ʃəʊl) = (noun) Many fish swimming together. For shoaling and schooling (fish) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Large_fish_school.png/400px-Large_fish_school.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Maldives_Surgeonfish%2C_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg/1200px-Maldives_Surgeonfish%2C_Acanthurus_leucosternon.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Sardines_-_%E9%B0%AF%28%E3%81%84%E3%82%8F%E3%81%97%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sardines.ogv/220px--Sardines.ogv.jpg // e.g., A shoal of bream (= a freshwater fish)./// An area of shallow water, especially as a navigational hazard. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aR7ruyuVeGo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5FCmBYS0rpI // e.g., Two of the four ships managed to escape while the two others sought shelter in a shallow area of the shoal .//// (verb) (of fish) Form shoals e.g., Those of the 57 entrants in Sunday's Tadcaster open not drawn in the bottom field struggled on a clear Wharfe at Smaws Ings as the fish shoaled up above the weir./// (of water) Become shallower e.g., Such vertical facies changes indicate that water depth generally shoaled as sediment supply exceeded the formation of accommodation space, probably as global sea level fell./// (adjective) (of water) Shallow e.g., The ship deployed her mooring legs in a precision anchoring evolution less than 1,200 yards from shoal water.
· Boatswain (pronounced ˈbəʊs(ə)n) or bosun (pronounced ˈbəʊ.sən) = (noun) A ship's officer in charge of equipment and the crew. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Royal_Navy_Boatswain_1820.jpg/200px-Royal_Navy_Boatswain_1820.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Boatswain_piping.jpg/1280px-Boatswain_piping.jpg // e.g., He served in the merchant marines as a boatswain and a machinist's mate when ships were going to places of interest.
· Bugle (pronounced ˈbjuː.ɡ(ə)l) = (noun) A brass instrument like a small trumpet, typically without valves or keys and used for military signals. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Naval_Militia_Bugler_NGM-v31-p346.jpg/170px-Naval_Militia_Bugler_NGM-v31-p346.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/13/Bugle_logo2.png // e.g., This military role was later assumed by the bugle or trumpet in the west./// A creeping plant of the mint family with blue flowers held on upright stems. See https://maxpull-gdvuch3veo.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ajuga-bugleweed1.jpg /// (verb) Sound a bugle e.g., In fact, in response to George's protests, the first Confederate, Henry Longshackle, began bugling even more loudly.
· Neigh (pronounced neɪ) = (noun) A characteristic high-pitched sound uttered by a horse. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vSmiq7CrCk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Fby-7z_JpE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cHAf9PDhfGA // e.g., Just as they did this all of the horses let out a fearful neigh, and took off running./// (verb) (of a horse) Make a characteristic high-pitched sound; utter a neigh e.g., Inside each of the four buildings a horse neighed, stamped or whinnied.
· Stamp (as a verb) = verb) Bring down one's foot heavily on the ground or something on the ground. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1bsJMcbnqyI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFGfnt-KF9c // e.g., He stamped his foot in frustration./// Impress a pattern or mark, especially an official one, on a surface, object, or document using an engraved or inked block or die or another instrument. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_QvkxWCCEc // e.g., The woman stamped my passport./// Affix a postage stamp or stamps onto a letter or package. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR8uDphg-5Q // e.g., Annie stamped the envelope for her./// Crush or pulverize ore. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XbdLI_WZSPo // e.g., The ore was stamped fine, roasted, and amalgamated in combination pans without grinding.
· Stomp (also known as a stamp) = a downwards strike with the heel of the foot from the stand-up position and is usually directed at the head or body of a downed opponent (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Marines_stomp_combat_boot.jpg
· Affix (pronounced əˈfɪks) = (noun) An additional element placed at the beginning or end of a root, stem, or word, or in the body of a word, to modify its meaning. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=018NiF7bm5M and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PN1DxuVt4hI // e.g., Languages that work like this, where whole phrases or clauses can be formed in one word by attaching affixes to noun stems or verbs, are called polysynthetic./// (verb) Stick, attach, or fasten something to something else e.g., He licked the stamp and affixed it to the envelope.
· Headstrong = (adjective) Self-willed and obstinate e.g., ‘I am headstrong and like getting my way.’
