TIPS for English (24): Words(I) (n)

·      Reprimand = rebuke = reprehend = reproach = admonish

·   Reproach = (transitive verb) To criticize someone, especially for not being successful or not doing what is expected e.g., His mother reproached him for not eating all his dinner.// e.g., ‘You have nothing to reproach yourself for/with.’///  (noun) Something that you say or do to criticize someone, especially for not being successful or not doing what is expected e.g., The look of reproach on his face made her feel guilty.// e.g., ‘Your reproaches are useless – what is done is done.’ (^^) Reproach someone with = accuse someone of; rebuke.// e.g., His wife reproached him with cowardice.

· Extravagant (= lacking restraint in spending money or using resources; pronounced ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡ(ə)nt) = spendthrift = improvident = wasteful = prodigal (= spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant; pronounced ˈprɒd.ɪ.ɡ(ə)l) = profligate (pronounced ˈprɒflɪɡət)

·  Extravagant (pronounced ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡ(ə)nt) = (adjective) Lacking restraint in spending money or using resources, e.g., It was very extravagant of you to buy oranges out of season  (**) // e.g., It was rather extravagant to buy both.// e.g., The court had heard earlier how the three men were caught when Sam went on an extravagant spending spree using fraudulent cards, splashing out on top-of-the-range cars and a luxury lifestyle./// Extreme and unreasonable e.g., The product does not live up to the extravagant claims of the advertisers (^^) /// Resulting from or showing a lack of restraint in spending money or resources e.g., Extravagant gifts like computer games./// Exceeding what is reasonable or appropriate; excessive or elaborate e.g., Extravagant claims about the merchandise.

·  Prodigal (pronounced ˈprɒdɪɡ(ə)l) = (adjective) spending money or using resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant e.g., Prodigal habits die hard.// e.g., Above all, the executive must curb its own prodigal spending./// Having or giving something on a lavish scale, e.g., The dessert was prodigal with whipped cream.// e.g., In a book so prodigal of riches one finds, unbelievably, neither an index nor a glossary./// A person who spends money in a recklessly extravagant way e.g., The government wished to clip the wings of the local authority prodigals./// A person who leaves home to lead a prodigal life but later makes a repentant return e.g., In Jesus’ parable (story) of the prodigal, the father welcomes his boy home be redefining what it means to belong to the family. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Pompeo_Batoni_003.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Return_of_the_Prodigal_Son_%28Le_retour_de_l%27enfant_prodigue%29_-_James_Tissot.jpg  and https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjGSPqt2N7L2yM06fiZveg5FNCGH35pjgvbhLxCgI8AJyJor8PbyduPEbCMZmWLt1G3zhsI_Ebua8BpOdKyNR6StginEP4ckdXUewT5IoHMbXByLC0YxRMKjtmdGrRF2nISfjmUil0rsA/s1600/lessons-parables-hope-restoration-story-prodical-son.jpg.crop_display.jpg

·     Prodigious (pronounced prəˈdɪdʒəs) = (adjective) remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree e.g., The stove consumed a prodigious amount of fuel.// e.g., His memory was prodigious.// e.g., He took a prodigious amount of drugs washed down with booze (= alcohol, especially hard liquor).// e.g., This process, as can be seen by the previous Lexington example, burns a prodigious amount of fuel.

·    Spendthrift (pronounced ˈspɛn(d)θrɪft) = (noun) a person who spends money in an extravagant, irresponsible way. Synonym = profligate.// e.g., Peter was a spendthrift and a heavy gambler.// (as modifier) e.g., My spendthrift uncle.// e.g., The Air Force career they later had didn’t exactly allow them to become spendthrifts.

· Profligate (pronounced ˈprɒflɪɡət) = (adjective) Recklessly extravagant (= lacking restraint in spending money or using resources; pronounced ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡ(ə)nt) or wasteful in the use of resources e.g., Profligate consumers of energy.// e.g., The combined loss of possession and position is profligate to the point of wasteful.// e.g., It is the profligate consumer who has kept the economy afloat since 2000./// Licentious (= promiscuous (= having or characterized by many transient sexual relationships; pronounced prəˈmɪs.kju.əs) and unprincipled in sexual matters; pronounced laɪˈsen.ʃəs); dissolute (= lax in morals; licentious; pronounced ˈdɪs.ə.luːt) e.g., He succumbed (succumb = fail to resist (pressure, temptation, or some other negative force; pronounced səˈkʌm) to drink and a profligate lifestyle.// e.g., In Northern Europe, they’ll deny you a discharge if they think you ran up the original debt in a profligate or immoral fashion.///  A licentious, dissolute (= lax in morals) person e.g., He is a drunkard and a profligate.// e.g., White, blue, purple, and scarlet were the colors of the gods, priests, profligates, saints, and monarchs, either in combination or singularly.

·     Improvident (pronounced ɪmˈprɒvɪd(ə)nt) = (adjective) not having or showing foresight; spendthrift (= a person who spends money in an extravagant, irresponsible way) or thoughtless e.g., Improvident and undisciplined behavior.// e.g., But this, too, is true: Every improvident loan requires an improvident borrower to seek and accept it!// e.g., This bill proposes to create a civil action for the improvident transfer of property by a vulnerable adult.

·  Rebuke = (verb with object) Express sharp disapproval or criticism of someone because of their behavior or actions e.g., He had rebuked him for drinking too much.//  e.g., The judge publicly rebuked the jury./// (noun) An expression of sharp disapproval or criticism e.g., Indeed the Academy issued a rare rebuke of the studio for its campaign.// e.g., The Press Council delivered one of its strongest rebukes in its 30-year history.

