English Language Lessons: TIPS for English (44): Words(II) (K)

· Ram = (intransitive or transitive verb) To hit or push something with force e.g., ‘Someone rammed into my car while I was parked outside my house.’// e.g., A car rams pedestrians killing one man.// He rammed the sweets/ his pipe into his mouth./// (noun) An adult male sheep that can breed.// See http://cache4.asset-cache.net/xr/493424740.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=3&d=77BFBA49EF878921CC759DF4EBAC47D081666EECCC200083F4B981D7CCE57ECF0588BA2E0C7F1181A55A1E4F32AD3138 and http://www.mercurynews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/20150124__blockedcrosswalk1.jpg?w=498 and http://www.theblaze.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Jerusalem-Ram-Attack-Getty.jpg /// Battering ram = a piece of equipment used to hit something and force it open or break it. See https://media.chesskidfiles.com/images/user/tiny_mce/BoundingOwl/0869-Attack-on-the-walls-of-a-besieged-town-q75-500x412.jpg and http://historywarsweapons.com/wp-content/uploads/image/BatteringRam1.jpg // e.g., The used a ram to break down the door./// A moving part in a machine that puts pressure or force on something. For ram milling machine See http://www.xilimc.com/uploads/allimg/150512/1-150512094132.jpg For hydraulic ram pump see https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Papa_hydraulic_ram_pump.jpg/440px-Papa_hydraulic_ram_pump.jpg and https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hydraulicrampump-141130121157-conversion-gate02/95/hydraulic-ram-pump-7-638.jpg?cb=1417349567 // (noun) (computing) (abbreviation) random access memory (*).

· Plough (UK English) (or plow (US English) (both pronounced plaʊ) = (noun) a large farming implement with one or more blades fixed in a frame, drawn by a tractor or by animals and used for cutting furrows in the soil and turning it over, especially to prepare for the planting of seeds. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-dLT9Km0hU and https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/45/102545-004-12F640C4.jpg and http://www.leafpile.com/TravelLog/Romania/Farming/Planting/plowing.jpg // e.g., If he made a plow blade just a little bit off, the farmer who bought it would not be able to till his fields properly.// (US English) A snowplow (see below) e.g., ‘Thankfully, she'd parked in his wide driveway so no one would have to worry about a plow sideswiping her car during the night.’/// A yoga pose assumed by lying on one's back and swinging one's legs over one's head until the outstretched feet approach or touch the floor. See https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5008a3c6c4aa6450352d2303/t/54215da5e4b0394ddbf89535/1411472806059/?format=750w // e.g., Positions like plow and headstand can strain the neck.// (verb with object) Turn up the earth of an area of land with a plow, especially before sowing See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pUyxtsVAyY and http://missouriblog.ilikeitdesign.com/images/6-plowing.jpg // e.g., Uncle Jim plowed his garden.// e.g., A plowed field./// Cut a furrow or line with or as if with a plow e.g., Icebergs have plowed furrows on the seabed./// (of a ship or boat) Travel through an area of water. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H6vTniRXEk0 and http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/june/gifs/arctic_news.jpg // e.g., Cruise liners plow the long-sailed routes.// e.g., The U.S. Coast Guard's icebreaker Healy can plow through sea ice up to four and a half feet thick. /// (verb, no object; with adverbial of direction) (especially of a vehicle) Move in a fast and uncontrolled manner. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfHqwAjc8AY and http://www.theblaze.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Jerusalem-Ram-Attack-Getty.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPzKfzkOsOg // e.g., The car plowed into the side of a van.// e.g., The police inspect a car that ploughed into pedestrians injuring several people./// Advance or progress laboriously or forcibly e.g., They plowed their way through deep snow.// e.g., The students are plowing through a set of grammar exercises./// Plow on = continue steadily despite difficulties or warnings to stop e.g., He plowed on, trying to outline his plans./// (US English) Clear snow from a road using a snowplow e.g., The roads of New York weren't yet plowed./// ''Plow a lonely (or one's own) furrow'' = (phrase) follow a course of action in which one is isolated or in which one can act independently e.g., ‘I think the experience of the last few years really has been that we do better when we plough our own furrow as a party.’/// ''Put (or set) one's hand to the plow'' = (phrase) embark on a task e.g., The farmer put his hand to the plough to find brides for lonely countrymen!/// Plow something in/ back = (phrasal verb) a) Plow grass or other material into the soil to enrich it e.g., In 1933 alone, $100 million was paid out to cotton farmers to plough their crop back into the ground. b) Invest money in a business or reinvest profits in the enterprise producing them e.g., Savings made through greater efficiency will be plowed back into the service./// ''Plow under'' = bury in the soil by plowing e.g., Straw can be plowed under, but that costs about $8 to $10 an acre./// ''Plow up'' = till soil completely or thoroughly e.g., My father would borrow a tiller from a friend and plow up the patch making room for two rows of twelve plants each./// Uncover by plowing.

· Ploughman (plowman in US English) = (noun) A person who uses a plough [(or plow in US) (pronounced plaʊ) = a large farming implement with one or more blades fixed in a frame, drawn by a tractor or by animals and used for cutting furrows in the soil and turning it over, especially to prepare for the planting of seeds]. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Maler_der_Grabkammer_des_Sennudem_001.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Winslow_Homer_-_The_Plowman_(1878).jpg and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/dZubXvWEPc8/hqdefault.jpg

· Snowplow (or Snow Plow) (US English) (or snowplough in UK English) (pronounced snoʊplɑʊ) = an implement or vehicle for clearing roads of snow by pushing it aside.// See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Sidewalk_plow.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/TowPLow_front_view2.JPG/1200px-TowPLow_front_view2.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Sidewalk_plow.JPG and http://www.fisherplows.com/qbin/files/hd2-snowplow-video_1270x714.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5oa8P3HJhYw/// (Skiing) An act of turning the points of one's skis inward in order to slow down or turn (also known with the colloquial terms ''wedge'' or ''pizza''). See http://www.topofeuropeorganisation.com/sites/default/files/images/skibeginner.jpg and http://www.skimybest.com/skiCSW3.jpg// (verb; no object) Ski with the tips of one's skis pointing inward in order to slow down or turn.

· Snooker = (noun) a game played with cues on a billiard table in which the players use a cue ball (white) to pocket the other balls (15 red and 6 colored) in a set order. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Snooker_table_selby.JPG/1200px-Snooker_table_selby.JPG /// A position in a game of snooker or pool in which a player cannot make a direct shot at any permitted ball; a shot placing an opponent in such a position e.g., He needed a snooker to have a chance of winning the frame./// (verb with object) Subject oneself or one's opponent to a snooker./// (UK English) Leave someone in a difficult position; thwart e.g., - ''I managed to lose my car keys—that was me snookered''./// (US English) Trick, entice, or trap e.g., They were snookered into buying books at prices that were too high.

· Premise (pronounced noun = ˈpremɪs and verb = prɪˈmʌɪz) = (noun) (pronounced ˈpremɪs) (UK English) (Logic) a previous statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion e.g., If the premise is true, then the conclusion must be true./// An assertion or proposition which forms the basis for a work or theory e.g., The fundamental premise of the report.// e.g., It is the fundamental premise of the theory of evolution./// (verb with object) (pronounced prɪˈmʌɪz) Premise something on/upon = base an argument, theory, or undertaking on e.g., The reforms were premised on our findings.// e.g., At the beginning of his Memorial, the writer premises his argument on religious values./// State or presuppose something as a premise.// (with clause) e.g., One school of thought premised that the cosmos is indestructible.// e.g., Which is to say that on these premises it makes no sense to attribute consciousness to another human being at all./// Premises = (plural noun) (pronounced ˈprem.ɪ.sɪz) A house or building, together with its land and outbuildings, occupied by a business or organization or considered in an official context e.g., The company is relocating to new premises.// e.g., The ice cream is made on the premises (= in the building where it is sold).// e.g., The security guards escorted the protesters off (= away from) the premises.// e.g., There is no smoking allowed anywhere on school premises (^^^ for the previous 4 examples).

· Gasoline (vs) Gas (vs) Oil (vs) Petrol (vs) Petroleum

· Gasoline (US English) = petrol (UK English) (= refined petroleum used as fuel for internal combustion engines).

· Gas (US English) = gut gas (flatulence)

· Oil = it means cooking oil, but may also mean petroleum./// (Australian/ New Zealand English) Information or facts e.g., Young had some good oil on the Adelaide races.

· Petroleum = a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons that are present in certain rock strata and can be extracted and refined to produce fuels including gasoline, kerosene, and diesel oil; oil.

· Oil spill = the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. See https://az616578.vo.msecnd.net/files/2016/06/18/636018189401756366-1111187066_oil%20spill.jpg and https://www.israel21c.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/112-1000x657.jpg The term is usually applied to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs (= devices) and wells (= borings in the earth), as well as spills of refined petroleum products (e.g., gasoline and diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil (*****).