· Snicker (vs) Sneakers!
·Snicker = (noun) A smothered laugh; a snigger. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxiMVZyfkbo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSud47h3mbo // // e.g., There were a few snickers as kids laughed at what everyone thought was a joke./// (verb) Give a smothered or half-suppressed laugh; snigger e.g., For a good five minutes, we laughed, snickered, giggled, and chuckled our tension away./// (My comment: Snickers™ chocolate bar is a chocolate bar brand. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/97/Snickers-broken.png and https://sc02.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1Gbz4KXXXXXX.XpXXq6xXFXXXK/Snickers-Chocolate-Bar-50g.jpg )
· Sneakers = (noun) soft shoes with a rubber sole worn for sports or casual occasions. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Black_Converse_sneakers.JPG/1200px-Black_Converse_sneakers.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EVD-tenis-050.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/New_Balance_750v1.jpg and http://static.highsnobiety.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/23091457/best-30-sneakers-2016-so-far-11.jpg // e.g., We are a casual footwear brand for the sneaker-wearing generation.
· Snigger = (verb) Give a smothered or half-suppressed laugh.// Synonym = snicker.// See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxiMVZyfkbo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSud47h3mbo e.g., The boys at school were sure to snigger at him behind his back./// (noun) A smothered or half-suppressed laugh.
· In the fullness of time = after a due length of time has elapsed; eventually e.g., ‘He'll tell us in the fullness of time.’
· Pant = (adjective) Breathing with short, quick breaths; out of breath. For a panting dog See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gOyqvF0ox4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuP93CQ1yj0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AiFSYyDd-58 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bmwcisXvvs // e.g., A panting dog./// (Verb) Breathe with short, quick breaths, typically from exertion or excitement e.g., He was panting when he reached the top.
· Breath (noun) (vs) Breathe (verb). Respiration (noun) (respiration= the action of breathing e.g., Opiates (such as heroin) affect respiration (My comment as a medic: actually, opiates depress respiration).
· Shriek (pronounced ʃriːk) = (noun) A high-pitched piercing cry or sound; a scream. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=re0T8CwDjR0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRn6R-m4xNQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NB1emYUgzZk // e.g., Shrieks of laughter./// (verb) Utter a high-pitched, piercing sound or words, especially as an expression of terror, pain, or excitement e.g., The audience shrieked with laughter.
· Gulp (pronounced ɡʌlp) = (noun) An act of gulping food or drink e.g., She swallowed the rest of the coffee with a gulp./// (verb) Swallow drink or food quickly or in large mouthfuls, often audibly. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Pelican_swallowing_a_fish_part_4.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=312N7llSkzo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPJvedH3UQk e.g., He smiled and gulped his milk.
·Guzzle = (verb) Eat or drink something greedily. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5o0crihrmU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbCZKwLrynQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_gAxHhI4Gg // e.g., We guzzle our beer and devour our pizza.
· Mane (pronounced meɪn) = (noun) Growth of long hair on the neck of a horse, lion, or another animal. For a horse’s mane See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Schwarzwaelder-kaltblut.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/BandedMane.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/FrenchBraidMane.jpg and http://cdn0.wideopenpets.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/mane-7.jpg and https://stylephd.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/horse-mane-head-eyes-485x728.jpg For a lion’s mane See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/HansomeLion_002.jpg and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/c3/a2/fc/c3a2fc28300d4dc9ad64786f1a03a767.jpg and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/2b/94/05/2b940502a0612be7f974572b16a2ece2.jpg // e.g., Male lions develop thick woolly manes on the neck and shoulders, signifying maturity.
· Cogent (pronounced ˈkəʊ.dʒ(ə)nt) = (adjective) (of an argument or case) clear, logical, and convincing e.g., Given the scope of Internet use by the general public, this is no longer a relevant or cogent argument.// e.g., The judge rejected that argument in a cogent and wholly convincing judgment.// e.g., The case for war has not been presented using any cogent and compelling arguments.// e.g., ‘This is something I've been thinking about for a while now, and hopefully, it comes out somewhat coherent and cogent.’