·  Reprimand = (noun) A formal expression of disapproval e.g., The golfer received a reprimand for a breach of rules.// e.g., In the end, he got away with a fine and a reprimand, and the woodblocks for a satirical triptych were destroyed./// (verb) (with object) Address a reprimand to e.g., Officials were reprimanded for poor work.// e.g., Solicitors who breach the rules may be reprimanded or charged with misconduct.

·  Reprehend = (verb) (with object) Reprimand e.g., A recklessness which cannot be too severely reprehended.// e.g., ''I knew my posture had been less than perfect and knowing I had not left with the others I feared he wished to reprehend me.'' // e.g., Once she had upset Helen because Helen was playing with her dolls and making much noise and Sophie tried to reprehend her.

·  Reprehensible = (adjective) deserving censure or condemnation e.g., Reprehensible conduct/ actions (**).

·    Rebuff = (verb) (with object) Reject someone or something in an abrupt or ungracious manner.// Synonyms:  reject, turn down.//e.g., ‘I asked Marry to be my wife, and was rebuffed in no uncertain terms.’// e.g., George appeared in person in March to appeal that decision, but his request was rebuffed./// (noun) An abrupt or ungracious rejection of an offer, request, or friendly gesture e.g., His reserve was not intended as a rebuff.// (mass noun) e.g., Callers phoning a chatline need have no fear of rebuff.

·  Admonition = (noun) A firm warning or reprimand e.g., He received numerous admonitions for his behavior.// e.g., He paid no heed to the admonitions of the trial judge.// e.g., He then went ahead with settlement building in spite of government admonitions.// e.g., The most common parental admonition must surely be ‘Don’t stay out late’ ((^^^) for the last example)./// Admonitory (adjective) e.g., An admonitory remark ((^^) for the adjective).

·    Admonish = (verb) Warn or reprimand someone firmly e.g., She admonished me for appearing at breakfast unshaven.// e.g., During the city council’s final session, council members criticized the current state of the Bali Hai pier and admonished the bureaucracy for their lack of care for the venue./// (verb with object and infinitive) Advise or urge someone earnestly e.g., She admonished him to drink no more than one glass of wine.// e.g., ‘Indeed, the Supreme Court has admonished us to leave such matters to Congress.’

·     Reproof = (noun) An expression of blame or disapproval e.g., She welcomed him with a mild reproof for leaving her alone.// e.g., She needed no reproof from her parents - she had herself for that./// (mass noun) e.g., A look of reproof./// (verb with object) (UK English) Make a garment waterproof again./// Make a fresh proof of printed matter e.g., The main text needs to be reproofed.

·   Chide (pronounced tʃaɪd) = (verb) (with object) Scold or rebuke e.g., She chided him for not replying to her letters.// (with direct speech) - ''You mustn't speak like that,” she chided gently.// e.g., ‘When I refused to eat my soup, she chided me, asking if I wanted to grow up to be as small as eight-year-olds tend to be.’// e.g., He also chided one reviewer at another paper for being self-centered.

·      Scold (vs) Scald

·    Scold (pronounced skəʊld) (not to be confused with ‘scald’) = (verb with object) Remonstrate with or rebuke someone angrily e.g., Mum took Mary away, scolding her for her bad behavior.// e.g., Children are rarely scolded, though rowdiness is sometimes criticized.// e.g., He is scolding his daughter for not turning up to school.

·    Scald (pronounced sk ɔːld) (not to be confused with ‘scold’) = (verb with object) Injure with very hot liquid or steam e.g., The tea scalded his tongue.// e.g.,  ‘Allow the cup to cool for a minute before moving it so you don't scald yourself.’/// Heat milk or other liquid to near boiling point e.g., ‘Scald the milk with the citrus zest.’// e.g., ‘For the chocolate soup: In a saucepan, scald the cream.’ /// Immerse something briefly in boiling water for various purposes, such as to facilitate the removal of skin from fruit or to preserve meat (not from me: I hate it when we scald alive fresh crayfish or lobsters or snails before cooking them) e.g., A medium sliced tomato, scalded in water to remove its skin./// Cause to feel a searing sensation like that of boiling water on skin e.g., She fought to stave off the hot tears scalding her eyes./// (noun) A burn or other injury caused by hot liquid or steam e.g., 50,000 children a year are taken to hospital with burns and scalds. (My comment as a medic: on a baby/infant scalding may indicate a non–accidental injury, i.e., physical abuse)./// (mass noun) Any of a number of plant diseases which produce an effect similar to that of scalding, especially a disease of fruit marked by browning and caused by excessive sunlight, bad storage conditions, or atmospheric pollution./// ''Like a scalded cat'' = (phrase) very quickly e.g., She took off like a scalded cat.

·  WC is also known politer with the words ‘Lady’s room’ (when referred to women) or ‘restroom’ (= a WC in a public building) or ‘lavatory’ (mainly used in airplanes!)

·     'I am 'hooked' to something' = I am addicted to

·   Prize (= reward; e.g., Nobel prize) (vs.) price (= The amount of money for which something is sold e.g., The price of bread is $3)

·     Motorist = (noun) The driver of an automobile (My comment: not the one who rides a motorbike as many mistakenly think) e.g., ‘How many of you would stop if you saw a motorist who had broken down by the side of the road?’

