VOCABULARY - PART (II)
Note: The vocabulary is based mostly on US English, however, in many cases, UK English is used as well. The referred pronunciation is in UK English, however, in many cases, the US pronunciation is also mentioned. About the pronunciation, you can’t know which letter to stress from the phonetics. So, I underline and have bold the letter that needs to be stressed. The vocabulary section is abundant in this revision as it is easier to remember a word or phrase in context rather than out of context! I also added my witty remarks on the vocabulary and included more word pairs with resembling spelling and/or pronunciation (e.g., cab (vs) cub).
If you have no time to read the vocabulary in full, you may read only the adjectives that will ornate your speech.
Notes
• The referred pronunciation is in British English, however, in many cases, the US pronunciation is also mentioned. For the phonetic symbols see below. You may also visit: http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm and http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbolsforenglish.htm and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects and http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Fall_2014/ling115/phonetics.html
• There are also some differences between the UK and the US English on writing a word (e.g., ‘color’ and ‘favorite’ in US English, but ‘colour’ and ‘favourite’ in British English respectively)
• The difference in some words between American and British English is mentioned. The same occurs for the Australian and the New Zealand English
• The rights for each of the pictures that accompany some words belong to the sites that these pictures belong and were taken from ‘Google images.’ As available for everyone on Google images, these images are just to view and not to download, as for most of them their rights are reserved.
• The videos are collected from the YouTube. As available for everyone on YouTube, these videos are just to view and not to download, as for some of them their rights are reserved.
• The dictionaries own the rights for the specific definition of each of the above words as well as the examples of its meaning(s).
• The examples that follow the definitions in most words have been tracked down from the internet from various sources.
• For the examples from the media in many cases they are abbreviated, and some articles are omitted, as these are news with a brief, telegraphic form tracked down from various sources from the internet and news broadcasters such as the BBC international and the Deutsche Welle (international English edition).
• The definitions without a symbolic mark at the end are taken from the 'Google translator’ or the Oxford dictionary (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/
• It should be noted that the definition of the words, as well as the examples, in the Oxford dictionary (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/) are also used by the 'Google translator' meaning that they are available to the public via the 'Google translator' separately.
Reference to the ‘Vocabulary’:
• Oxford online dictionary https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/ (for all the words except the (*) and for all the examples except the (**)))
• Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback with CD-ROM, 4th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge University Press, 2013 (^^) (^^^ for the examples)
• Merriam – Webster (US English) online dictionary https://www.merriam-webster.com/ (***) ((^) for the examples)
• Encyclopedia Britannica https://www.britannica.com/ ‘Google translation’ and Google explanation on www.google.com
• Images are tracked down on ‘Goggle images’
• My own definition! (in a few words)
• From the ‘BBC’ (international) and the ‘Deutsche Welle’ (international; English version) TV channel (news and reports, as well as documentaries)
• The ‘CNN’ site
• The ‘Animal planet’ site
• The ‘National Geographic’ site
PHONETIC SYMBOLS
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Source for the above table: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/phoneticsymbolsforenglish.htm (Retrieved: March 7, 2018)
Note: The vocabulary is based mostly on US English, however, in many cases, UK English is used as well. The referred pronunciation is in UK English, however, in many cases, the US pronunciation is also mentioned. About the pronunciation, you can’t know which letter to stress from the phonetics. So, I underline and have bold the letter that needs to be stressed. The vocabulary section is abundant in this revision as it is easier to remember a word or phrase in context rather than out of context! I also added my witty remarks on the vocabulary and included more word pairs with resembling spelling and/or pronunciation (e.g., cab (vs) cub).
If you have no time to read the vocabulary in full, you may read only the adjectives that will ornate your speech.
· Cloth (vs) Clothe
· Cloth (pronounced klɒθ) = (noun) woven or felted fabric made from wool, cotton, or a similar fiber. Synonyms: fabric, material, textile(s).// e.g., Shelves covered with bright red cloth.// The clergy; the clerical profession e.g., A man of the cloth./// A small piece of material, used in cleaning to remove dirt, dust, or liquid e.g., A cleaning cloth (^^ for this definition).
· Clothe (pronounced kləʊð) = (transitive verb) put clothes on oneself or someone; dress e.g., He was clothed all in white.