· Resolution = (My comment: from all these meanings I am sure most know the last meaning, ‘display resolution’!) (noun) A firm decision to do or not to do something e.g., He kept her resolution not to see Mary anymore.// e.g., A New Year's resolution.// e.g., The local people were firmer in their resolution to end violence and bloodshed.//// A formal expression of opinion or intention agreed on by a legislative body or another formal meeting, typically after taking a vote. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxcdSTMMAuY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lw-_hswJlSE // e.g., The conference passed two resolutions.// e.g., When the board next meets on February 15, members will vote on a formal resolution to ban smoking in public.// e.g., During the meeting six different resolutions were moved and passed.// e.g., Activists need to call members’ meetings where they pass resolutions calling for an escalation of the action./// (mass noun) The quality of being determined or resolute e.g., He handled the last British actions of the war with resolution.// e.g., The victory will depend on courage, resolution, and a determination to defend what we value - leaders are right to remind us of this./// (mass noun) The action of solving a problem or contentious (= causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial) matter e.g., The peaceful resolution of all disputes.// (countable noun) e.g. A successful resolution to the problem./// (Music) The passing of discord into a concord during changing harmony e.g., Tension is released by the resolution from the dominant to the tonic chord./// (Medicine) The disappearance of a symptom or condition e.g., Complete remission was defined as resolution of clinical evidence of disease.// e.g., An indeterminate outcome was defined as resolution of signs and symptoms of infection with a need for continued antimicrobial suppression.// e.g., In pneumonia, the Chest X-ray pathological appearance will improve when resolution process is complete, and this may take longer to come to normal (my example)./// (mass noun) (Chemistry) The process of reducing or separating something into constituent parts or components e.g., This improved separation efficiency gives sharper peaks that give better resolution, or faster separations, compared with conventional HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) separations.//// (Physics) The replacing of a single force or other vector quantity by two or more jointly equivalent to it e.g., Bunsen discussed his work on this problem with Kirchhoff, who pointed the way to a method based on the prismatic resolution of the colors of flames into their separate parts./// The smallest interval measurable by a telescope or other scientific instrument; the resolving power e.g., The new altitude would multiply the resolution of the measurements that Cassini's (= the space mission to examine Saturn and its moons, of which the 'Cassini' orbiter was a part *****) instruments could make at Enceladus (= a satellite of Saturn, the eighth closest to the planet) by a factor of nearly 6.//// (mass noun) The degree of detail visible in a photographic or television image e.g., A high-resolution monitor.// e.g., Also the image of the ship was getting a more clear resolution and more detail could be seen./// (mass noun) The conversion of something abstract into another form e.g., The gradual resolution of an uncertain feeling into a named emotion.//// (Prosody) The substitution of two short syllables for one long one e.g., The resolution of a long (or presumed long), syllable into two shorts is a common feature of verse composition./// Display resolution = (related to digital TV, computer monitor or display device) the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed on a display device (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Vector_Video_Standards8.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Fatty_watching_himself_on_TV.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c5/HAM6example.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Torak.gif // e.g., Computer display resolutions (e.g. VGA 640 × 480, WUXGA 1920 × 1200, WHUXGA 7680x4800 (36864K) etc.) (*****).
· An end in itself = (phrase) A goal that is pursued in its own right to the exclusion of others e.g., Competition is not an end in itself.// e.g., Children must be made to know that they exist for the society in which they live, rather than seeing the family as an end in itself.// e.g., Selling quality food overseas is not just an end in itself.
· Crouch (pronounced kraʊtʃ)= (intransitive verb) to bend your knees and lower yourself so that you are close to the ground and leaning forward slightly (typically in order to avoid detection or to defend oneself); squat.// (My comment: like a cat!). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Court_3_ballboy_%289156709974%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Walter_de_Maria_Vertikaler_Erdkilometer.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Michael_Votter.jpg For crouching cat See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_VY_7pRUEVU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_Yx6bRo_m0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28gS3t1nJLI // e.g., I saw him coming and crouched (down) behind a bush (^^).// e.g., We crouched down in the trench.// e.g., Martha was crouched before the fire.