·       I squander (or fritter away) (my) time = I waste my time

·       Influx/ wave/ surge of refugees

·     Fritter = (verb) (with object) ''Fritter something away'' = waste time, money, or energy on trifling matters e.g., ‘I wish we hadn't frittered the money away so easily.’// e.g., Those who took government compensations frittered them away./// (noun) A piece of fruit, vegetable, or meat that is coated in butter and deep-fried. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Penjual_Gorengan.jpg and https://www.wikihow.com/Make-Easy-Pineapple-Fritters#/Image:Make-Easy-Pineapple-Fritters-Step-6.jpg and https://www.wikihow.com/Make-Easy-Pineapple-Fritters#/Image:Make-Easy-Pineapple-Fritters-Step-7.jpg  and  https://fthmb.tqn.com/BW7kmy9M6IxccNq9YzHBJjq896k=/960x0/filters:no_upscale()/bavarian-apple-fritters-5a1b7a41482c5200378cc3c4.jpg and http://www.healthyfoodguide.com.au/sites/default/files/styles/recipe_main/public/recipeimages/9544.jpg?itok=RUL7fwu4 and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/10/bb/b6/10bbb6ae8061807a5b31f0e660bb7606.jpg For apple fritter See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Apple_fritter.jpg For sweet potato fritter See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Malaysian_roadside_fritters.jpg    // e.g., Banana fritters.

·    Trifle (pronounced ˈtraɪ.fəl) = (noun) A sweet cold dish consisting of a layer of fruit and cake, a layer of custard (pronounced ˈkʌs.təd = thick, sweet, yellow sauce) and a top layer of cream. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Trifle-w.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Trifle_4layer.jpg  http://www.lifeloveandsugar.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Triple_Berry_Trifle2.jpg  and http://food.fnr.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/food/fullset/2010/7/21/2/FNM_090110-Sunny-VP-Lunch-002_s4x3.jpg.rend.hgtvcom.616.462.jpeg  // e.g., A sherry trifle./// (noun) A matter or object of little value or importance e.g., ''I bought a few trifles back from India – pieces of jewelry and fabric mainly.''/// A trifle = slightly e.g., ‘I am a trifle confused about the arrangements for tonight’ (*).

·     Integrate (pronounced ˈɪntɪɡreɪt in UK English and ˈɪn.t̬ə.ɡreɪt in US English) = (verb with object) Bring people or groups with particular characteristics or needs into equal participation in or membership of a social group or institution e.g., Refugees integrate.// e.g., Integrating children with special needs into ordinary schools./// (verb) (no object) Come into equal participation in or membership of a social group or institution e.g., She was anxious to integrate well into her husband's family./// Desegregate (a school, area, etc.), especially racially e.g., The protest forced the bus companies to integrate the buses.// (verb) (no object) e.g., Cities' efforts to integrate./// Combine one thing with another to form a whole e.g., Transport planning should be integrated with energy policy.// e.g., A fully equipped laboratory is being integrated into the development.// Combine two things so that they form a whole e.g.,  The problem of integrating the two approaches./// (verb) (no object) (of a thing) Combine with another to form a whole e.g., The stone will blend with the environment and integrate into the landscape./// (Mathematics) Find the integral of e.g., The velocity profile can be obtained by integrating this equation.

·   Desegregate (pronounced diːˈsɛɡrɪɡeɪt) = (verb with object) End a policy of racial (or sexual) segregation (= separation) in an organization e.g., Actions to desegregate schools.// e.g., The court also stipulated that the districts could be released from court-ordered desegregation if the students and faculty were desegregated and the district met other desegregation requirements.// e.g., President Truman desegregated the US armed forces in 1948.// e.g., Plans to desegregate the schools/universities met with opposition (^^^ for the last 2 examples).

·   Segregation = (mass noun) The action or state of setting someone or something apart from others e.g., The segregation of pupils with learning difficulties./// The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment e.g., An official policy of racial segregation.// e.g., All except the most rabid racists considered racial segregation immoral and indefensible./// (Genetics) The separation of pairs of alleles at meiosis and their independent transmission via separate gametes. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Meiosis_diagram.jpg/600px-Meiosis_diagram.jpg and http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-20/20_14.jpg  /// (taxonomy) In taxonomy, a segregate, or a segregate taxon is created when a taxon  (= a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit) is split off from another taxon. This other taxon will be better known, usually bigger, and will continue to exist, even after the segregate taxon has been split off. A segregate will be either new or ephemera. Latest, scientists often reunite a segregate with the ‘mother’ taxon (***** for this definition).

·   Stipulate (pronounced ˈstɪpjʊlət)  = (verb) (with object) Demand or specify a requirement), typically as part of an agreement. Synonym = Specify.// e.g., He stipulated certain conditions before their marriage.// e.g., The stipulated time has elapsed.// e.g., He agreed to buy the car but stipulated racing tires and a turbo-powered engine.// e.g., The law stipulates that all new cars must have seat belts for the driver and every passenger (^^) for the previous 2 examples)./// (Botany) (of a leaf or plant) Having stipules.

·    Stipule (pronounced ˈstɪpjuːl) = (noun) (Botany) A small leaf-like appendage to a leaf, typically borne in pairs at the base of the leaf stalk.  See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/N_Prop_S0162.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/E_pteroneura_ies.jpg  and http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/botany_130/plant_morphology/Images/Chinese_chestnut_stipules.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Stipule_(PSF).png

·  Rabid = (adjective) Having or proceeding from extreme or fanatical support of or belief in something e.g., The show's small but rabid fan base.// e.g., He's expecting more rabid support from the home fans./// (of an animal) affected with rabies (My comment: a viral disease of the nervous system; fatal if untreated early with antibodies) e.g., His mother was bitten by a rabid dog./// Of or connected with rabies.

·    Ideology (pronounced aɪ.diˈɒl.ə.dʒi) = (noun) A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy e.g., The ideology of republicanism./// The science of ideas; the study of their origin and nature e.g., It was this discipline that he described as ideology - literally, the science of ideas.