· Depose (pronounced dɪˈpəʊz) = (verb with object) Remove from office suddenly and forcefully e.g., He had been deposed by a military coup.// e.g., He was deposed after demonstrators stormed his office more than a week ago.// e.g., The polls this time, he said, were ‘the first firm step toward deposing the ruling parties./// (Law) Testify to or give evidence under oath, typically in a written statement e.g., Every affidavit shall state which of the facts deposed to are within the deponent’s knowledge.// e.g., She deposed to the fact that the two are ‘a genuine and committed couple’.// e.g., He deposed to the fact that he was afraid of the wife and her family.
· Deposition (pronounced dep.əˈzɪʃ.(ə)n) = (mass noun) The action of deposing someone, especially a monarch e.g., Edward V’s deposition.// e.g., On his deposition Prince Carol Hohenzollen-Sigmaringen was elected.// e.g., Ironically the media had reported the successful deposition of the leader before the coup had even taken place./// (Law) The giving of sworn evidence. For an expert witness deposition in a mock trial See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Expert_witness_deposition_in_mock_trial.jpg // e.g., The deposition of three expert witnesses.// e.g., No defense attorneys were allowed to be present for his deposition, and now, obviously, they are unable to cross-examine him.// e.g., Mr. Smith informed us that neither the transcript of the memorandum interview, the video of it, or any other deposition is available to the Respondent./// (countable noun) A formal, usually written, statement to be used as evidence e.g., A commissioner to take depositions from witnesses.// e.g., All four made individual depositions and none had any reason to cover up what happened.// e.g., Besides his own confession, no other witnesses but the plaintiffs themselves provided depositions against Mrs. Jones./// The action of depositing something e.g., Pebbles formed by the deposition of calcium in solution.// e.g., The evidence for extremely fast deposition of carbonate caps is excellent in some areas./// (Christian religion) The Deposition (from the Cross) = The removal of the body of Christ from the Cross. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/El_Descendimiento%2C_by_Rogier_van_der_Weyden%2C_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/La_descente_de_croix_Rubens.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Folio_156v_-_The_Deposition.jpg // e.g., The scene of the Deposition at Parma is further amplified by the presence of John the Evangelist at the right of the cross, the three Marys, Magdalene, Jacobi and Salome and a group of soldiers playing for the garment of the Saviour./// (university) initiation ritual for new students practiced from the Middle Ages until the 18th century (***** for this).
· Deponent = (noun) (Law) A person who makes a deposition or affidavit under oath e.g., ‘If that is what the deponent of this affidavit wants to say, I want to cross-examine him.’// e.g., ‘I understand from the affidavits that the various deponents have inconvenienced themselves by coming to the Court today.’// e.g., ‘Are you the deponent of the affidavit which you have provided to the Court Registry in support of the application?’
· Dainty (pronounced ˈdeɪnti) = (adjective) (daintier, daintiest) delicately small and pretty. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPJvo5Z-4OE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4bp7muChEw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysV_edq-SLU // e.g., A dainty lace handkerchief.// e.g., The china cup seemed too dainty in his large hands.// e.g., It was wooden like the rest of the ship, but it was a small, rather pretty little room, with dainty curtains over the circular windows and a nice rug on the floor./// (of a person) delicate and graceful in build or movement e.g., He is one of the daintiest players in the game.// e.g., He dreamt (or dreamed) of holding her fragile body in his arms and kissing her sweet, dainty lips.// e.g., She is dainty and makes people feel protective of her./// (of food) particularly good to eat and served in a small portion e.g., A dainty morsel (mouthful; pronounced ˈmɔː.s(ə)l).// e.g., George took great delight in fixing an assortment of dainty little sandwiches to serve at this daily ritual./// Fastidious (= very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail), especially concerning food e.g., A dainty appetite.//// (noun) (plural = dainties) Something good to eat; a delicacy e.g., Home-made breads, jams, and dainties.// e.g., We feasted (feast= eat and drink sumptuously) on shrimp, crawfish (fresh water crustaceans like small lobsters), pralines (praline = a smooth, sweet substance made by boiling nuts in sugar and grinding the mixture, used especially as a filling for chocolates; pronounced ˈprɑː.liːn), and other dainties.// e.g., They had not found a real place in a set meal, except among the miscellaneous sweetmeats offered as dainties at the end.