· Inexorable (pronounced ɪˈnek.s(ə)r.ə.bl) = (adjective) continuing without any possibility of being stopped e.g., The inexorable progress of science (^^)./// Inexorably (adverb) e.g., These events led inexorably to war (^^).
· Process is pronounced ˈprəʊsɛs both as a noun (e.g., The peace process (^^^)) and a verb (e.g., VISAS applications take 28 days to process). However, in US English the verb is pronounced ˈprəʊsɛs. As a verb with the meaning of walking slowly (e.g., ‘I watched them process down the aisle’ (^^^)) it is pronounced prəˈsɛs.
· At close quarters/range = (idiom) (phrase) (from) a short distance away e.g., ‘When you see famous people at close quarters, they always appear much smaller than you imagine them.’ // e.g., The victim was shot at close range (^^).
· Invective = (noun) criticism that is very forceful, unkind and often rude e.g., A stream of invective from some sectors of the press continues to assail the government (^^).// e.g., He let out a stream of invective.
· Assail (the noun is assailant) = (transitive verb) to attack someone violently or criticize someone strongly e.g., The victim had been assailed with repeated blows to the head and body.// e.g., He was assailed with insults and abuse as he left the court./// (transitive verb; often passive) To cause someone to experience a lot of unpleasant things e.g., To be assailed by doubts/ fears/ problems (^^).
· Forthcoming = (adjective) (before a noun) happening soon e.g., We have just received the information about the forthcoming conference (^^).// e.g., The Prime Minister will also discuss this with the Chinese premier (= prime minister or other head of government) during his forthcoming visit to the UK.
· Mandate (pronounced ˈmæn.deɪt) = (noun) the authority given to an elected group of people, such as a government, to perform an action or govern a country e.g., At the forthcoming (= happening soon) elections the government will be seeking a fresh mandate from the people.// (+ to infinitive) e.g., The president secured the Congressional mandate to go to war by 3 votes./// The name of an area of land that has been given to a country by the UN (United Nations), following or as a part of a peace agreement./// (transitive verb) To give official permission for something to happen e.g., The UN rush to mandate war totally ruled out any alternatives./// (mainly US English) To order someone to do something e.g., Our delegates have been mandated to vote against the proposal at the conference (^^).
· Freighter = (noun) a large ship or aircraft carrying goods (^^); a cargo ship. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/MV_American_Tern_at_McMurdo_Sound.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Container_Ship.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Colombo.Express.wmt.jpg // e.g., A tanker crashed on a freighter.
· Makeover = (noun) a set of changes that are intended to make a person or place more attractive e.g., One of the prizes was a makeover at a top beauty salon (^^).// e.g., Facebook makeover plans: major changes on newsfeed are planned (from the media).
· Subsidiary = (noun) A company that is owned by a larger company (^^) e.g., The firm will open a new subsidiary in the US./// (adjective) Something less important than something else with which it is connected e.g., A subsidiary role/ factor (^^ as an adjective).
· Extrovert (or extravert) (the opposite of ‘introvert’) = (noun) An energetic, happy person who enjoys being with other people e.g., Most sales people are extroverts./// (adjective) (also as ‘extroverted’) e.g., An extrovert personality (^^).
· Introvert (‘introversion’ is also a noun) = (noun) someone who is shy, quiet, and unable to make friends easily./// (adjective) (also as ‘introverted’) e.g., An introverted kid (^^).
· Blueprint = a photographic copy of an early plan for a building or machine. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Waldhaus_Gasterntal_Plan5.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Joy_Oil_gas_station_blueprints.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/LaBelle_Blueprint.jpg /// An early plan or design that explains how something might be achieved e.g., Their blueprint for economic reform (^^). After all the bickering (pronounced ˈbɪk.ə(r)ing; = arguing about petty and trivial matters), Germany parties agreed on a blueprint for coalition talks (from the media).
· Be devoid of something = (adjective) To lack or be without something that is necessary or usual; e.g., My apartment is devoid of all comforts.// e.g., She seems to be devoid of compassion (^^).
· Revolve (vs) Devolve (vs) Evolve
· Revolve = (transitive or intransitive verb) to move or cause something to move around a central point or line (My comment: remember the gun ‘revolver’) e.g., The Earth revolves around the sun.// e.g., The gun turret revolved until the gun was aimed at the advancing soldiers (^^).