·      Levy a tax, fee or fine = impose a tax, fee or fine.

·     Ridiculous

·    Maxim = motto = saying = slogan = proverb = saw (saw is the same word we use as a verb when we cut a tree/wood!).

·     Ochre (vs.) Okra

·   Ochre (pronounced ˈəʊ.kər) (ocher in US English; pronounced ˈoʊ.kɚ) = (noun) an earthy pigment containing ferric oxide, typically with clay, varying from light yellow to brown or red. See http://www.craftmasterpaints.co.uk/images/colours/signwriting-lining-enamels/Oxford%20Ochre.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Hellocker-_Pigment.JPG  

·   Okra (pronounced ˈəʊ.krə) = (noun) a plant of the mallow family with long ridged seedpods, native to the Old-World tropics. See http://www.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/topic_centers/Diabetes/642x361_Is_Okra_the_Secret_Weapon_Against_Diabetes.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Hong_Kong_Okra_Aug_25_2012.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Stir-Fried-Okra-2008.jpg

·       Aunt (relative) (vs) Ant (insect) (in US English the sound the same as ænt!)

·       Nephew (relative)

·       Niece (the female as nephew)

·       Ankle (of our foot) (vs.) uncle (relative)

·   Outfit = (noun) A set of clothes worn together, typically for a particular occasion or purpose See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Clothes.jpg  // e.g., Her wedding outfit.// e.g., 'Choose a form-fitting outfit - no baggy jeans or sweats'. // (informal) A group of people undertaking a particular activity together, especially a group of musicians, a team, or a business concern e.g., An obscure 1970s country-rock outfit.// e.g., Activities of extremist communal outfits must constantly be monitored./// (verb) (with object) Provide somebody with a set of clothes.// See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/cd/b8/e8/cdb8e8796154810b570e17b3b71a2208.jpg  // e.g., Warders outfitted in special suits.// e.g., ‘I'd been forced to outfit the boys in my clothes, as my brothers were too small.’// Provide with equipment e.g., Planes outfitted with sophisticated electronic gear.

·      Bedridden (1 word) = (adjective) Confined to bed by sickness or old age e.g., A woman calls on behalf of her husband, Luis, who is bedridden because of serious pain and swelling in his legs.

·      Fulfill (fulfil in US English)

·      Be well–off = be wealthy

·  Liveliness (pronounced ˈlʌɪvlɪnəs) = (mass noun) The quality of being outgoing, energetic, and enthusiastic e.g., She radiated liveliness and good humor. // e.g., James became fond of her good nature, her liveliness, and her deep passion for nature./// An atmosphere of excitement and activity e.g., The ambiance lacked liveliness.// e.g., He wants to incorporate the vigor and liveliness of his drawings into his paintings.

·    Ambience (or ambiance) = (noun) the character of a place or the quality it seems to have e.g., Despite being a busy city, Dublin has the ambience of a country town (^^).

·      Doubt – pronounced daʊt (the 'b' in the middle is not pronounced)

·      Yogurt (yoghourt or yoghurt in UK English)

·    Nursing home = a private institution providing residential accommodations with health care, especially for older adults. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Unit_visits_Nursing_Home_%2823444741899%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Langley_therapy_dog.jpg and https://aos.iacpublishinglabs.com/question/aq/700px-394px/medicare-pay-nursing-home-care_dc035c9e73e7006e.jpg?domain=cx.aos.ask.com

·    Bored (pronounced bɔːd) = (adjective) Feeling weary and impatient because one is unoccupied or lacks interest in one's current activity e.g., She got bored with staring out of the window.// e.g., They hung around all day, bored stiff.// e.g., Bored teenagers.//  e.g., Jim was soon bored to tears with the work.// e.g., He's bored out of his mind.// (my example) They were bored so they uploaded an 'action movie' video on the YouTube./// (in combination) (of a gun) Having a specified bore (= the hollow part inside a gun barrel or other tube) e.g., Large-bored guns – See https://www.shootersforum.com/attachments/rifles-rifle-cartridges/11907d1354223901-big-bore-rifle-what-choose-mvc-011f.jpg

·     Interlocutor = (noun) A person who takes part in a dialogue or conversation e.g., The researchers constructed theoretical discussions that differed regarding their interlocutors, place, and topic.

·  On the spur (pronounced spɜːr, not 'spar') of the moment = On impulse; without planning in advance e.g., ‘I don't generally do things on the spur of the moment.’// e.g., (as modifier) e.g., A spur-of-the-moment decision.

·      'It is like talking to a robot' (not 'like to talk').

·    Crumble = (verb) Break or fall apart into small fragments, especially over a period as part of a process of deterioration; collapse e.g., He nervously crumbled the bread between his fingers.// e.g., The cliffs on which the houses are built are starting to crumble ((^^^) for the above 3 examples).// e.g., The 1940s workmen used cement mixed with granite fragments to replace crumbling medieval mortar, but that mixture has quickly eroded.///  To become weaker in strength or influence e.g., Support for the government is crumbling ((^^) for this meaning)./// A mixture of flour and fat that is rubbed to the texture of breadcrumbs and cooked as a topping for fruit. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Crumble.jpg   and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Rhubarb_crumble.jpg  and  http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/food/ic/food_16x9_448/recipes/rhubarbcrumble_11396_16x9.j pg For crumble mixture See http://images.getmecooking.com/recipes/apple-crumble/apple-crumble-2.jpg

·    Londoner (pronounced ˈlʌnd(ə)nə) = (noun) A native or inhabitant of London e.g., The constantly changing lifestyles of Londoners.