· Patent (pronounced: ˈpeɪ.tənt or ˈpæt.ənt) = (noun) a government authority or licence conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention e.g., He took out a patent for an improved steam hammer.// (mass noun) e.g., Patent leather.// e.g., Designs in a wide range of textures featuring super-chic patent.// (as modifier) e.g., He wore black trousers and black patent shoes./// (adjective) Easily recognizable; obvious e.g., He was smiling with patent insincerity.// e.g., ‘I’m sorry, but this focus on ‘belief’ is patent nonsense./// (Medicine) (of a vessel, duct, or aperture) open and unobstructed; failing to close e.g., The patient is usually left with a patent vessel.// e.g., The pancreatic duct and main branches were patent and grossly unremarkable./// (of parasitic infection) showing detectable parasites in the tissues or faeces e.g., There are a few recorded cases of patent infection in man./// Made and marketed under a patent; proprietary (pronounced prəˈpraɪə.(t)ər.i in UK English and prəˈpraɪə.ter.i in US English) e.g., Patent milk powder./// (verb with object) Obtain a patent for an invention e.g., An invention is not your own until it is patented.// e.g., The company has patented various plant genes, which can only by used after signing a contract.
· Patented (pronounced (ˈpeɪtəntɪd or ˈpætəntɪd) = (adjective) used to describe products for which someone has a patent (^^) e.g., Patented inventions.// e.g., A patented technology (^^^ for the last example).
· Patently (pronounced ˈpeɪ.tənt.li) = (adverb; often as submodifier) clearly; without doubt e.g., These claims were patently false.// e.g., The Government’s approach had patently failed to address the problem.// e.g., He is patently too self-conscious, too overwhelmed by the apparent foolishness of the whole business.
· Proprietary (pronounced prəˈpraɪə.(t)ər.i in UK English and prəˈpraɪə.ter.i in US English) = (adjective) Relating to an owner or ownership e.g., The company has a proprietary right to the property.// e.g., So far as one knows, there is no ownership or proprietary rights overflowing waters./// Behaving as if one owned something or someone e.g., He looked about him with a proprietary air.// e.g., She nurses a proprietary air about the place and has a particular fetish about the driveway./// (of a product) marketed under and protected by a registered trade name (TM) e.g., Proprietary brands of insecticide.// e.g., The product is proprietary and relatively low priced compared with the competition’s.
· Assist in/with/at = (verb with object) Help someone, typically by doing a share of the work e.g., A senior academic would assist him in his work.// (verb; no object) e.g., Their presence would assist in keeping the peace./// Help by providing money or information e.g., They were assisting police with their inquiries.// (verb; no object) e.g., Funds to assist with capital investment./// (verb; no object) Be present as a helper e.g., Two midwives who assisted at a water birth.// e.g., He has also assisted at blood donor sessions in the town, and only stopped doing that in May.
· Egotistical (pronounced ˌɛɡəˈtɪstɪk(ə)l or ˌiːɡəˈtɪstɪk(ə)l) (or egotistic) = (adjective) excessively conceited (= excessively proud of oneself; vain; pronounced kənˈsiː.tɪd) or absorbed in oneself; self-centered e.g., He’s selfish, egotistical, and arrogant.// e.g., ‘Maybe I’m egotistic, but I do it for myself, not for anyone else.’
· Egotism (pronounced ˈiː.ɡə.tɪ.z(ə)m) (or egoism – pronounced iː.ɡəʊ.ɪ.zəm) = (noun) the practice of talking and thinking about oneself excessively because of an undue sense of self-importance e.g., In his arrogance and egotism, he underestimated her.
· Due = (My comment: we all know this word but don’t use it very often) (adjective) expected at or planned for at a certain time. Synonyms: expected, anticipated, scheduled.// e.g., The baby’s due in October./// Of the proper quality or extent; adequate e.g., Driving without due care and attention./// (adverb) (concerning a point of the compass) exactly; directly e.g., ‘We'll head due south again on the same road.’/// (noun) A person’s right; what is owed to someone e.g., He attracts more criticism than is his due./// An obligatory payment; a fee e.g., He had paid union dues for years.