· Oil well = a well or shaft drilled through rock, from which petroleum is drawn, e.g., In 1967, Anschutz discovered a major oil well in Wyoming, which soon caught fire (*****). See https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a8/2a/4d/a82a4dc3015eae166a85781bca27c2b8.jpg and https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/03/158803-004-06B17B1B.jpg and http://www.shalegas.international/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dollarphotoclub_42248-678x381.jpg

· Pumpjack (also called oil horse, oil jack, or jack pump) = the overground drive for a reciprocating piston pump in an oil well. It is used to mechanically lift liquid out of the well if not enough bottom hole pressure exists for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface. The arrangement is commonly used for onshore wells producing little oil (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Pump_Jack_labelled.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Quitman_TX_oil_well_with_Lufkin_pumping_unit.gif and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Odessa_TX_Oil_Well_with_Lufkin_320D_pumping_unit.gif

· Drilling rig = a machine that creates holes in the earth sub-surface. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person, and such are called augers ((*****) for the drilling rig). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Drilling_the_Bakken_formation_in_the_Williston_Basin.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Mercedes_Benz_Atego_-_Bohranlage_%281%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Mercedes_Benz_Atego_-_Bohranlage_%281%29.jpg and http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02980/shell_olympus_2980757k.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Layne_Rig57.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Oil_Rig_NT8.svg

· Runway = a strip of hard ground along which aircraft take off and land. See http://runway.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/bg_airplane2.jpg and https://res.cloudinary.com/prd/image/upload/v1425619840/Runway-Landing-43703839_feiuak.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Na4srNQXd0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WFaEttPlNE

· Catwalk (US English) (or (fashion) Runway) = a platform extending into an auditorium, along which models walk to display clothes in fashion shows. For a model catwalk See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/hmc1nvOC4M0/maxresdefault.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/ModelsCatwalk.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30fj9r4O6IU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wb9ZfjYFIAo

· Sewage/ Sewage plant

· Drain-waste-vent (or DWV) = (in modern plumbing) part of a system that removes sewage and greywater from a building and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes to aid free flow (*****). See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoilStack.PNG and the article on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system

· Graywater (or gray water) = (noun) The relatively clean waste water from baths, sinks, washing machines, and other kitchen appliances.

· Broadsheet newspaper (e.g., ‘The Financial Times’) (vs) tabloids (with more gossips about events and celebrities; such as the ‘Sun’).

· Tabloid = (noun) A newspaper having pages half the size of those of a standard newspaper, typically popular in style and dominated by headlines, photographs, and sensational stories e.g., She has even forgiven boyfriends who have sold stories about her to the tabloids.

· Broadsheet (1 word) = (noun) the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages (typically 22 inches or 560 millimeters). The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a single sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material, from ballads to political satire (*****).

· Unforeseen = (adjective) Not anticipated or predicted e.g., Insurance to protect yourself against unforeseen circumstances.// e.g., He had beautiful screen-printed posters made to attract attention but has encountered an unforeseen problem.

· Hectic (= full of incessant (= never stopping) or frantic (= wild or distraught with fear, anxiety, or other emotion activity) rhythm of tourist (not ‘touristic’ as it does not exist) life

· Clip art = (noun) Simple pictures and symbols made available for computer users to add to their documents. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Cliparts_%28examples%29.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Boy_and_Turtle.png and http://clipartall.com/subimg/bee-clipart-images-clip-art-bee.jpg and https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fe/90/67/fe9067245f364a7deb4443204568c63e.jpg // e.g., You can draw or create images using six sets of clip art supplied in the picture message folder, and then send them on to other compatible phones.

· Furrow (pronounced ˈfʌr.əʊ) = (noun) a long line or hollow that is formed or cut into the surface of something e.g., A deep furrow has formed in the rock, where water has run over it for centuries.// e.g., Years of anxiety have lined her brow with deep furrows.// See https://stacks.stanford.edu/image/iiif/kf729xk5709%2F2004-100CRAI-GL-b74_2.3_0005/full/!400,400/0/default.jpg and http://coastbotanicalgarden.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/furrows.jpg and http://www.fao.org/docrep/s8684e/s8684e0j.gif For skin farrows See http://www.odermatol.com/wp-content/uploads/Fig_1j(7).jpg /// (transitive verb) To form or cut a long line or hollow in the surface of something e.g., The wheels of the heavy tractor furrowed the soft ground.// e.g., The pain of his headache made him furrow his brow (= make lines in the skin above his eyes) (*).

· Burrow (pronounced ˈbərō or ˈbəroʊ) = (noun) a hole or tunnel dug by a small animal, especially a rabbit, as a dwelling. See http://allstateanimalcontrol.com/images/large%20images/rabbit/Lissette%27s%20Pictures%20039.jpg and http://cdn2.arkive.org/media/E0/E0A2CAD2-8600-4D8E-986C-CE15D446F82E/Presentation.Large/Black-tailed-prairie-dog-adult-alert-at-burrow-entrance.jpg For a skin barrow from scabies See https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR6-11jdZXrtOtqm-8AZkJpKBLGcjZkV7vxsliQzvdEhWR3pY0_APNPQVKw-g-LPLq9vP3XuAbC9WktwzcIFChET34LZlc3LSto6kLq3o3NVFy-ohJ7Y6ESsYa94rL_QDJAQwGT52DWl9k/s1600/Burrows.jpg and http://www.bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2009/february/img/scabies_magnified.jpg// e.g., Spheniscus species generally use unlined nests in burrows, crevices, caves, or surface scrapes./// (of an animal) Make a hole or tunnel, typically for use as a dwelling e.g., Moles burrowing away underground.// e.g., Burrowing earthworms.// (verb with object) e.g., The fish can burrow a hiding place./// (with adverbial of direction) Advance into or through something solid by digging or making a hole e.g., Worms that burrow through dead wood.// (with adverbial of direction) Move underneath, or press close to something in order to hide oneself or in search of comfort e.g., The child burrowed deeper into the bed./// Make a thorough inquiry; investigate e.g., Journalists are burrowing into the president's business affairs.// e.g., The US media are burrowing into two issues from Dean's past.

· Crevice (pronounced ˈkrev.ɪs) = (noun) a small, narrow crack or space, especially on the surface of a rock. See https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/02/7d/0c/ea/filename-page-az-037.jpg and http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3855/14415831884_a9b2e2c529.jpg For a rock crevice See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Rock_crevice%2C_Agawa_Rock.JPG and http://www.caudata.org/forum/attachments/f1173-advanced-newt-salamander-topics/f1159-fieldwork-fieldherping/f1160-field-herping-accounts/12941d1289458013-west-virginia-rock-crevice-behind-mcdonalds-dsc_0148.jpg and http://www.caudata.org/forum/attachments/f1173-advanced-newt-salamander-topics/f1159-fieldwork-fieldherping/f1160-field-herping-accounts/12941d1289458013-west-virginia-rock-crevice-behind-mcdonalds-dsc_0148.jpg /// A deep line in an old person's face, or a deep fold in someone's body. See https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5740bab1e3214003460bab74/t/576affe7ebbd1aee23eafcd0/1466630194918/ and https://10199-presscdn-pagely.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Facial-Wrinkles-ss.jpg // (My comment as a medic: we usually use the word ‘wrinkles’) e.g., The harsh light revealed every crevice and wrinkle in his face.// e.g., Sweat poured out of every crevice of the fat man's body (*).

· Inundation (pronounced ˌɪnʌnˈdeɪʃn) (the noun is inundate (pronounced ˈɪn.ʌn.deɪt)) = (noun) Flooding. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Inundation_in_my_homeland.JPG For coastal inundation See http://www.sydneycoastalcouncils.com.au/sites/default/files/twophotoinundation.jpg and http://www.stormsurge.noaa.gov/images/header_photo_05.jpg // For the annual inundation of the Nile See https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/21655/WilEg_079_illus.jpg?sequence=1&isAllowed=y e.g., The annual inundation of the Nile.// e.g., If the dam breaks it will inundate large parts of the city (^^^ for this example)./// An overwhelming abundance of people or things e.g., ‘We see an inundation of campaign posters.’

· Flood (pronounced flʌd) = (noun) An overflowing of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, especially over what is normally dry land e.g., In a thousand miles the flood destroyed every bridge.// e.g., Woman trapped in her car during the flash flood.

· Flash flood (pronounced flʌd) = (noun) a sudden local flood, typically due to heavy rain. See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/-Cwse0gVl3U/hqdefault.jpg and http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/floods/img/nws-flash.jpg // e.g., It is thought that flash floods and general flooding have been responsible for more deaths than any other climatic event.// e.g., A woman was trapped in her car during the flash flood.

· Causeway (pronounced ˈkoz.weɪ) = (noun) a raised path, especially across a wet area. See http://thechronicleherald.ca/sites/default/files/u1027163/DP_Causeway3.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Singapore-Johor_Causeway.jpg/240px-Singapore-Johor_Causeway.jpg // e.g., e.g., In many places, the soil, sodden with rain, was impracticable for cavalry and even for infantry until trees had been felled and a rude causeway formed through the swamp.// e.g., She drove along the wide causeway by the riverside and turned up the steep, narrow street (*).