·  Quota (pronounced ˈkwəʊ.tə) = (noun) A fixed share of something that a person or group is entitled to receive or is bound to contribute e.g., They were arrested for helping fill the quota of arrests the security police had to make during the crackdown./// A limited quantity of a particular product which under official controls can be produced, exported, or imported e.g., The Saudi may be exceeding its OPEC quota of 1,100,000 barrels of oil per day.// e.g., The country has a quota on immigration (** for this example) // e.g., The county is falling short of its quota of blood donations.

·     Fury (pronounced fjʊəri) = (noun) Wild or violent anger e.g., Tears of fury and frustration.// e.g., Unionist politicians reacted in a fury to the court's ruling./// ''A fury'' = A surge of violent anger or other strong feelings, e.g., In a fury, he lashed the horse on./// Extreme strength or violence in an action or a natural phenomenon e.g., The fury of a gathering storm.// e.g., She was paddling with a new fury./// ''Like fury'' = (Phrase) (informal) With great energy or effort e.g., She fought like fury in his arms.

·     The Bush = wild or uncultivated country, especially in Australia, Africa, and Canada e.g., They have to spend a night camping in the bush./// (New Zealand) Indigenous rainforest e.g., Show our respect for the bush by keeping it in its original condition.// (Urban slang) A woman's pubic hair.// Indigenous rainforest.

·     Unnecessary

·    Blizzard (pronounced ˈblɪzəd) = (noun) A severe snowstorm with high winds. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Tochal_sport_complex_16.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/TotallyFreeImages_com-281074-Standard-preview.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Nearwhiteoutinminnesota.JPG  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bym8N__2jcE   and http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_slatest/2016/01/21/all_your_east_coast_blizzard_questions_answered/160121_slatest_blizzard.jpg.CROP.promo-xlarge2.jpg  and http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/the_slatest/2016/01/21/all_your_east_coast_blizzard_questions_answered/160121_slatest_blizzard.jpg.CROP.promo-xlarge2.jpg e.g., Much of the year I worry about my northern friends, with their blizzards, tornadoes, heat waves, droughts./// A large or overwhelming number of things arriving suddenly e.g., A blizzard of forms.// e.g., There is irony in the book's blizzard of anecdotal details.

·  Consecrate = (verb with object) Make or declare something (typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious purpose e.g., The present Holy Trinity church was consecrated in 1845.// e.g., Consecrated ground./// (in Christian belief) Declare bread and wine to be or represent the body and blood of Christ e.g., They received the host but not the consecrated wine./// Ordain someone to a sacred office, typically that of bishop./// (verb) (with object and complement) e.g., He was consecrated bishop of York./// (informal) Devote something exclusively to a particular purpose e.g., The gun room was a male preserve, consecrated to the sport.

·    Mass = Eucharist (pronounced ˈjuː.kər.ɪst) = (Holy) Communion = service = the Christian Eucharist or Holy Communion, especially in the Roman Catholic Church. See   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Ecce_Agnus_Dei.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/%C3%9Altima_Cena_-_Juan_de_Juanes.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Methodistcommunion6.jpg // e.g., We went to Mass. 

·   Sacrament (pronounced ˈsæk.rə.mənt) = (noun) (in the Christian Church) a religious ceremony or ritual regarded as imparting divine grace, such as baptism, the Eucharist and (in the Roman Catholic and many Orthodox Churches) penance and the anointing of the sick. Synonym: rite.// e.g., The Pope has been given ‘last rites’ (or rather, the sacrament of anointing the sick. /// (in Roman Catholic use) the consecrated elements of the Eucharist, especially the bread or Host e.g., He heard Mass and received the sacrament.// See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Council_of_Trent.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/The_seven_Sacrament.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/A_Scottish_Sacrament.jpg  and   http://www.conradschmitt.com/images/project/xlarge/179.jpg /// A thing of mysterious and sacred significance; a religious symbol e.g., They used peyote (= a kind of cactus) as a sacrament.

·  Tithe (pronounced taɪð) = (noun) the tenth part of someone’s produce or income that they give or pay as a tax to the Church (^^). (My comment: obviously it is related to the first Christian years, as well as the Roman years. In fact, Jesus said to give the tithe of our fortune to the poor!).

·  Penance (pronounced ˈpen.əns) = (mass noun) punishment inflicted on oneself as an outward expression of repentance for wrongdoing e.g., He had done public penance for those hasty words.// e.g., He confesses and receives penances twice, once on the verge of execution, then finally is deemed insane and committed to an asylum at the close of his third trial../// Sacrament in which a member of the Church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution. In the Roman Catholic Church often called ''sacrament of reconciliation'' e.g., In the fragile and apocalyptic early church, penance was conceived as a public reconciliation, necessary to the very existence of the congregation ./// A religious observance or other duty required of a person by a priest as part of this sacrament to indicate repentance e.g., ‘Will eternity be long enough to allow the penance required?’

·    Sacred (pronounced ˈseɪ.krɪd) = (adjective) Connected with God or a god or dedicated to a religious purpose and so deserving veneration e.g., Sacred rites.// e.g., The pilgrim's journey is distinguished by its sacred purpose./// Religious rather than secular e.g., Sacred music.// e.g., The museum itself has been designed to merge with the local architecture and contains artifacts that are both sacred and secular./// (Of writing or text) Embodying the laws or doctrines of a religion e.g., A sacred Hindu text.// Regarded with great respect and reverence by a particular religion, group, or individual e.g., In India cows are sacred, and the eating of beef is taboo./// Regarded as too valuable to be interfered with; sacrosanct e.g., To a police officer nothing is sacred.