· Grind (pronounced ɡraɪnd) = (noun) a crushing or grating sound or motion e.g., The crunch and grind of bulldozers./// A dancer’s rotary movement of the hips. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOwK0UjjVzs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BNUSTLRYHQ and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4s21sg0goqM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRzN5WuDj2Q and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OJwOni4Svc and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Perreo.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UagckGeQ_Cw // e.g., A bump and grind./// (transitive and irregular verb) (grind – ground - ground) reduce something to small particles or powder by crushing it. For a grinding stone See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Grind_stone.JPG and for a grinding mill See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Hammer_mill_open_front_full.jpg // e.g., ‘Grind some black pepper over the salad.’ // Rub or cause to rub together gratingly e.g., Tectonic plates that inexorably grind against each other./// My comment as a medic: Bruxism (pronounced ˈbrʌksɪz(ə)m) is excessive teeth grinding or jaw clenching. Occlusal splints (also known as dental guards) are commonly prescribed, mainly by dentists as a treatment for bruxism. (***** for this). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Deviated_midline_2.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3tu7mJePGI and (occlusal splints (dental guards)) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Knirscherschiene.jpg /// (of a dancer) rotate the hips. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Perreo.jpg // e.g., Go-go girls grinding to blaring disco.
· Conceited (pronounced kənˈsiːtɪd) = (adjective) excessively proud of oneself; vain e.g., George is so conceited he’d never believe anyone would refuse him.// e.g., ‘It’s essential for you not to let yourself appear arrogant and conceited because of this.’// e.g., It has come to signify a group of intolerable, conceited, ruthless snobs.
· Content oneself with = accept as adequate despite wanting more or better e.g., ‘We contented ourselves with a few small purchases.’
· Ascribe something to = attribute something to a cause e.g., He ascribed Jane’s short temper to her upset stomach.
· Appalled [= greatly dismay (= concern and distress caused by something unexpected) or horrify] at e.g., Bankers are appalled at the economic incompetence of some ministers.
· Reproach (= address someone in such a way as to express disapproval or disappointment) someone with = accuse someone of rebuke e.g., His wife reproached him with cowardice.
· Dream of
· Dispose of = get rid of by throwing away or giving or selling to someone else e.g., The waste is disposed of in the North Sea.
· Succeed in
· Endeavor to = try hard to do or achieve something e.g., She is endeavoring to help the Third World.
· Bear (= carry, support, give birth, endure, turn and proceed in a specified direction; pronounced ‘beə(r)’) – born – borne (or born in US English)
· Put something into perspective = compare something to other things so that it can be accurately and fairly judged e.g., Total investments for this year reached $60 million, and to put it into perspective, investments this year were double those made in 2015 (^^).
· Rough something out = (verb) produce a preliminary and unfinished version of something e.g., The engineer roughed out a diagram on his notepad.// e.g., I woke this morning with the grim realization that I had not polished the column - in fact, I’d just roughed it out, sketched out the basic ideas.
· Contend (for) = (contend for) (verb; no object) struggle to surmount (= overcome a difficulty or obstacle) a difficulty e.g., She had to contend with his uncertain temper.// e.g., Both had to contend with the disadvantage of their sex, but they dealt with it in a very different way.// e.g., Not only are they contending with the sudden drop in temperatures, one was shot with an arrow and one lost its home./// (contend for) compete with others in a struggle to achieve something e.g., Factions within the government were contending for the succession (= the action or process of inheriting a title, office, property, etc.) to the presidency.// e.g., More than once he contended for the Championship.// e.g., Beijing is contending for the leadership of the 21st century./// (verb with clause) assert (= state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully) something as a position in an argument e.g., He contends that the judge was wrong.// e.g., He contends that in the past, his department has not had to worry about hazards caused by dry weather.// e.g., The legend contends that Valentine served as a priest during third century Rome.
· Surmount (pronounced səˈmaʊnt) = (verb with object) overcome a difficulty or obstacle e.g., All manner of cultural differences were surmounted.// e.g., The scavenger molecules, when added to the bulk, also find it difficult to surmount this barrier and pick up the proton from the protein surface.// e.g., Access to this market would rely on those exporters that can surmount the challenge./// Stand or be placed on top of e.g., The tomb (pronounced tuːm) was surmounted by a sculptured angel.// e.g., The whole composition is surmounted by the crown of the Holy Roman Empire.// e.g., Four towers surmount the corners of the building.