· Sinkhole = (noun) a cavity in the ground, especially in a limestone formation, caused by water erosion and providing a route for surface water to disappear underground. See http://a.abcnews.com/images/US/CA_Sinkhole_BM_20160412_16x9_992.jpg and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/33/3f/48/333f489947fe68b561b3d91707d7b4c1.jpg

· Tudor (pronounced ˈtjuːdə) = (adjective) Of or relating to the English royal dynasty that held the throne from the accession of Henry VII in 1485 until the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTiL8pgNqhs and https://esol.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/styles/activity_image_full/public/images/activity/Tudors_iStock_000008220630XSmall_0.jpg?itok=iD_3dPef

· Mock-Tudor = (adjective) a modern house that is built in a historical style (^^).

· Suitor (pronounced ˈsuːtə) = (noun) A man who pursues a relationship with a particular woman, with a view to marriage.// My comment: most may have heard the ‘Suitors of Penelope’ that were slain by Ulysses (Odysseus), Penelope’s husband (Ulysses vengeance). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_Ulysses%27_revenge_on_Penelope%27s_suitors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/800px-Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg_-_Ulysses%27_revenge_on_Penelope%27s_suitors_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg and http://c252289.r89.cf3.rackcdn.com/15367.jpg // e.g., Though the young duchess was only ten years of age, it would not be long before she would be receiving suitors and entertaining marriage proposals.// e.g., She decided to marry her suitor./// A prospective buyer of a business or corporation e.g., The company agreed to negotiate with its suitor.

· Rally = (verb; no object) (of troops) Come together again in order to continue fighting after a defeat or dispersion. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEh0pj3Umqs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGJf-bVNxpY // e.g., The French troops rallied and drove back the king's infantry./// (verb with object) Bring together forces again in order to continue fighting e.g., The king escaped to Perth to rally his own forces./// Assemble in a mass meeting e.g., Up to 50,000 people rallied in the city center./// Bring or come together in order to support a person or cause.// (verb; no object; with infinitive) e.g., Colleagues rallied round to help Mary.// (verb with object) e.g., A series of meetings to rally support for the union./// Recover or cause to recover in health, spirits, or poise.// (verb; no object) e.g., He floundered for a moment, then rallied again.// (verb with object) e.g., They rallied her with a drink./// (of share, currency, or commodity prices) Increase after a fall e.g., Prices of metals have rallied./// Drive in a rally e.g., ‘We're driving off to France to rally.’// (verb with object) e.g., He has raced and rallied MGBs for thirty years./// (Noun) A mass meeting of people making a political protest or showing support for a cause. See http://havokjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/download.jpe and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfTvvLObtSc // e.g., A banned nationalist rally.// e.g., Hundreds of people are expected to turn out today for a mass rally in support of efforts to save the historic Duke of Wellington's Regiment.// e.g., Donald Trump's rally in Melbourne, Florida (My comment as an Aussie guy: I thought that the only Melbourne city was in Australia!)./// An open-air event for people who own a particular kind of vehicle e.g., A traction engine rally./// A long-distance race for motor vehicles over public roads or rough terrain, typically in several stages./// (as modifier) e.g., A rally driver./// A quick or marked recovery after a decline e.g., The market staged a late rally./// (in tennis and other racket sports) An extended exchange of strokes between players. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPh2NYqe-Tk // e.g., A rally of more than three strokes was a rarity.

· Traction engine = a long, heavy vehicle, operated by steam power, used especially in the past for pulling heavy loads along roads. See

· Tractor = (noun) a motor vehicle with large back wheels and thick tires (‘tyres’ in UK English), used on a farm for pulling machinery. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Tractionengine.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Traction_engine_exedon_lad.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/SteamrollerFowler.jpg

· Poise (pronounced pɔɪz) = (mass noun) Graceful and elegant bearing in a person e.g., Poise and good deportment can be cultivated.// e.g., The key to your personal success in this effort is to use poise, grace, and tact. (My comment: this is important as most people are tactless)./// Composure and dignity of manner e.g., At least he had a moment to think, to recover his poise.// e.g., After 30 minutes in recovery, the patient had recovered her poise and sense of humor.// e.g., ‘I was very impressed with her poise and composure.’/// (verb) Be or cause to be balanced or suspended. Synonym = balance./// (verb; no object) e.g., He poised motionless on his toes./// (verb with object) (figurative) e.g., The world was poised between peace and war./// ''Be poised'' = be ready and prepared to do something./// (with infinitive) e.g., Teachers are poised to resume their attack on government school tests./// (noun) (Physics) A unit of dynamic viscosity, such that a tangential force of one dyne per square centimeter causes a velocity change one centimeter per second between two parallel planes separated by one centimeter in a liquid.

· Demeanour (demeanor in US English) = (noun) a way of looking and behaving; outward behavior or bearing e.g., She has the demeanor of a woman who is contented (= satisfied) with her life.// e.g., There was nothing in his demeanor that suggested he was anxious (^^).// e.g., Both men are renowned for their friendly demeanor and reassuring manner.

· Composure = (noun) The state or feeling of being calm, confident, and in control of oneself e.g., She was struggling to regain her composure.// e.g., After regaining some of his composure, the artist went to the local pub to meet his wife as arranged.// e.g., ‘Before I could regain my composure, I felt a tug from behind, as if someone was grabbing me by my collar.’// e.g., ‘I didn’t want to lose my composure in front of her.’

· Complexion = (noun) the natural color, texture, and appearance of a person's skin, especially of the face. See http://www.violetmoonworks.com.au/catalog/images/makeup/M2010/types.jpg and https://dilsonmusic.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/fitzpatrick-scale.jpg // e.g., A smooth, pale complexion./// The general aspect or character of something e.g., Congress's new complexion became boldly apparent last summer.// e.g., Wind, rain, and road construction have gradually changed Baja's complexion.// e.g., That, obviously, would have changed the complexion of the whole game.

· Countenance = (noun) a person's face or facial expression. See http://www.bragitoff.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Countenance.png // e.g., His impenetrable eyes and inscrutable countenance give little away.// e.g., Perhaps in reaction to the comments of their unseen interlocutors, their countenances are frozen in exasperation - one man leans forward, preparing to lunge in protest, while the other agitatedly wags his pencil./// Support e.g., He was giving his specific countenance to the occasion.// e.g., The man, appropriately, shone his countenance approvingly upon her./// (verb with object) Admit as acceptable or possible e.g., He was reluctant to countenance the use of force./// ''Keep one's countenance''= (phrases) maintain one's composure, especially by refraining from laughter e.g., ‘Dislike welled up inside me, but I managed to keep my countenance and voice cordial.’/// ''Keep someone in countenance'' = (phrase) help someone to remain calm and confident e.g., To keep herself in countenance, she opened her notebook./// ''Out of countenance'' = (phrase) disconcerted or unpleasantly surprised e.g., ‘I put him clean out of countenance just by looking at him.’

· Cordial (pronounced ˈkôrjəl) = (adjective) Warm and friendly e.g., The atmosphere was cordial and relaxed.// e.g., ‘ We wish them a hearty and cordial welcome and long and peaceful lives in our parish community.’ /// Strongly felt e.g., I earned his cordial loathing./// (noun) A comforting or pleasant-tasting medicine e.g., ‘What I really did was take three Nurofen and swig a mouthful of cordial./// (UK English) A sweet fruit-flavored drink e.g., Winecups and fruit cordials./// (mass noun) e.g., A tall glass of blackcurrant cordial./// (US English) Liqueur e.g., The tasting includes more than 60 wines, 12 beers and a selection of cordials.

· Deportment = (mass noun) (UK English) The way a person stands and walks, particularly as an element of etiquette e.g., Poise is directly concerned with good deportment.// e.g., There are people who are not impressed by our conviction, or by our pride and our stately deportment.// e.g., On top of their confident deportment, which is physically lean and facially striking in the first place, there's a fully made-up, designer appearance./// (US English) A person's behavior or manners e.g., There are team rules governing deportment on and off the field.// e.g., Her hospitality is only equaled by her charity, her graceful deportment by her goodness of heart.

· Flounder = (verb; no object) Struggle or stagger clumsily in mud or water e.g., He was floundering in the shallow offshore waters.// e.g., ‘I saw a sailor floundering in the oil cast waters nearby and headed for him.’/// Struggle mentally; show or feel great confusion e.g., Without our history, we are nothing - a building without foundations - simply a mess of people floundering about trying to do what makes them happiest.// e.g., He floundered, not knowing quite what to say./// Be in serious difficulty e.g., Many firms are floundering.// e.g., The emerging markets of eastern Europe represent hoped-for market segments, but, with their economies floundering, penetration of these markets has been difficult. /// A small flatfish that typically occurs in shallow coastal water. See https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5791e7128419c2b046a1149e/t/57a8840614fd83f8d2efb826/1470661849517/flounder.jpg and https://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/ecosys/spatial-analyses/images/witch-flounder.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtdaE_XFEW4 // Flounders = a collective term for flatfishes other than soles.