·  Sacrilege (to) = (noun) (an act of) treating something holy or important without respect (+ to (full infinitive)) e.g., Muslims (we don’t say ‘the Muslims’ as we speak generally) consider it sacrilege to wear shoes inside a mosque.// e.g., It would be a sacrilege to put a neon sign on that beautiful old building.// Sacrilegious (adjective) e.g., Sacrilegious practices/ acts.// Sacrilegiously (adverb) (^^).

·   Secular (pronounced ˈsɛkjʊlə) = (adjective) not having any connection with religion.// (My comment: it is the opposite of sacred).// e.g., Secular education.// e.g., A secular state.// e.g., We live in an increasingly secular society, in which religion has less and less influence on our daily lives (^^).

·   Secularism (pronounced ˈsekyələˌrizəm) = (noun) the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions e.g., He believes that secularism means no discrimination against anybody in the name of religion.// e.g., They fear that a rise of fundamentalism will threaten the country's commitment to secularism.

·    Peculiar (pronounced pɪˈkjuː.li.ər) = (adjective) Different to what is normal or expected; strange e.g., He gave her some very peculiar looks.// e.g., Samantha thought the play was peculiar./// (informal) (predicative) Slightly and indefinably unwell e.g., ‘I felt a little peculiar for a while.’/// Particular; special e.g., Any attempt to clarify the theme is bound to run into peculiar difficulties./// Peculiar to = belonging exclusively to e.g., Some languages are peculiar to one region./// (noun) (UK English) A parish or church exempt from the jurisdiction of the diocese in which it lies, and subject to the direct jurisdiction of the monarch or an archbishop e.g., Deans and canons of royal peculiars, notably Westminster Abbey and Windsor.

·    Peculiarity (pronounced pɪˌkjuː.liˈær.ə.ti) = (noun) An odd or unusual feature or habit e.g., For all his peculiarities, she finds his personality quite endearing.// e.g., In the meantime, he acquired strange peculiarities of habits./// A characteristic or quality that is distinctive of a particular person or place e.g., His essays characterized decency as a British peculiarity./// The quality or state of being peculiar e.g., The peculiarity of their upbringing.

· Profane = (adjective) Not relating to that which is sacred or religious; secular (pronounced ˈsek.jə.lə(r)) e.g., A talk that tackled topics both sacred and profane./// (Of a person) not initiated into religious rites or any esoteric knowledge e.g., He was an agnostic, a profane man./// (Of a person or their behavior) not respectful of religious practice; irreverent e.g., A profane person might be tempted to violate the tomb./// (Of language) blasphemous or obscene e.g., ‘We strongly encourage that you refrain from any profane or indecent language.’///Treat something sacred with irreverence or disrespect e.g., It was a serious matter to profane a tomb.

·   Veneration = (mass noun) Great respect; reverence. .// e.g., The traditional veneration of saints.// e.g., Adoration and veneration may be the stuff of religious vision.// e.g., They were not objects of respect and veneration; they became objects of mockery.

·   Rite (pronounced raɪt) = (noun) a religious or other solemn ceremony or act e.g., The rite of (Holy) Communion.// e.g., Pagan fertility rites./// A body of customary observances characteristic of a Church or a part of it e.g., The Byzantine rite./// A social custom, practice, or conventional act e.g., The British family Christmas rite.

·     Clergy (pronounced ˈklɜː.dʒi) = (noun) (usually treated as plural) The body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church e.g., All marriages were to be solemnized by the clergy.

·    Priesthood = (noun) the office or position of a priest e.g., The ordination of women to the priesthood./// Priests in general; clergy e.g., There was relief among the Anglican priesthood.

·    Triune (pronounced ˈtrʌɪjuːn) = (adjective) Consisting of three in one (used especially with reference to the Trinity) e.g., The Christological (= related to Jesus Christ) inflection of the triune name is the familiar formula ‘the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit (i.e., the Triune Godhead).

·    Diocese (pronounced ˈdaɪ.ə.sɪs) = (noun) A district under the pastoral care of a bishop in the Christian Church.// Synonyms: bishopric,  eparchy.// e.g., Nothing has been said about what would become of parishes, clergy, or dioceses in a church which walks apart.

·    Parson = (noun) A beneficed member of the clergy; a rector or a vicar. See https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgu-LVLgYML652yUhzvNzkQxIjhQz2uifg6-c28L6DuTbJFkUvHYGZfC5YLTYors026Yzxb4V3mux9JPbHHsS3zSBLLOLJDl5aKfLKoZyi55YTgVl0zamFxWdlPaNvXCWdqBOnJ21VUoJO0/s640/article-2230787-15EFE482000005DC-637_306x423.jpg and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/IxXbldUflXo/hqdefault.jpg // (informal) Any member of the clergy, especially a Protestant one.

·   Rector = (noun) A priest in charge of a parish (= area) in the Church of England. See http://www.stdave.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Jim-Bethell.jpg and https://static01.nyt.com/images/2012/01/22/nyregion/22TULLY_SPAN/22TULLY_SPAN-articleLarge.jpg /// An important official at some colleges in Scotland, elected by the students. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Inauguration-Lubomir-Dvorak.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Rector_Herminio_Dagohoy_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg   /// (US English) The person in charge of a university or school (*). See http://finlandtoday.fi/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ft-jukka-kola-ari-aalto.jpg and http://web.uni-miskolc.hu/files/1575/torma_rektor.jpg?width=800 Note: οutside the English speaking-world the rector is often the most senior official in a university, while in the US the most senior official is often referred to as president and in the UK as chancellor (***** for the note).