· Reprimand (e.g., He was reprimanded by his teacher for biting another boy) = rebuke (e.g., ‘I was rebuked by my manager for being late’) = reprehend ( e.g., Once she had upset Helen because Helen was playing with her dolls and making much noise and Sophie tried to reprehend her) = reproach (e.g., Her mother reproached her for not eating all her dinner) = admonish (e.g., Her mother admonished her for eating too quickly) (^^^ for all the examples except for ‘reprehend’).
· Go-go = (adjective) (attributive) Relating to or denoting a free and erotic style of dancing to popular music. For go-go dancing See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQsN4ZOyKwg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOYnq0heJ1c and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yF2AMKC3yNo // e.g., A go-go bar.// e.g., Go-go dancing.// e.g., Of course, the prettier bar girls and physically enhanced go-go dancers will suffer little./// (adjective) (US English) (attributive) assertively dynamic e.g., The go-go bravado (= a bold manner or a show of boldness intended to impress or intimidate) of the 1980s’. /// (mass noun) A style of soul music originating in the black communities of Washington DC and characterized by an incessant funk beat. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbdIW9l-y-U and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Awk8vHLr1ew and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDVZgwF1-4w
· On bike (vs) By bike
· ‘By bike’ shows how you got somewhere e.g., ‘How did you come here so fast?’ ‘I came/ got here by bike.’ // e.g., Many arrived by bicycle.
· ‘On bike’ means that someone sits on the top of a bicycle e.g., ‘It is difficult to sit on a bicycle that is too large for me.’ // e.g., The clown in the circus was sitting on a child’s bicycle.
· At the hotel, in the (hotel’s) lobby
· Silicon Valley (the southern portion of the San Francisco Bay Area) is the hub (= the effective center of an activity, region, or network; pronounced hʌb) of high-tech (= technology).
· On the run = (phrase) trying to avoid being captured. Synonyms = on the loose, at large.// e.g., A criminal on the run from the FBI.// e.g., Max became a household name in 1997 when he was shot by a criminal on the run from police.// e.g., After the bombardment in Eastern Ghouta (in Syria) the rebels (terrorist forces) were on the run (from the media)./// While running e.g., He took a pass on the run.// e.g., A long pass from Tommy Fitzgerald was taken on the run by Darren Dunphy and he cut in along the end line to punch a point and leave the sides level after 15 minutes./// Continuously busy e.g., ‘I'm on the run every minute of the day.’ // e.g., Receiving emails by phone is ideal for a busy person on the run.
· On the loose = (phrase) Having escaped from confinement e.g., A serial killer is on the loose.// e.g., The horrific events of the weekend, and the realization that a dangerous killer is on the loose, has heightened fear of crime.// e.g., A prisoner who went on the run on Monday night is still on the loose.
· Confinement (pronounced kənˈfʌɪnmənt) = (mass noun) The action of confining or state of being confined e.g., He was immediately released from his confinement.// e.g., Thus, the Board may only direct the prisoner's release if satisfied that his confinement is no longer necessary for the protection of the public.
· The police officer, Lieutenant John Smith, doesn’t consider himself a hero, but says he was merely (= just; only) doing his job!
· Cauliflower (1 word) (pronounced ˈkɒl.ɪˌflaʊ.ə(r)) = (noun) a cabbage of a variety that bears a large immature flower head of small creamy-white flower buds. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Cauliflower.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Cauliflower_broccoflower.jpg and (purple) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Purplec.png // e.g., Among the varieties, there were 15 white cauliflowers, 3 purple cauliflowers, four broccoli (it's uncountable), and 1 collard.
· Collard (pronounced ˈkɒlɑːd) (or collard greens or collards) = (US English) (dialect) A cabbage of a variety that does not develop a heart. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Collard-Greens-Bundle.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/Collards_in_container.jpg // e.g., ‘Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, especially green leafy vegetables like collards, kale, spinach, and broccoli ('broccoli is an uncountable noun).'
· Hold off = (phrasal verb) (of bad weather) fail to occur e.g., Fortunately, the rain held off until the evening.// e.g., Luckily the rain held off until the last game was played.// e.g., Provided the rain holds off, England should today complete one of their biggest ever win./// Delay or postpone an action or decision e.g., ‘If I were in their shoes, I'd hold off for a couple of days.’ // e.g., ‘Perhaps they're all holding off until next week when I'll have finished for the year.’ // e.g., The group agrees to hold off on any real decisions until replacements are hired.