· Grand slam = (trademark) A set of major championships or matches in a particular sport in the same year, in particular, tennis, golf, or rugby union. See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xXojule6UO0/maxresdefault.jpg // e.g., The tennis Grand Slam consists of the four most difficult major tournaments on the international circuit.

· Open (in sports) = (sports) a sporting event or game tournament that is open to contestants regardless of their professional or amateur status, age, ability, gender, sex, or another categorization. In many sports, preliminary qualifying events, open to all entrants, are held to successively reduce the field to a manageable number for participation in a final championship event, which itself may involve elimination rounds (tournaments) (*****). The French Open, also known as Roland Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France (*****).

· Aka (or AKA) = (abbreviation) Also Known As (My comment: we often use it for alternative titles e.g., on the IMDB site e.g., Referring to a movie title e.g., ‘300: Rise of an Empire’ AKA ‘300: Battle of Artemisia’// e.g., James Brown, aka the ‘Godfather of Soul’ (^^).

· Refile (pronounced ˌriːˈfʌɪl) = (verb with object) To polish or smooth the surface of again, using a file. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0cqn-KKWVg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNcdOUroYvk /// To sharpen the blade or teeth of a tool or weapon for a second or subsequent time./// (verb with object) To replace in order, especially in an alphabetical or numerical sequence; to replace in a file./// (verb with object) (Law) To submit a legal document, plea, charge, etc. for a second or subsequent time./// (verb no object) To reply to an authority for.

· Hang (vs) Hung

· Hung = a) Past simple and p.p. of ‘hang.’ Note: we use the form ‘hanged’ when we put someone in death by hanging). For hang up, meaning to terminate a phone call, the past form is ‘hung up’ e.g., ‘I hung up the phone.’ b) (adjective) (not to be confused with the past simple and p.p. of hang) (of a jury) unable to agree on a verdict e.g., This trial in fact, as a matter of record in this Court, was a retrial following a hung jury./// Emotionally confused or disturbed e.g People are hung up in all sorts of ways./// Used especially in similes to refer to the size of a man's penis e.g., ‘He's hung like a horse!’

· Hang = (irregular verb) (hang – hung – hung (= stay, fix at top, bend down) (for hang with the meaning to kill : hang – hanged or hung – hanged or hung) (verb) Suspend or be suspended from above with the lower part dangling free e.g., That's where people are supposed to hang their wash./// Kill someone by tying a rope attached from above around the neck and removing the support from beneath (used as a form of capital punishment). Synonyms: string up, send to the gallows.// e.g., He was hanged for murder./// Remain static in the air e.g., A haze of smoke hung below the ceiling./// (of a juror) prevent a jury from reaching a verdict by a dissenting vote e.g., ‘Whether it will be enough to hang the jury altogether on the issue of the penalty, I don't know’./// Come or cause to come unexpectedly to a state in which no further operations can be carried out e.g., This article has all you need to know about issues with internal modems that may hang your system.

· Phrasal verbs with hang (My comment: I am sure you all know ‘hang out’! This can also be a noun!)

· Hang up the phone = (phrasal verb) to end a phone conversation e.g., ‘He started shouting so I hung up (on him).’// e.g., ‘Let me speak to Tania before you hang up’ (*).// e.g., ‘Don’t hang up on me!’

· Hang something up = (phrasal verb) to stop using and needing something because you have given up the sport or activity that it is used for; e.g., ‘So when did you hang up your boxing gloves/ golf clubs/ ballet shoes?’

· Hang out = (phrasal verb) To spend a lot of time in a place or with someone e.g., ‘You still hang out at the pool hall?’// e.g., ‘I’ve been hanging out backstage with the band’ (^^).

· Nouns with hang (that aren’t phrasal verbs):

· Hangover (1 word) = (noun) A severe headache or other after-effects caused by drinking an excess of alcohol e.g., Being the great friend that I am, I go to the mini fridge and go mix up a special drink for hangovers./// A custom, habit, feeling, etc. that survives from the past e.g., This feeling of insecurity was in part a hangover from her school days.

· Hang-out (as a noun) = (informal) (noun) A place one lives in or frequently visits e.g., A club notorious in the area as a hang-out for the criminally inclined.

· Hang-up = (noun) a permanent and unreasonable feeling of anxiety about a particular future of yourself / Obsessed with or worried about/ Emotionally confused or disturbed e.g., Guys are so hung up about the way they look (My comment: some aren’t at all!).// e.g. ‘Why are so many women so hung up about food?’ (* for this example).// e.g., Sexual hang-ups.// e.g., He’s one of these men who went bald very young and has a terrible hang-up about this (^^). e.g., People with hang-ups about their age.// e.g., People are hung up in all sorts of ways].

· Intoxication = (noun) The condition of being drunk e.g., She used to claim that she had her best ideas after several days of intoxication (^^).

· Gallows (plural = gallows) = (noun) a structure, typically of two uprights and a crosspiece, for the hanging of criminals. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tombstone_courthouse_gallows.jpg/220px-Tombstone_courthouse_gallows.jpg and https://c.tribune.com.pk/2015/06/906080-gallows-1434670903-994-640x480.jpg // e.g., ‘But even if he saves her from the gallows, she will still have a lengthy prison term before her.’

· Gibbet (pronounced ˈdʒɪb.ɪt) = (noun) (historical) A wooden structure from which criminals were hanged, in the past, as a form of execution; gallows (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Fomfr_cage.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Hanging_of_William_Kidd.jpg and http://porttowns.port.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/Gibbet.png and https://static1.squarespace.com/static/57fcacf0cd0f68accf0d9ced/t/58593559e4fcb586c80f90e6/1486564606496/A+man+rides+past+a+gibbet.+Lithograph+by+W.+Clerk. and http://jmaucoin.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pirate-gibbet.jpg For the hanging of Cromwell See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Execution_of_Cromwell%2C_Bradshaw_and_Ireton%2C_1661.jpg /// An upright post with an arm on which the bodies of executed criminals were left hanging as a warning or deterrent to others. See http://bennetdictionary.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/015_dictionary_254.png /// The gibbet = (phrase) Execution by hanging e.g., The four ringleaders were sentenced to the gibbet.

· Talk something over = (phrasal verb) to discuss a problem or situation with someone, often to find out their opinion or to get advice before deciding about it e.g., I would like to talk it over with my wife first (*).

· Spotlight = (noun) a lamp whose beam can be directed or a circle of light produced by such a lamp in the spotlight. See http://7428.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Spotlight-Stage-Vector.jpg and http://greenhouseproductions.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Spotlight-Background-1280x720.jpg // (of a person) Receiving a lot of public attention e.g., The minister has been in the spotlight recently since the revelation of his tax frauds./// (transitive verb) To light something or someone with a spotlight e.g., The paintings in the alcove were spotlight from below./// If something spotlights a particular situation, it directs public attention to it.

· Coach (pronounced kəʊtsh) (= teacher - trainer// bus) (vs) couch (pronounced kaʊtʃ) (= a sofa) (^^)

· Coach (pronounced kəʊtsh) = (UK English) A comfortably equipped single-decker bus used for longer journeys. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Bruce_Coaches_-_National_Express_FJ57_KHW_%288182293263%29.jpg and https://mintcoaches.co.uk/assets/img/fleet/buckets/43-seater-coach-hire.jg // (as modifier) e.g., A coach trip./// (UK English) A railway carriage. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/InterCity2_-_passenger_car_interior.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Janshatabdi_train_kerala_india.JPG and https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-c502b8746335633cbefad8809a5a1eb0 and http://www.thehansindia.com/assets/7175_railway-coach.jpg // e.g., It would get even later as they had to board the groups of children in the front two coaches.// (US English) The cheapest class of seating in an aircraft or train e.g., Unfortunately, airline policies usually do not mandate hourly beverage service in coach class./// A closed horse-drawn carriage. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Le_Royal_Mews_de_Londres-007.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/LeMailFrancais1906.jpg and http://www.myplace.edu.au/interface/images/spec_graphic/clip/1888/3/stills/main/1__The%20coach.jpg and http://oracleireland.com/Wedding/Gifs/backgrounds/Picture%20backgrounds/eq-coach.htm.jpg // e.g., Horse-drawn coaches heading for Scotland have been replaced by commuters on the A1, which is right on the doorstep.// (verb; no object; with adverbial of direction) Travel by coach e.g., Fly or coach to the shores of the Mediterranean./// (adverb) (US English) In economy class accommodation in an aircraft or train e.g., Many employees are now flying coach instead of business class to Europe./// ''Drive a coach and horses through'' = (phrase) make something ineffective e.g., He is driving a coach and horses through our environmental legislation./// (Noun) An instructor or trainer in sport. See http://career.iresearchnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/coach.jpg and http://drstankovich.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/SportsCoach.jpg // e.g., A rugby coach.// e.g., The coach of the Australian team./// A private tutor who gives extra teaching e.g., A vocal coach. See http://www.dzjavalas.lt/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/vocal-coach.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZLrZIb2OKk // e.g., When it comes to reading, parents should think of themselves more as coaches than teachers./// (verb with object) Train or instruct a team or player e.g., He moved on to coach the England team./// Give someone extra teaching e.g., She was coached for stardom by her mother./// Teach a subject or sport as a coach e.g., He teaches history and coaches rugby./// Give someone instructions as to what to do or say in a particular situation e.g., He had improperly coached a witness to testify more credibly./// Give someone professional advice on how to attain their goals e.g., All the coaches will be lecturers at the colleges who have studied for professional coaching qualifications.