·     Vicar (pronounced ˈvɪkə) = (noun) (in the Church of England) an incumbent of a parish where tithes formerly passed to a chapter or religious house or layperson. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Choirhabit.jpg/250px-Choirhabit.jpg and http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01688/MichaelLand_1688232c.jpg   /// (in other Anglican Churches) A member of the clergy deputizing for another./// (in the US Episcopal Church) A member of the clergy in charge of a chapel./// A cleric or choir member appointed to sing certain parts of a cathedral service.

·    Venerable (pronounced ˈvɛn(ə)rəb(ə)l)= (adjective) Accorded a great deal of respect, especially because of age, wisdom, or character e.g., A venerable statesman.// e.g., Perhaps the most venerable and prestigious general scientific journal in the world is ‘Nature.’/// (in the Anglican Church) A title given to an archdeacon./// (in the Roman Catholic Church) A title given to a deceased person who has attained a certain degree of sanctity but has not been fully beatified or canonized.

· Reverence = (mass noun) Deep respect for someone or something e.g., Rituals showed honor and reverence for the dead.// e.g., Respect and reverence for all religious and philosophical traditions are at the heart of a democratic civil society which makes student newspapers possible.

·    His/Your Reverence = a title or form of address to a member of the clergy, especially a priest in Ireland e.g., 'I regret, Your Reverence, that I cannot come to meet you.’ /// (verb with object) Regard or treat with deep respect e.g., The many divine beings reverenced by Hindu tradition.

·    His/Your Eminence = A title or form of address given to a Roman Catholic cardinal e.g., ‘His Eminence, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.’

·   Irreverent = (adjective) Showing a lack of respect for people or things that are generally taken seriously e.g., He is irreverent about the whole business of politics.// e.g., Student films have a reputation for being somewhat obscure and irreverent, but entertaining.// e.g., She had a reputation for being a wild, irreverent and disrespectful young girl.

·   Parish (not to be confused with ‘Paris!’) = (noun) (Christian Church) A small administrative district typically having its own church and a priest or pastor.// (as modifier) e.g., A parish church.// e.g., The dissident priests and parishes are opposed to the church's blessing of same-sex unions. (My politically incorrect comment: why do we need to ask them?) /// (UK English) The smallest unit of local government, constituted only in rural areas.// (as modifier) e.g., A parish councilor./// (US English) (in Louisiana) A territorial division corresponding to a county in other states.

· Denomination (pronounced dɪˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n) = (noun) a recognized autonomous branch of the Christian Church e.g., The Presbyterian community is the second largest denomination in the country.// A branch of any religion e.g., Orthodox Jewish denominations.// e.g., These are some of the minor differences that are typically found within denominations.//// The face value of a banknote, coin, or postage stamp. For banknote See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Billets_de_5000.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/US_%245000_1934_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg/640px-US_%245000_1934_Federal_Reserve_Note.jpg  For postal stamp See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Roumanie_1947_12_lei.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Germany278.jpg  // (as modifier) e.g., High-denomination banknotes./// The rank of a playing card within a suit, or of a suit relative to others e.g., Two cards of the same denomination.// (formal) A name or designation.// (mass noun) The action of naming or classifying something e.g., The denomination of consideration as relevant or irrelevant.

·     Parishioner = (noun) An inhabitant of a particular church parish, especially one who is a regular churchgoer e.g., This year's concert is dedicated to a parishioner's daughter who recently died.

·     Sermon (pronounced ˈsɜː.mən) =(noun) A talk on a religious or moral subject, especially one given during a church service and based on a passage from the Bible. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6MdVt1784g and   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kjSK-PcU9o and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/220px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg // e.g., ‘I preached my first sermon on original sin.’/// (informal) A long or tedious piece of admonition or reproof; a lecture e.g., He understood that if he said anymore, he would have to listen to another lengthy sermon.

·    Vest (as a verb) = (usually ‘be vested in’) (verb with object) Confer (= grant or bestow a title, degree, benefit, or right) or bestow (= confer or present an honor, right, or gift) power, authority, property, etc. on someone e.g., Executive power is vested in the President’.// e.g., The Justice Department argued that the Constitution vests such authority exclusively in the president, and that it is not subject to judicial review./// (usually as ‘be vested with’) = give someone the legal right to power, property, etc. e.g., The local planning authorities are vested with powers to regulate land use and development.// e.g., During the inauguration, the president is vested with the power and authority of the office./// Vest in = (verb; no object) (of power, property, etc.) come into the possession of e.g., The bankrupt's property vests in his trustee.// e.g., This was achieved by 1876 and the property vested in the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in 1891./// (verb; no object) [of a chorister (= a member of a choir, especially a child or young person singing the treble part in a church choir) or member of the clergy] put on vestments (vestment = a chasuble or other robe worn by the clergy or choristers during services – See  https://i2.wp.com/www.churchlinens.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/vestments-008.jpg?resize=600%2C397 and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Christina-Odenbergedited.jpg ) e.g., He approaches the altar to vest for Mass.// e.g., ‘We discussed the service as I vested, then waited in the sacristy for the sound of feet on the chapel floor.’ /// (literary) (verb with object) Dress someone e.g., The Speaker vested him with a rich purple robe.