· Demarcation (or demarkation in US English) (pronounced ˌdiː.mɑːˈkeɪ.ʃ(ə)n) = (mass noun) The action of fixing the boundary or limits of something e.g., The demarcation of the maritime border.// e.g., Occasional outbursts of violence along the demarcation line occur.// e.g., This clear demarcation of boundaries seems to be one of the evolving characteristics of cooperation./// (countable noun) A dividing line e.g., A horizontal band that produces a distinct demarcation two inches from the top.// (figurative) e.g., The demarcation between teachers and learners.// e.g., Differences of age, gender, class, and ethnicity were not eliminated but remained as demarcations of identity and status./// (UK English) The practice of requiring that specific jobs be assigned to members of particular trade unions e.g., Strikes over job demarcation.// e.g., Shift patterns, responsibilities, work duties and demarcations were frozen in time.
· Maritime (pronounced ˈmær.ɪ.taɪm) = (adjective) connected with the sea, especially in relation to the seaborne trade or naval matters e.g., A maritime museum.// e.g., Maritime law.// e.g., The UK is reliant on maritime trade and if it gets disrupted then it’s going to have an impact on us./// Living or found in or near the sea e.g., Dolphins and other maritime mammals./// Bordering on the sea e.g., Two species of Diptera (order of flies) occur in the maritime Antarctic./// (of climate) moist and temperate owing to the influence of the sea e.g., Native and exotic plants flourish (= (of a person, animal, or another living organism) grow or develop healthily or vigorously, especially as the result of a particularly favorable environment) in the mild maritime climate on the Lleyn Peninsula (= a piece of land almost surrounded by water or projecting out into a body of water).// e.g., The climate, both tropical and maritime, usually has high humidity and high temperatures.
· Damp (vs.) Dumb
·Damp = (adjective) Slightly wet.// Synonyms = moist, moistened, dampened, dampish, humid.// e.g., My hair was still damp from the shower./// (noun) moisture diffused through the air or a solid substance or condensed on a surface, typically with detrimental (= harmful) or unpleasant effects e.g., Hotter, drier summers will bring an increased risk of property subsidence (= the gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land; pronounced səbˈsaɪ.dəns or ˈsʌb.sɪ.dəns) while wetter winters may cause damp, condensation (= water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it) and mold problems./// A check or discouragement e.g., Shame gave a damp to his triumph./// (verb) Make something slightly wet e.g., ‘Damp a small area with water.’ /// Control or restrain a feeling or a state of affairs e.g., He tried to damp down his feelings of despair./// Restrict the amplitude of vibrations on a piano or other musical instrument so as to reduce the volume of sound e.g., Rapidly damping the cymbals after repeatedly clashing them together.
· Dumb (pronounced dʌm) = (adjective) (predicative) temporarily unable or unwilling to speak; speechless e.g., She stood dumb while he poured out a stream of abuse./// (attributive) Resulting in or expressed by speechlessness e.g., They stared in dumb amazement./// (dated) (offensive) (of a person) unable to speak, most typically because of congenital deafness; mute e.g., He was born deaf, dumb, and blind.// e.g., He was struck dumb by what he has seen (^^^ for the 2nd example)./// (of animals) unable to speak as a natural state and thus regarded as helpless or deserving pity. /// (US English) (informal) Stupid e.g., ‘What a dumb idea!’ (^^^ for this example).// e.g., A dumb question./// (verb) simplify or reduce the intellectual content of something so as to make it accessible to a larger number of people e.g., Critics have accused publishers of dumbing down books./// Make dumb or unheard; silence e.g., A splendor that dazed (daze = make someone unable to think or react properly; stupefy; bewilder; pronounced deɪz) the mind and dumbed the tongue.
· Dumbbell (or Dumb-bell) = (noun) a short bar with a weight at each end, used typically in pairs for exercise or muscle-building. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/TwoDumbbells.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/USMC-110816-F-2786W-002.jpg /// (US English) (informal) A stupid person e.g., She was really asleep in the car and John, the dumb-bell hadn’t woken (or ‘waked’) her up yet.
· Altercation (pronounced ˌɒl.təˈkeɪ.ʃ(ə)n) = (noun) a noisy argument or disagreement, especially in public. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HM5coQi28gk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNEDqvnls8g and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JL290Pi9FkU // e.g., ‘I had an altercation with the ticket collector.’ // e.g., The ensuing altercations and hilarious testimonies provided an exciting two hours! // e.g., The students of this Christian high school are held to a higher code of conduct that might be expected in the public-school environment, and few fights or violent altercations occur between students.