· Coacher (pronounced ˈkəʊtshə) = (noun) (Australian English) A docile cow or bullock used as a decoy to attract wild cattle e.g., Gradually, scattered groups of cattle amalgamate, converging on X17 bore where four horsemen and coachers wait patiently.

· Decoy (pronounced ˈdiː.kɔɪ) = (noun) A bird or mammal, or an imitation of one, used by hunters to attract other birds or mammals.// For a duck decoy See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Decoys.jpg and http://www.watergremlin.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/duck.decoys.jpg and http://gretchenrubin.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/decoy.jpg // e.g., A decoy duck./// (military decoy) A low-cost device intended to represent a real item of military equipment. They may be deployed in amongst their real counterparts, to fool enemy forces into attacking them and so protect the real items of equipment by diverting fire away from them (***** for this definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/DummyShermanTank.jpg /// A pond from which narrow netted channels lead, into which wild ducks may be enticed for capture. See http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/02/17/02/2170276_351e2f27.jpg // e.g., An ancient decoy pond, originally created to lure wildfowl and deer for the abbot to hunt is being restored, as is the original wooden deer fence./// (verb) Lure or entice a person or animal away from an intended course, typically into a trap e.g., They would try to decoy the enemy toward the hidden group.// e.g., They used a girl hitch-hiker as the decoy to get him to stop (^^^ for the last example).

· Bullock (vs) Bollocks!

· Bullock (pronounced ˈbʊl.ək) = (noun) a male domestic bovine animal that has been castrated and is raised for beef. See https://previews.123rf.com/images/deb22/deb220904/deb22090400026/4774083-Grey-Brahman-bullock-in-a-herd-of-cattle-Stock-Photo-animal-bullock.jpg /// (verb; no object) (informal) (New Zealand & Australian English) Work long and hard e.g., People have dropped dead bullocking their guts out.

· Bollocks (pronounced ˈbɒl.əks) (plural) = (My comment: as an Aussie guy I am familiar with this word as a swear!) (noun) (plural) (offensive) (vulgar slang) For testicle e.g., ‘Bollocks to that’ (= that’s nonsense)(^^).

· ‘Testicle’ (or ‘testis’) – the plural is ‘testes.’ (My comment as a medic: I prefer this term: ‘testis’ – plural = testes’), but some call them ‘testicles’ (from ‘testicle’) in the plural. Note: Some call the testes ‘glands,’ but in fact, there are many glands in the human body! Mainly in the US, they use the offensive slang term ‘nuts’! The same word (nuts) also means a silly, stupid, or strange person, e.g., (+ full infinitive) ‘You must be nuts to go climbing (without a preposition after ‘climbing’) mountains in (without ‘the’) winter’ (^^).

· Docile (pronounced ˈdəʊsʌɪl) = (adjective) Ready to accept control or instruction; submissive e.g., A cheap and docile workforce.// e.g., She's a black Labrador (dog race), gentle and docile.// e.g., Everyone who has ever been to the city's squares or parks will remember the lovely and docile pigeons.

· Farewell = (exclamation) Used to express good wishes on parting e.g., ‘Farewell Mary!’ // Synonyms: Goodbye, so long, adieu./// (Noun) An act of parting or of marking someone's departure e.g., The dinner had been arranged as a farewell.// (mass noun) Parting good wishes e.g., He had come on the pretext of bidding her farewell./// (verb with object) (New Zealand & Australian English) Mark the departure or retirement of someone with a ceremony or party e.g., We drove past it again on Saturday when we farewelled little Harry, David's grandson, and Sally, flying home to Sydney and Colin, after a two week interlude in the Alice.

· Quid (plural = quid) = (noun) (informal) (UK English) A pound e.g., ‘Could you lend me 30 quid (= 30 pounds), mate’? (^^).

· Chap (or chappy or chappie) = (informal) (UK English) (dated) A man e.g., He is a friendly short old chap (^^).

· Friend = buddy = lad (lad in UK English) = mate (My comment as an Aussie guy: used especially in UK and Australia; in US English ‘mate’ may be confused with sexual partner, although ‘mating’ refers to animals, not people!) (^^) = Chum (dated)

· Chum = (informal) (dated) A friend e.g., They were old school/ college chums.// e.g., ‘That’s all right by me, chum’ (^^).

· Sport = (informal) (New Zealand, Australian English) A person who behaves in a good or specified way in response to teasing, defeat, or a similarly trying situation e.g., ‘Go on, be a sport!’// e.g., ‘Angela's a bad sport.’

· Chaperone (or chaperon) (pronounced ˈʃæp.ə.rəʊn) = (noun) A person who accompanies and looks after another person or group of people e.g., After the wedding ceremony, the bride is accompanied by her chaperon, even if staying overnight with the groom's family.// e.g., While men and women can date whomever they wish, they must be accompanied by a chaperone./// (verb) Accompany and look after or supervise e.g., Ripley places the blame on the 14 months she spent filming in France and England, chaperoned by her mother but away from home and her friends at school in Dundee.

· Blockade (vs) Blockage

· Blockade = (noun) An act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving e.g., They voted to lift the blockade of major railway junctions.// e.g., Aid arrives in Yemen after 3 weeks of blockade (from the media)./// Οbstruction of a physiological or mental function, especially of a biochemical receptor./// (verb with object) Seal off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving e.g., The authorities blockaded roads in and out of the capital./// ''Run a blockade'' = (phrase) (of a ship) Manage to enter or leave a blockaded port e.g., Vessels suspected of running the UN blockade.

· Blockage = (noun) something that stops something else passing through or the act of stopping something passing through e.g., His death was caused by a blockage in one of his arteries.// e.g., An artery blockage from a clot (my example).

· Suffice (pronounced səˈfaɪs) = (verb) be enough or adequate e.g., A quick look should suffice.// (with full infinitive (to)) e.g., Two examples should suffice to prove the contention.// e.g., Luckily enough, this will suffice as our reference guide for both.// (verb with object) = Meet the needs of e.g., Simple mediocrity cannot suffice them.

· Condolence (pronounced kənˈdəʊl(ə)ns) (condolences as a plural noun) = (noun) an expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of the death of a person's relative or close friend e.g., We offered our sincere condolences to his widow.// (mass noun) e.g., Letters of condolence./// e.g., The Notes sends a sincere condolence to the family, relatives, and friends of the late Mary Bulmer.// e.g., Sincere condolences are extended on the death of a dear daughter and sister.

· Allegedly = (sentence adverb) Used to convey that something is claimed to be the case or have taken place, although there is no proof e.g., He was allegedly a leading participant in the coup attempt.// (as submodifier) e.g., Allegedly obscene material.// e.g., ‘Now that I am allegedly a grown up I don't actually use a scrapbook for my holiday journal.’

· Bow (bend) (vs) bow (weapon)

· Bow (= bend) (pronounced baʊ) = (verb no object) Bend the head or upper part of the body as a sign of respect, greeting, or shame e.g., He turned and bowed to his father.// (verb with object) e.g., She knelt and bowed her head.// e.g., Councilors stood with heads bowed./// (verb with object) Express (thanks, agreement, or other sentiments) by bending one's head respectfully e.g., He looked at Hector before bowing grave thanks.

· Chandelier (pronounced shandəˈlɪə) (also known as girandole or candelabra lamp) = a large, decorative hanging light with branches for several light bulbs or candles. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/GreenRoomChandelier.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Wedding_Cake_Chandelier.jpg and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/f6/b4/16/f6b4164370482ee520bf52fdd7d988fe.jpg and http://media.bellacor.com.edgesuite.net/images/500/7036316670-055.jpg

· Outage = (noun) A period when a power supply or other service is not available or when equipment is closed down. Synonyms: power failure, brownout, blackout.// e.g., Providing phone service during a power outage is another technical problem.// e.g., British Airways IT system outage caused chaos in the airports (from the media).

· Dove (My comment: it is similar to a pigeon, but not the same! Doves are in fact white-colored pigeons) = (noun) A stocky seed- or fruit-eating bird with a small head, short legs, and a cooing voice. Doves are generally smaller and more delicate than pigeons, but many species have been given both names. See https://www.wildgratitude.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/dove-spirit-animal.jpg and http://www.liveanimalslist.com/birds/images/dove-wing-span-pictures.jpg // e.g., Nestling pigeons and doves grow rapidly because of the crop-milk (My comment: Dove in Christian Church is the symbol of the Holy Spirit – See https://i2.wp.com/deaconmarty.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/HolySpirtFlames.jpg ).