· Devolve (pronounced dɪˈv ɑːlv)= (transitive verb) To cause power or responsibility to be given to other people e.g., To be a good manager, you need to know how to devolve responsibility downwards.// e.g., Those duties will necessarily devolve on/upon me (^^).
· Evolve = (transitive or intransitive verb) to develop gradually, or to cause someone or something to develop gradually e.g., Human evolved from apes.// e.g., Bacteria are evolving resistance to antibiotics.// e.g., The company has evolved over the years into a multi-million dollar organization (^^).
· Devolution (pronounced ˌd iː.vəˈluː.ʃ(ə)n) = (noun) The moving of power or responsibility from the main organization to a lower level, or from a central government to a local government e.g., The majority of people in the province are in favor of devolution (^^).// e.g., Even after devolution, the local government had little autonomy.
· Rout (pronounced raʊt) = (verb with object) to defeat an enemy completely and force them to run away. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnwzeiYd5zE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Zyy2nKY-kQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9H0Gp5vwJb8 // e.g., The Russian chess team have routed all the rest (^^).// e.g., In a matter of minutes the attackers were routed./// Cut a groove, or any pattern not extending to the edges, in a wooden or metal surface. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1geL8f2-e9U and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7qa4o2m-pQ // e.g., ‘You routed each plank all along its length.’/// (verb with object) (US English) Find or retrieve e.g., To rout this pest, scientists at the labs from coast to coast are making the sharpshooter and the Xylella microbe the focus of ambitious new studies./// Force someone from a place e.g., Tom routed him from the stables./// (noun) A disorderly retreat of defeated troops e.g., The retreat degenerated into a rout./// A decisive defeat e.g., The party lost more than half their seats in the rout./// An assembly of people who have made a move toward committing an illegal act that would constitute an offense of riot.// (archaic) A disorderly or tumultuous crowd of people e.g., A rout of strangers ought not to be admitted./// (archaic) A large evening party or reception e.g., ‘I intend to live to be a hundred, and to go to ten thousand routs and balls, and to play cards every night of my life till the year eighteen hundred’ (it is currently 1712).
· Impound (vs.) Inbound (vs.) Outbound
· Impound (pronounced ɪmˈpaʊnd) = (verb) if the police or someone in authority impounds something that belongs to you, they take it away because you have broken the law. For impound by the police cars See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rw90SwqZT7k and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLkA_ImMRZI and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSo-esPNk5g // e.g., The vehicle was impounded by customs.// e.g., The police impounded cars and other personal property belonging to the drug dealers (^^).
· Inbound (pronounced ˈɪn.baʊnd) = (adjective) traveling towards a particular point e.g., We expect delays to both inbound and outbound trains (^^). Inbound pass = in basketball, a throw from outside the playing area that puts the ball back into play (^^). See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=naNJ3_PswVw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KV7nTsPPsuA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMWOdGriQ9A
· Outbound = (adjective) travelling away from a particular point e.g., There has been an increase in outbound traffic leaving London airport for the Mediterranean resorts (^^).
· Confiscate (pronounced ˈkɒnfɪskeɪt) = (verb with object) Take or seize someone’s property with authority. Synonym = impound.// e.g., A guard confiscated his camera as video shooting was not allowed.// e.g., There will be new powers to fine noisy neighbors $100 and confiscate stereo equipment. (My comment: I think impounding their stereo will hurt them the most!)// e.g., It was the first time the authorities had confiscated vessels in their battle to clamp down on illegal fishing./// Appropriate (= take something for one’s own use, typically without the owner's permission) something, especially land, to the public treasury as a penalty e.g., The government confiscated his property early in the war.// e.g., Of course, the people of Parihaka at the time did not raise an arm, yet still, the land was confiscated.// e.g., Protesters called upon the government to confiscate its property.
· Confiscation (pronounced ˌkɒnfɪˈskeɪʃ(ə)n) = (noun) the action of taking or seizing someone’s property with authority; seizure e.g., A court ordered the confiscation of his property.