·     Pulpit (pronounced ˈpʊlpɪt) = (noun) A raised enclosed platform in a church or chapel from which the preacher delivers a sermon. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pulpit_of_Blenduk_Church%2C_Semarang%2C_2014-06-23.jpg/1200px-Pulpit_of_Blenduk_Church%2C_Semarang%2C_2014-06-23.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Askeby_church_pulpit.jpg and http://thecrypt.ie/703-2473-thickbox/pulpits.jpg // e.g., Many ministers (here minister means a member of the clergy, especially in Protestant churches) delivered political guidance from their pulpits./// The pulpit = Religious teaching as expressed in sermons e.g., The movies could rival the pulpit as an agency molding the ideas of the mass public./// A raised platform in the bows of a fishing boat or whaler (= a whaling ship). See https://railmakerscostamesa.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/bearflag.jpg /// A guardrail enclosing a small area at the bow of a yacht. See http://www.beachfiber.com/img/boatmap.gif and http://www.mrstainless.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/yacht5_large.jpg

·  Absolution = (mass noun) formal release from guilt, obligation, or punishment e.g., Absolution from the sentence.// e.g., We must accompany our people from a place of guilt to absolution, fear to repentance, shame to sacrifice./// Ecclesiastical (related to the church) declaration that a person's sins have been forgiven e.g., She had been granted absolution for her sins.

·   Absolve = (transitive verb) (especially in religion or law) to free someone from guilt, blame, or responsibility for something e.g., The report absolved him from/of all blame for the accident.// e.g., The priest absolved her (of all her sins) (*)

·    Omniscient (pronounced ɒmˈnɪs.i.ənt) = (adjective) Knowing everything e.g., A third-person omniscient narrator.// e.g., After all, science is not yet omniscient in the present world.// e.g., If God is omnipotent (pronounced ɒmˈnɪp.ə.tənt) and omniscient, why didn't he start the universe out in the first place, so it would come out the way he wants?

·  Omnipotent (pronounced ɒmˈnɪp.ə.tənt) = (adjective) (Of a deity) having unlimited power e.g., God is described as omnipotent and benevolent (= kind and helpful).// e.g., The prevalence of evil and misery has always bothered those who believe in a benevolent and omnipotent God./// Having great power and influence e.g., An omnipotent sovereign.// e.g., Certainly, the power of the state as omnipotent is lived out on death row.

·     Balk (at) (also baulk in UK English) (as a noun) = (irregular verb) To be unwilling to do something or allow something to happen e.g., ‘I balked at the prospect of spending 3 hours on a train with him’ (^^)

·   Balk (as a noun) (also baulk in UK English) = (noun) A rough, thick piece of wood (^^). For wooden balk See http://fepaxbv.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/derevyanniy_brus_iz_eli.jpg   and https://www.flickr.com/photos/decar66/5402258753/in/photostream     /// Αreas on various types of a billiard table (***** for this definition).

·     Undue = (adjective) To a level that is more than is necessary, acceptable, or reasonable e.g., Such a high increase will impose an undue burden on the local taxpayer./// Unduly = (adverb) e.g., There is no need to be unduly pessimistic about the situation (^^).

·      Plant = (noun) Machines used in industry.// A factory in which such machines are used.  Types of plant: a) Chemical plant. b) Physical plant, also just called ‘plant;’ a facility's infrastructure (i.e., plant room). c) Any type of mobile construction machinery. d) Another name for a factory (short for ‘manufacturing plant’). e) The processing plant, in process manufacturing (***** for the types of plant). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Chemical_Plant_Western_Reclamation.jpg  For a manufacturing plant See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Wolfsburg_VW-Werk.jpg   and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Zilina_zapalkaren.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Highland_park_plant_1.jpg  For a power plant See http://www.deltarecruitmentconsultants.com/prd/power-plant-industry.jpg // For a chemical plant See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_-_BEIC_6355514.jpg  and  https://carlosjochoa.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/vocational-digital-training.jpg   // (verb) To put something or someone in position secretly, especially in order to deceive someone, e.g., The bomb was planted in the station waiting room.// She insisted that the drugs had been planted on her without her knowledge  (^^).

·    Mall rat = (US English) (slang) A young person who goes to shopping Malls to spend times with their friends (^^)

·      Mudslide = (noun) A mass of mud and other earthy material that is falling or has fallen down a hillside or other slope. Note: mudflows are often called mudslides, a term applied indiscriminately by the mass media to a variety of mass wasting events.  Mudflows often start as slides, becoming flows as water is entrained along the flow path; such events are often called flow slides. Landslide is a more general term than mudflow. It refers to the gravity-driven failure and subsequent movement downslope of any types of surface movement of soil, rock, or other debris (***** for the note).  See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Mameyes.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/MSH80_mailboxes_along_cowlitz_river_1980.jpg  and http://media.thedenverchannel.com/photo/2014/05/27/wark%20mudslide%20_OP_4_CP__1401208906846_5285730_ver1.0_640_480.jpg and https://i.cbc.ca/1.3308497.1446850167!/fileImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/original_620/brazil-mudslide.jpg  e.g., Sporadic systems are those that produce avalanches, earthquakes, mudslides, volcanic eruptions and such like.

·    Pat = (transitive verb) To touch someone or something gently and usually repeatedly with the hand flat. For patting someone’s head See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8MjWycE_S8  To pat a puppy See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbdeA2PsBSQ // e.g., ‘He patted my head/ he patted me on the head affectionately.’// e.g., ‘I bent down to pat the little puppy.’/// ‘Pat somebody on the back’ = (phrase)  to praise someone for doing something good.//   For patting someone on the back See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPnTDe1Vabg /// (noun) The act of patting a person or animal e.g., ‘I gave the little boy a pat on the head.’/// (noun) a small flat piece, especially of butter. For butter pat See https://www.enasco.com/prod/images/products/72/VC126724l.jpg   (^^)

·      Twain = (dated) two (^^)