· Embattled = (adjective) (of a place or people) involved in or prepared for war, especially because surrounded by enemy forces e.g., The embattled southern province./// (of a person) Beset by problems or difficulties e.g., The worst may not be over for the embattled Chancellor./// (of a building or part of a building) having battlements e.g., The church has a low embattled tower.

· Battlements = (noun) a parapet at the top of a wall, especially of a fort or castle, that has regularly spaced squared openings for shooting through. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg/200px-Battlement_%28PSF%29.jpg and http://castles.rbjenet.com/_Media/pasted-file-35_med.jpeg /// A section of roof enclosed by battlements e.g., ‘I want to go up on the battlements.’

· Beset (it is an adjective, not a verb) = (adjective (after a verb)) Having a lot of trouble with something or having to deal with a lot of something that causes problems e.g., With the amount of traffic nowadays, even a trip across city is beset by/ with dangers (^^).

· Onslaught = (noun) a fierce or destructive attack e.g., A series of onslaughts on the citadel.// e.g., Chapter 5 turns to the medieval world, which brought new onslaughts on the forest.// e.g., ‘Capture the flag; the blues struggle to hold back the onslaught of the attacking yellows.’ (My comment: I think it refers to a paintball game!).// An overwhelmingly large number of people or things e.g., In some parks the onslaught of cars and people far exceeds capacity.// e.g., Another area of concern for IT professionals has been the growing onslaught of spam.

· Citadel (pronounced ˈsɪtədel) = (noun) a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Royal_22e_R%C3%A9giment_-_panoramio.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Bibracte_Porte_Rebout.jpg and http://cdn.c.photoshelter.com/img-get/I0000ab3QS9nhDnE/s/600/600/GRE0023Nafplionfort20.jpg and http://photos.wikimapia.org/p/00/00/37/28/99_big.jpg // e.g., The town has a 14^th-century citadel overlooking the river (^^^).

· Ship out = (phrasal verb) send goods to a distributor or customer, especially by ship (My comment: we 'ship' goods, but not always literally, as today goods from retailers, including online retailers such as Amazon, are ‘shipped’ with planes! Recently, in some areas, they are shipped with drones!) e.g., A week later, the company assembles the ingredients into sauce and ships it out.

· Sparks fly = (phrase) an encounter becomes heated or lively (My comment: like in comics or animation!) e.g., Sparks always fly when you two get together.// e.g., ‘What kind of sparks fly when Anna realizes her dreams of a lazy weekend are thwarted?’

· Lewd (pronounced luːd) = (adjective) (of behavior, speech, dress, etc.) sexual in an obvious and rude way e.g., ‘Ignore him - he's lewd.’// e.g., A lewd suggestion (*) // e.g., Twelve viewers complained that one of the performances included lewd and offensive gestures.// e.g., One of the narratives is overtly sexual, with a flash of lewd for good measure.

· Carve = (verb) cut a hard material in order to produce an aesthetically pleasing object or design. See http://www.ihowd.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/wood-carve.jpg and http://images.wisegeek.com/man-carving-a-leaf-bowl.jpg /// e.g., The wood was carved with runes.// e.g., Bookcases of carved oak./// Produce an object by cutting and shaping a hard material e.g., The altar was carved from a block of solid jade./// Produce an inscription or design by cutting into hard material e.g., An inscription was carved over the doorway./// (figurative) e.g., The river carved a series of gorges (gorge = a deep narrow valley with steep sides, usually formed by a river or stream cutting through hard rock (^^)) into the plain./// Cut cooked meat into slices for eating. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLYsiTmtz-Y and http://www.telegraph.co.uk/content/dam/Food%20and%20drink/scotchbeef/beef-carving-xlarge.jpg and http://cdn-img.instyle.com/sites/default/files/styles/684xflex/public/1448315292/112315-carved-turkey-video-lead.jpg?itok=Rhfn-W8j // e.g., ‘Using a sharp knife, carve the fillet into wafer thin slices.’/// Cut a slice of meat from a larger piece e.g., ‘I carve some slices, heat up some tortillas, and pull out some plates.’/// (Skiing) Make a turn by tilting one's skis on to their edges and using one's weight to bend them so that they slide in an arc. See http://www.mechanicsofsport.com/skiing/how_to_ski/graphics/skier-carving.png and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74znyxVyQAE //// ''Carve something out'' = (phrasal verb) a) Take something from a larger whole, especially with difficulty e.g., Carving out a 6% share of the overall vote./// b) Establish or create something through painstaking effort e.g., He managed to carve out a successful photographic career for himself.// ''Carve someone up'' = (phrasal verb) slash someone with a knife or other sharp object e.g., ‘I'll go straight to wherever you're lying, asleep, and use that knife to carve you up!’/// b) Divide something ruthlessly into separate areas or domains e.g., West Africa was carved up by the Europeans.

· Jade = (noun) A precious green stone from which jewelry and small models are made, especially in China and Japan. See // e.g., Jade earrings (^^).

· Rune (pronounced ro͞on) = (noun) a letter of an ancient Germanic alphabet, related to the Roman alphabet.// See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Anglosaxonrunes.svg/220px-Anglosaxonrunes.svg.png /// e.g., ‘There are several threads on the runes and Futhark here if you want to know more.’/// A mark or letter of mysterious or magic significance e.g., The runes and designs on their bodies moved in the firelight./// Runes = small stones, pieces of bone, etc., bearing runes and used as divinatory symbols. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/CodexRunicus.jpeg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/R%C3%B6kstenen_1.JPG and https://img0.etsystatic.com/003/0/7338402/il_fullxfull.379481748_he3p.jpg and http://wiccadaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/rune_stones_by_fonzarellis-d4ggicd.jpg // e.g., The casting of the runes./// A spell or incantation e.g., ‘As for bind runes, I'll share that bit with the class here as well.’ /// A section of the Kalevala (a collection of Finnish legends transmitted orally until published in the 19th century, and now regarded as the Finnish national epic) or of an ancient Scandinavian poem.

· Divination (pronounced ˌdɪv.ɪˈneɪ.ʃ(ə)n) = (noun) the practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural means e.g., ‘Do you include any form of divination in your daily practices?’ e.g., ‘So what is the problem with divination and acting on the information it gives?’

· Porch = (noun) a covered shelter projecting in front of the entrance of a building. See http://hgtvhome.sndimg.com/content/dam/images/hgrm/fullset/2011/7/7/0/TS-89987058_porch-furniture_s4x3.jpg.rend.hgtvcom.1280.960.jpeg and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/14/70/c7/1470c78717e1f8a162897393b9e9dfd0.jpg e.g., Open alcohol is prohibited in all other areas including stairwells, hallways, porches, balconies and outside./// (US English) A verandah ((veranda in UK English - pronounced vəˈrændə or veˈrandə) e.g., ‘We sat out on the porch to cool off’ (^^^ for the last example).

· Renegade (vs) Deserter (vs) Absconder (vs) Defector

· Renegade = (noun) a person who deserts and betrays an organization, country, or set of principles e.g., The renegades, aptly named the Wolves, were formed when, having deserted their battalions for unknown reasons, they met in a gully off the coast somewhere below Twofold Bay./// A person who behaves in a rebelliously unconventional manner e.g., Out of over 30 cousins on one side alone, there are few renegades, and any sort of self-reliance is seen as catastrophic, or worse, deluded./// (adjective) Having treacherously changed allegiance e.g., A renegade bodyguard./// (archaic) Having abandoned one's religious beliefs e.g., A renegade monk.

· Deserter = (noun) A member of the armed forces who deserts.// Synonym = absconder.// e.g., Deserters from the army.// e.g., The Indian Army declared him a deserter when he did not return.// e.g., U.S. military records list him as an Army deserter.

· Abscond (pronounced æbˈskɒnd) (the noun is ‘absconder’) = (verb; no object) Leave hurriedly and secretly, typically to escape from custody or avoid arrest e.g., The barman absconded with a week’s takings.// e.g., 160 detainees absconded.// e.g., In May he was arrested in Luton for attempting to steal a car, but absconded from the magistrates’ court while under secure supervision from the local authority./// (Of a person on bail) fail to surrender oneself for custody at the appointed time e.g., Charges of absconding while on bail.// e.g., Judge Simon Fawcus sentenced him to 18 years for one charge of conspiracy to rob and nine months, to run concurrently, for absconding from bail.//// (Of a colony of honeybees, especially Africanized ones) entirely abandon a hive or nest e.g., Also, Africanized bees abscond, leaving no queen, workers, or resources.

· Defector = (noun) A person who has abandoned their country or cause in favor of an opposing one. Synonym = deserter./// e.g., Staff interviewed escapees and defectors to the West.// e.g., Each prisoner or defector was literally milked for every scrap of information the intelligence community wanted or needed.// e.g., North Korea defector was wounded when he tried to pass the border to South Korea (from the media).