· Hogger (pronounced ˈhɒɡə(r)) = (noun) (informal) (in combination) A person who takes or uses most or all of a particular thing unfairly or selfishly. For a lane hogger See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFJ_suQgKHs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yX5nk9t9hL8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7dczF-grdw e.g., ‘Don't be a lane hogger and slow other people behind you.// e.g., Sindy is a limelight hogger.
· Limelight = (the limelight) (noun) The focus of public attention e.g., The shock win has thrust him into the limelight.// e.g., I think there is a window of opportunity while the issue is still in the limelight.// e.g., He has long been used to the limelight, thanks to his worldwide fame during the 1970s. /// Intense white light obtained by heating a cylinder of lime, formerly used in theaters. See (stove burner) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Homemade_Limelight.JPG
· Astound (pronounced əˈstaʊnd) = (verb with object) shock or greatly surprise e.g., ‘His bluntness astounded me.’ // e.g., ‘It wouldn't be stretching the truth too much to say I was astounded.’// e.g., The stupidity of this government and its inability to manage this country effectively and fairly astounds me.
· Pun (pronounced pʌn) = (noun) (plural = puns) a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings e.g., The Railway Society reception was an informal party of people of all stations (excuse the pun) in life.// e.g., ‘You'll forgive the pun, but, David, isn't this just a bit Mickey Mouse for you?’ // e.g., ‘Our mechanical friend ain’t doing too hot - forgive the pun - either.’// e.g., It’s a pun on the fact that Sam called the servant's pigs./// (verb; no object) (puns, punned, punning) (often as adjective punning) make a pun e.g., Freeth adopted the nickname Free in punning allusion to his beliefs.// e.g., The designer is punning on the street name.// e.g., There’s some sort of joke/ pun to be made here using the phrase ‘I’d give my eye teeth ’, but I can't figure out what it is.
· Cheesy (pronounced ˈtʃiː.zi) = (adjective) (cheesier, cheesiest) like cheese in taste, smell, or consistency (My comment: I don’t use this adjective. I think it's rather American slang when not related to cheese! I have heard it, for example, for a movie description!) e.g., A pungent (= having a sharply strong taste or smell), cheesy sauce.// e.g., Creamy, cheesy sauces are code words for calorie-laden belly-bloaters./// (informal) Cheap and of low quality e.g., Cheesy motel rooms.// e.g., The story manages to rise above some of its cheap and cheesy production techniques to reach its redemptive twist of an ending.// e.g., However, there’s no reason that everything has to look so cheap and cheesy./// Hackneyed ((of a phrase or idea) having been overused; unoriginal and trite) and obviously sentimental e.g., An album of cheesy pop hits.// e.g., This is cheesy, containing every cliché (= a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought; pronounced ˈkliː.ʃeɪ in UK English and kliːˈʃeɪ in US English)) that we can imagine from 1970s Country.// e.g., ‘Ask yourself rather why so many cheesy musicals are big hits now.’ /// (of a smile) exaggerated and likely to be insincere e.g., A cheesy grin (= broad smile).// e.g., ‘She gave me a thumbs-up sign and a cheesy smile, effectively causing me to laugh.’
· Some words are spelled differently but sound the same
· Dream of
· Dispose of
· Airborne
· Disguise
· Priestess = (noun) a female priest
· (Being) updated/ up-to-date with
· Responsible (adjective) for
· Target at
· Blame for
· Combat (not 'combact' - don't confuse it with 'compact')
· Unjustifiable
· Argue – arguably
· Wholeheartedly
· There is (not are; money is uncountable) some money in the till (= a cash register or drawer for money in a store, bank, or restaurant)
· Tension erupted (= break out suddenly and dramatically) between Muslims and Buddhists in Sri Lanka (from the media)
· Buddha – Buddhist – Buddhism
· Height is pronounced haɪt
· Landed at the airport
· Listen to
· ‘The time you have is only a few seconds’
· Divided into 2 parts
· ‘Be careful with the spelling’
· ‘You need to read all the questions before you listen to the recording’
· Hometown (1 word)
· Because of
· Part-time job
· ‘I like watching the kids playing at the playground.’
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