· Enclave (pronounced ˈeŋcleiv) = (noun) a part of a country that is surrounded by another country, or group of people who are different from the people living in the surrounding area e.g., Campione d’Italia is an Italian enclave in Switzerland (^^).// e.g., Chlorine gas attack on the outskirts of Damascus on rebel-held enclave (from the media).
· Consignment (pronounced kənˈsain.mənt) = (noun) aa number of goods that are sent somewhere; e.g., The most recent consignment of cloth was faulty (^^).// e.g., The first consignment from India arrives in Kabul (from the media). On consignment = if goods are on consignment, the person or company that receives them will only pay for them after they have been sold (^^).
· Baguette (or ‘French stick’ in UK English) (pronounced bægˈet) = (noun) a long, thin stick of white bread of a type that originally came from France (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Baguettes_-_stonesoup.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Spitz-Baguette_bakery.JPG
· Cacao (pronounced kəˈkaʊ) (noun) is the tree, while cocoa is the drink. However, it is often used for both the tree and the beverage.
· Vat = (noun) large container used for mixing or storing liquid substances, especially in a factory (^^).
· Adobe (vs) Abode
· Adobe (pronounced əˈdəʊbi) = (My comment: I am sure most of you know the ‘Adobe Systems Incorporated,’ an American multinational computer software company and its products – especially the Acrobat Reader™! (*****). (noun) A mixture of earth and straws made into bricks and dried in the sun used to build houses in some parts of the world. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Adobe_wall_%28detail%29_1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/AdobeSurfaceCoatingRenewalOnWall.jpg For a building built in adobe See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Djenne_great_mud_mosque.jpg For adobe bricks See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Milyanfan-adobe-bricks-8038.jpg // e.g., An adobe house (^^).
· Abode (pronounced əˈbəʊd) = (noun) the place where someone lives e.g., The defendant is of no fixed abode (= has no permanent residence).// e.g., ‘Welcome to my humble abode’ (humorous).
· Chit-chat = (noun) informal conversation about matters that are not important e.g., ‘What did you talk about?’ ‘Oh, just chit-chat!’/// (verb) e.g., We were just chit-chatting about this and that (^^).
· Negligent = (adjective) not being careful or giving enough attention to people or things that are your responsibility e.g., The teacher had been negligent in allowing the students to swim in dangerous water (^^).
· Shutter (vs) Shatter
· Shutter = (noun) The part of a camera that opens temporarily to allow light to reach the film when a photo is being taken. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Diaphragm_shutter_opening.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Focal-plane_shutter.jpg /// A wooden cover on the outside of a window that prevents light or heat from going into a room or heat from leaving it. For a window shutter See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Interior-Shutters.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Window_with_blue_shutters.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Okiennica_-_window_shutter.jpg // e.g., Shutters usually come in pairs and are hung like doors on hinges./// A metal covering that protects the windows and entrance of a shop from thieves when it is closed./// (roller shutter, also known as roller door or sectional overhead door) A type of door or window shutter consisting of many horizontal slats, or sometimes bars or web systems, hinged together. The door is raised to open it and lowered to close it. On large doors, the action may be motorized. It protects against wind and rain. In shutter form, it is used in front of a window and protects the window from burglars (***** for roller shutter). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Stellladen_Roll_fcm.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/El_Con_vacant_storefronts.jpg /// Shuttered (adjective) e.g., Shops are closed and shuttered on Sunday (^^).
· Shatter = (transitive or intransitive verb) to cause something to brake suddenly into many small pieces e.g., The glass shattered into thousand tiny pieces.// e.g., His leg shattered in an accident (^^).// e.g., Many lives have been shattered in the, devastated by the bombings, Aleppo city, in Syria (from the media)./// (transitive verb) To end or severely damage something e.g., The book shattered all her illusions about Romans.// e.g., Noisy motorbikes shattered the peace (^^).
· Window blind (shade in US English)) = (noun) A cover for a window made of a single piece of strips of cloth, paper, or plastic that it is pulled up or down by a string. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Some_window_blinds.JPG and and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/VenetianBlindAiyaz.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Plissee_VS_3_Cosiflor_Meiwi-Jalousien_2.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Faux_Wood_Blinds.jpg // e.g., A roller blind.// e.g., A Venetian blind (^^).
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