· Treacherous (the noun is ‘treachery’ = betrayal of trust) = (adjective) Guilty of or involving betrayal or deception e.g., A treacherous Gestapo agent.// e.g., Memory is particularly treacherous.// e.g., They are not anywhere near as treacherous as crack addicts or alcoholics for that matter./// (of ground, water, conditions, etc.) Presenting hidden or unpredictable dangers; e.g., A holidaymaker was swept away by treacherous currents.// e.g., ‘I thought that in my years as a reporter I had navigated some fairly treacherous terrain.’

· Aptly = (adverb) In a manner e.g., America's aptly named Sunshine State.// e.g., The students have rather aptly nicknamed it Alcatraz that is appropriate or suitable in the circumstances.

· Maroon (pronounced məˈruːn) = (noun) A member of any of various communities in parts of the Caribbean who were originally descended from escaped slaves. In the 18^th century, Jamaican Maroons fought two wars against the British settlers, both of which ended with treaties affirming the independence of the Maroons.// e.g., Nanny was the greatest of the generals of the Maroons, runaway slaves who forged a society and an identity in the weedy-thick hill country of the Jamaican hinterland./// (adjective) Of a brownish-crimson color. (My comment: this color is derived from chestnut. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Chestnut03.jpg ). For maroon color See https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-e2339f04c92605e59d2fa78b29e26abd-c and http://68.media.tumblr.com/70014e03d34a1ceb785d537cd3f5e297/tumblr_n8487klJVu1sr1swho1_500.png // e.g., Besides the regular reddish maroon color, there are cream pastes to leave pink, blue, violet, magenta designs on the skin./// (noun) A brownish-crimson color e.g., The school’s new colors are maroon, royal blue and yellow./// A firework that makes a loud bang, used mainly as a signal or warning. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCHBojSkMJA and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ToiRVUpp9Bw // e.g., For years the start and end of the two minutes silence across the town has been signaled by the firing of a maroon - a firework-like device that produces a deafening boom./// (verb) Leave someone trapped and isolated in an inaccessible place, especially an island e.g., A novel about schoolboys marooned on a desert island.

· Burgundy (pronounced ˈbəːɡ(ə)ndi) = (mass noun) A (usually red) wine from Burgundy. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Burgundy_bottles.jpg and http://www.butterfield.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Champeaux-inset.jpg // e.g., A glass of Burgundy.// (countable noun) e.g., Elegant red burgundies./// A deep red color like that of burgundy wine. See https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-e2339f04c92605e59d2fa78b29e26abd-c and http://68.media.tumblr.com/70014e03d34a1ceb785d537cd3f5e297/tumblr_n8487klJVu1sr1swho1_500.png // e.g., Warm shades of brown and burgundy.// (as modifier) e.g., Burgundy leather.

· Crimson = (adjective) Of a rich, deep red color inclining to purple. See http://68.media.tumblr.com/70014e03d34a1ceb785d537cd3f5e297/tumblr_n8487klJVu1sr1swho1_500.png and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/46/ce/60/46ce606a3d8f113531e9ebbe179359f7.jpg // e.g., She blushed crimson with embarrassment /// (noun) A rich, deep red color inclining to purple e.g., The artist's palette encompasses earthy, weather-worn colors, rich burnished crimsons, and flashes of red./// (verb) (of a person's face) become flushed, especially through embarrassment. See http://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0642/8495/products/Apricot-Crimson-D_grande.jpg?v=1486273929 // e.g., ‘My face crimsoned and my hands began to shake.’

· Encompass (pronounced ɪnˈkʌm.pəs) = (verb) Surround and have or hold within e.g., This area of London encompasses Piccadilly to the north and St James's Park to the south.// e.g., A vast halo encompassing the Milky Way galaxy./// Include comprehensively e.g., No studies encompass all sectors of medical care.// e.g., Telemedicine is an umbrella term that encompasses any medical activity involving an element of distance./// (archaic) Cause something to take place e.g., An act designed to encompass the death of the king.

· Dune (pronounced dʒuːn) = (noun) a mound or ridge of sand or other loose sediment formed by the wind, especially on the sea coast or in a desert. For a sand dune See https://media1.britannica.com/eb-media/42/150942-004-8ADC0D21.jpg and http://cdn.wallpapersafari.com/29/18/dQtL9J.jpg and http://www.nevillestanikkphotography.co.uk/img/662-Saunton-Sands-Coast-Coastline-Sand%20dunes-Sunsets.jpg and http://www.countrysideinfo.co.uk/successn/images/braunton.jpg /// e.g., A sand dune.

· Plume (vs) Plum

· Plume (pronounced pluːm) = (noun) a long, soft feather or arrangement of feathers used by a bird for display or worn by a person for ornament. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Cavalier_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine_trois-quart_dos.jpg and https://featherstfp.azureedge.net/media/wysiwyg/homepage/bigsliders/Ostrichplumes_zfp.jpg and http://muc1.framepool.com/shotimg/546683421-peacock-feather-animal-pride-emotion-thailand.jpg // e.g., A hat with a jaunty ostrich plume.// For plume hat See http://s7d1.scene7.com/is/image/BHLDN/22567002_069_b?$zoom-xl$ and https://i.pinimg.com/736x/bf/d7/26/bfd7269006322d5afd504dc8b7d7e149.jpg // e.g., There was one other man there, dressed in fine clothes and wearing a maroon hat with an extravagant plume of feathers on the side./// (Zoology) A part of an animal's body that resembles a feather e.g., The antennae are divided into large feathery plumes./// A long cloud of smoke or vapor resembling a feather as it spreads from its point of origin. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MtRedoubtedit1.jpg and https://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/1000/1221/shuttle_plume_lrg.jpg // e.g., ‘As he spoke, the word was accompanied by a white plume of breath.’// e.g., All the journalists in the house - three of us - ran outside to see a white plume of smoke rising close by in the north./// A mass of material, typically a pollutant, spreading from a source e.g., A radioactive plume./// (Geology) (mantle plume) A localized column of hot magma rising by convection in the mantle believed to cause volcanic activity in hot spots, such as the Hawaiian Islands, away from plate margins. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Lower_Mantle_Superplume.PNG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Hotspot%28geology%29-1.svg and https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/446296main_apr17-calipso-670.jpg and http://csufdesertecology.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/7/4/24745907/1016315.jpg?374 /// (verb; no object) Spread out in a shape resembling a feather e.g., Smoke plumed from the chimneys./// (verb with object) Decorate with or as if with feathers e.g., A plumed cap./// Feel a great sense of self-satisfaction about something e.g., She plumed herself on being cosmopolitan.

· Plum (pronounced plʌm ) = (noun) a small, round fruit with a thin, smooth, red, purple, or yellow skin, sweet soft flesh, and a single large, hard seed. (My comment as a medic: plum has high fiber content and is very helpful to people with constipation) (*). See http://cdn2.stylecraze.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/plums-1.jpg and http://pngimg.com/uploads/plum/plum_PNG8656.png // e.g., Plum jam.// e.g., A plum tree.// For plum tree See http://treepicturesonline.com/plum-tree-picture.jpg

· Plum (vs) Prune

· Plum (mentioned above)

· Prune (pronounced pruːn) = (noun) the same fruit with plum, but prune actually is a plum preserved by drying, having a black, wrinkled appearance. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chocolate-coated_Dried_Plums.jpg/220px-Chocolate-coated_Dried_Plums.jpg and http://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/162246965.jpg?resize=1100x740 and https://us.123rf.com/450wm/dionisvera/dionisvera1504/dionisvera150400019/38797185-dried-prune-in-closeup.jpg?ver=6 and http://i.ndtvimg.com/i/2016-05/prunes-625_625x350_61462874585.jpg // e.g., However, just as raisins seem different from grapes, so do prunes appear to be distinct from plums./// (verb) Trim a tree, shrub, or bush by cutting away dead or overgrown branches or stems, especially to increase fruitfulness and growth. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W9ZjIkBwTCw and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LiWRXrC9So // e.g., Late February is an optimum time to prune trees and shrubs in your landscape.

· Jaunty (pronounced ˈdʒɔːn.ti) (adjective) (the noun is jauntiness, and the adverb is jauntily) = (adjective) Having or expressing a lively, cheerful, and self-confident manner e.g., There was no mistaking that jaunty walk.// A jaunty grin/step (** for the last example) // e.g., Whistling a jaunty tune to herself, she watched the group of students file out of the lecture hall wearily.// e.g., She had a jaunty manner… but there was more than that to be noticed about Miss Smith.// e.g., When he came back his hat was at a jaunty angle, and he was smiling (^^^ for the last example).

· Ostrich = (noun) A flightless swift-running African bird with a long neck, long legs, and two toes on each foot. It is the largest living bird, with males reaching an average height of 8 feet (2.5 m). See http://www.worldatlas.com/r/w728-h425-c728x425/upload/40/48/78/ostrich.jpg and http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/sites/default/files/2016-10/ostrich_01.jpg /// A person who refuses to face reality or accept facts e.g., Despite the fervent hopes of many hard-working and well-meaning ostriches, the problem refuses to evaporate.// e.g., ‘If you’re an ostrich about your debts, you are only going to make matters worse’ (^^^ for the last example).

· Turnout = (noun) (usually in singular) the number of people attending or taking part in an event, especially the number of people voting in an election (My comment: or a referendum) e.g., That was why the 2001 general election had the lowest turnout since 1918.// e.g., The voter turnout at the last election was 65%./// (US English) A turn in a road. See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sKLhtlO_aZs/maxresdefault.jpg // e.g., ‘We went to certain turnouts on the way up the road.’/// A point at which a railroad track diverges (also known as railroad switch) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/SunsetTracksCrop.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Railway_turnout_-_Oulu_Finland.jpg and http://www.rail-fastener.com/uploads/allimg/railway-turnout-in-railway.jpg // e.g., There are more than 50 turnouts and about eight miles of track in total./// A widened place in a road for cars to pass each other or park temporarily. See https://static.mtbw.rhyndo.org/uploads/2016/11/DSC03301.jpg /// A carriage or other horse-drawn vehicle with its horse or horses./// (in singular) The way in which a person or thing is equipped or dressed e.g., Her turnout was exceedingly elegant./// (Ballet) The ability to rotate the legs outward at the hips. See http://everythingballet.weebly.com/uploads/1/9/3/7/19379915/5683325.jpg

· Labor Day = in the US Labor Day is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength, prosperity, laws, and well-being of the country. It is the Monday of the long weekend known as ''Labor Day weekend,'' and it is considered the unofficial end of summer. Canada's Labor Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September. However, more than 80 countries celebrate the International Worker's Day on May 1 (*****).//// For 1 May labor day See http://photo.elsoar.com/wp-content/images/Stylish-text-1st-May-Labor-Day-and-human-hands.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/1.Mai_2013_%288697603319%29.jpg/1200px-1.Mai_2013_%288697603319%29.jpg For the labor day in the US See http://www.allaboutcuisines.com/sites/default/files/styles/340x212/public/usa%20labor%20day.jpg?itok=tn64AQ4V and http://loudhere.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/happy-labor-day-weekend-activities-kids-seniors-parade.jpg (My comment: Traditionally, the 1st May labor day is an occasion for the employees to demonstrate against their exploitation)

· Impeachment = (noun) the action of calling into question the integrity or validity of something e.g., The prosecutor's detailed impeachment of the character witness.// e.g., There has been for some time evidence available sufficient to warrant impeachment on each of these grounds./// (UK English) A charge of treason or another crime against the state e.g., The king cynically abandoned him, encouraging his impeachment./// (US English) A charge of misconduct made against the holder of a public office e.g., The president is facing impeachment over the scandal.// e.g., All impeachments shall be tried by the Senate./// e.g., The impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, the former president of Brazil, began on 2 December 2015 with a petition for her impeachment accepted by Eduardo Cunha, then president of the Chamber of Deputies, and continued into late 2016 (***** for the last example).

· Overthrow (pronounced: Verb = oʊvərˈthroʊ and Noun = 'oʊvərthroʊ) = (verb with object) (pronounced oʊvərˈthroʊ) Remove forcibly from power e.g., Military coups had attempted to overthrow the King.// e.g., Overthrowing the dictator obviously removed him as a threat./// Put an end to something, typically by the use of force or violence e.g., Their subversive activities are calculated to overthrow parliamentary democracy.// e.g., You also know that the South African regime was overthrown by massive shifts in internal and external forces./// Throw a ball further or harder than intended e.g., He grips the ball too tight and overthrows it./// (US English) Throw a ball beyond a receiving player e.g., He overthrew a receiver in the end zone./// (noun) (pronounced 'oʊvərthroʊ) (in singular) A removal from power; a defeat or downfall e.g., Plotting the overthrow of the government./// (in baseball and other games) A throw that sends a ball past its intended recipient or target. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdNuxCTmOfE // e.g., ‘We did not get near theirs, and Steve threw well, one overthrow excepted.’//// A panel of decorated wrought-iron work above an arch or gateway. See http://ironart.co.uk/wp-content/gallery/overthrows-and-lanterns/James-Street-West-Overthrow-web.JPG and http://ironart.co.uk/wp-content/gallery/overthrows-and-lanterns/great-pulteney-street-overthrow.jpg

· Parliamentary democracy/ system (or Parliamentarism) = a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. In a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a different person from the head of government. This is in contrast to a presidential system where the head of state often is also the head of government and, most importantly, the executive branch does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature (*****). (My comment: the governmental system of most western countries is parliamentary democracy, contrasted with ‘direct democracy’ invented in ancient Athens by Cleisthenes! Democracy is one of the political systems of how a state is ruled. For further details on the Parliamentary system, you may visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_system

· Lighthouse = (noun) a tall building near the coast or shore with a flashing light at the top to warn ships of rocks and other dangers (*). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SplitPoint_0072.jpg/22 0px-SplitPoint_0072.jpg and http://lighthousehelp.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/LighthouseImage.jpg

· Extradite (pronounced ˈɛkstrədʌɪt) (extradition is the noun) = (verb with object) hand over a person accused or convicted of a crime to the jurisdiction of the foreign state in which the crime was committed e.g., The constitution or the laws of many civil law countries lay down the principle that nationals may not be extradited for prosecution abroad.// e.g., He was subsequently extradited to Poland, where he was tried, found guilty and hanged.// e.g., Greece refused to extradite him to Italy.// e.g., Court in Germany refuses to extradite Catalan ex-regional president Puigdemont on rebellion charges (from the media).

· Quint = (in piquet; a trick-taking card game for two players) a sequence of five cards of the same suit. A run of ace, king, queen, jack, and ten is a quint major and one of jack, ten, nine, eight, and seven a quint minor. For piquet See https://www.lacitadelledesjeux.ch/1562/piquet-card-game.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Piquet_deck.png /// (US English) short for quintuplet (see below).

· Quintuplet (pronounced kwɪnˈtshuːpləts (kwɪnˈtʌp.lət in US English) = (noun) each of five children born to the same mother at one birth. See http://a.abcnews.com/images/GMA/160219_gma_robach1_33x16_1600.jpg // e.g., Commotion over multiple births - quadruplets, quintuplets, sextuplets - isn't new.// e.g., A surrogate mother in Phoenix, Arizona has given birth to quintuplets by cesarean section./// (Music) A group of five notes to be performed in the time of three or four. See http://www.poffle.co.uk/common/060310-triplets6.gif

· Commotion = (noun) A state of confused and noisy disturbance. Synonym = disturbance.// e.g., He was distracted by a commotion across the street.// (mass noun) e.g., They set off firecrackers to make a lot of commotion./// (mass noun) Civil insurrection (= a violent uprising against an authority or government) e.g., Damage caused by the civil commotion.

· Standstill = (noun) a situation or condition in which there is no movement or activity at all e.g., The traffic came to a standstill.// e.g., The city will come to a standstill the next day when thousands march for the Stop the War Coalition.// e.g., He said there was pushing and shoving like a wheel slide as the train came to a standstill, and the brakes kicked into action.

· Shove (pronounced shʌv) = (verb with object) push someone or something roughly. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4otCS3FJxas and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPfu2SiZIdg // e.g., They started pushing and shoving people out of the way.// (verb no object) e.g., Kids pushed, kicked, and shoved.// (verb; no object, with adverbial of direction) Make one's way by pushing someone or something e.g., Woody shoved past him.// e.g., ‘He blinked at me, no doubt wondering how I knew, but caught my arm when I tried to shove past him.’/// Put something somewhere carelessly or roughly e.g., He shoved the books into his briefcase./// ''Shove it'' = (informal) used to express angry dismissal of something e.g., ‘I should have told the boss to shove it.’// e.g., ''I have had other people talking about me being just, you know, disgusting and they can shove it.''/// (noun) (usually in singular) A strong push e.g., He gave him a hefty shove, and he nearly fell./// ''Shove off'' = (phrasal verb) (usually in imperative) Go away e.g., ''Shove off! - You're bothering the customers.'' /// Push away from the shore or another vessel in a boat e.g., ‘I suddenly made up my mind, and with a few quick steps, I was beside the boat, tossing in my buckets and shoving off.’

· Familiar with/to: We are familiar with something./// Something is familiar to us e.g., I am familiar with astronomy. Astronomy is familiar to me.

· ‘We traveled by train (the ‘Eurostar’) under the English Channel’

· ‘I reached my destination by bus (‘coach’ in UK English) as this cost (remember: cost – cost – cost) me less money’ (money is an uncountable noun, so we use ‘less’, not ‘fewer’).

· ‘Traveling (US English)(UK English = travelling) is a way of broadening your horizons’

· Especially for; e.g., I chose this especially for your new house (^^^).

· Speculate on

· In this summer

· Take revenge/ vengeance for // ‘It’s payback time!’

· TM = (abbreviation) trademark

· Mediterranean Sea

English Language Lessons

English Language Lessons

Friday, July 5, 2019

TIPS for English (44): Words(II) (K)

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