· Priestess = (noun) (plural = priestesses) a female priest of a non-Christian religion. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Yasaka-jinja_01.jpg // e.g., For most indigenous religions, priests and priestesses are common.
· Goddess = (noun) (plural = goddesses) a female deity (= a god or goddess; pronounced ˈdeɪ.ɪ.ti). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Amsterdam_-_Museum_Willet-Holthuysen_18.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Goddess_Neith_E3730_mp3h8826.jpg For Elizabeth I and the 3 goddesses See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Isaac_Oliver_Elizabeth_I_and_the_Three_Goddesses.jpg // e.g., A temple to Athena Nike, goddess of victory (My comment: nothing to do with sneakers; Nike in ancient Greek means victory!)
· Apparent in something = (adjective) Clearly visible or understood; obvious e.g., The Athenian mix of culture and commerce was as apparent in art as architecture.// e.g., The joint enterprise model of marriage is apparent in some of the factors in the checklist.// e.g., Similar interest in evidence-based public policy is apparent in other countries.
· Debut (pronounced ˈdeɪ.bju in UK English and ˈdeɪ.bju in US English) = (noun) a person’s first appearance or performance in a particular capacity or role e.g., The film marked his debut as a director./// (as modifier) Denoting the first recording or publication of a group, singer, or writer e.g., A debut album./// (verb; no object, with adverbial) Perform in public for the first time e.g., The Rolling Stones debuted at the Marquee./// (of a new product) be launched e.g., The model is expected to debut at $20,000./// (verb with object) (of a company) launch a new product e.g., The company is to debut new software.
· Marquee (pronounced mɑːˈkiː) = (noun) (US English) a roof-like projection (canopy) over the entrance to a theater, hotel, or other building. See https://litandtech.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/marquee-smiling.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Exterior_of_Earl%27s_Court_Station%2C_London%2C_1973.jpg // e.g., Judging of rally entrants takes place in the afternoon before a social evening of entertainment in the marquee from 7 pm../// (UK English) A large tent used for social or commercial functions. See https://www.buchannanmarquees.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/new-forest-party-marquee-1024x768.jpg and http://www.alloccasionsmarqueehire.com/build/img/homepage-1.jpg // e.g., Organizers are planning to have lots of stalls and attractions - and are desperate for donations of tents and marquees to provide shelter for these./// (as a sign) a structure placed over the entrance to a hotel or theatre. It has signage stating either the name of the establishment or, in the case of theatres, the play or movie and the artist(s) appearing at that venue. The marquee is often identifiable by a surrounding cache of light bulbs, usually yellow or white, that flash intermittently or as chasing lights (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Marquee_Sign.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Exterior_of_Earl%27s_Court_Station%2C_London%2C_1973.jpg /// (noun) (as modifier) Leading; pre-eminent e.g., A marquee player./// (adjective) (before a noun) being the main performer or sports person in a show, film, sports event, etc. or being the performer whose name will attract most people to the show, film, etc. e.g., The studio chiefs wanted a marquee name in the lead role, not someone unknown (^^ for the meaning as an adjective).
· (Once) heyday (pronounced ˈheɪdeɪ) (mnemonic trick: hey (= exclamation used to attract attention) + day) = (noun) the period of a person’s or thing’s greatest success, popularity, activity, or vigor e.g., In its heyday, MTV would sometimes air the same episode as many as ten times per week!// e.g., The newspaper has lost millions of readers since its heyday in 1950.// e.g., But despite yesterday’s good news, the heyday of mining in Yorkshire has well and truly passed.
· Hazmat (or HAZMAT) = (abbreviation) hazardous (= dangerous; pronounced ˈhæz.ə.dəs) materials and items (mnemonic trick: haz (hazardous) + mat (materials)Solids, liquid, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment. They are often subject to chemical regulations (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/HAZMAT_training.jpg and (pictogram) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg
· Oestrus (or estrus in US English) (pronounced ˈiːstrəs in UK English or ˈɛstrəs in US English) = (mass noun) A recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals; heat e.g., A mare (= the female of a horse or other equine animal; pronounced mɛː) in oestrus.// e.g., Female chipmunks are in estrus for 1 day a year in late April or early May.
· Recur (pronounced rɪˈkɜː(r)) = (verb; no object) (recurs, recurred, recurring) occur again, periodically, or repeatedly e.g., When the symptoms recurred, the doctor diagnosed something different.// e.g., Symptoms recurred promptly on discontinuation of therapy./// (of a thought, image, or memory) come back to one’s mind e.g., Her words kept recurring to him.// e.g., Nevertheless, he shrugged it off when the disturbing image of an inert Birdie recurred in his mind again./// Recur to = go back to something in thought or speech e.g., The book remained a favorite, and he constantly recurred to it.// e.g., ‘I am not sure that anyone but the historian of anatomical science is ever likely to recur to them.’
· Recurrence (pronounced riˈkʌr.əns) = (mass noun) the fact of occurring again e.g., The doctor told me to go to the hospital if there was a recurrence of my symptoms (^^^ for this example).// e.g., A drug used to prevent the recurrence of breast cancer.// (countable noun) e.g., Fifty-five patients had recurrences of intestinal problems.
· Shrug (pronounced ʃrʌɡ) = (verb with object) (shrugging, shrugged, shrugs) (gesture) Raise one’s shoulders slightly and momentarily to express doubt, ignorance, or indifference. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Shrug.jpg and (exercise - My comment as a medic and physio: the muscle for shrugging is called trapezius) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5QyaAGtWQY // e.g., John looked enquiringly at Peter, who shrugged his shoulders.// (verb; no object) e.g., He just shrugged and didn’t look interested./// Shrug something off = dismiss something as unimportant e.g., The managing director shrugged off the criticism.// e.g., The time has come, say its critics, to shrug it off, to clear it from the desk, to consign it to outer darkness./// (noun) An act or instance of shrugging one’s shoulders e.g., He lifted his shoulders in a dismissive shrug.// e.g., He lifted a shoulder in a one-sided shrug and then lit a cigarette./// (clothing) A woman’s close-fitting cardigan or jacket, cut short at the front and back so that only the arms and shoulders are covered. (My comment: like a V). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Sweaterbabe_Bolero_on_Shannon.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EeA2_aGPaJQ // e.g., ‘Try a furry shrug or caplet or anything with some feathers.’
· Cardigan (pronounced ˈkɑː.dɪ.ɡən) (also called informally cardie or cardy (^^)) = (clothing) a type of knitted garment (= piece of clothing; pronounced ˈɡɑː.mənt) that has an open front. Commonly cardigans have buttons: a garment that is tied is instead considered a robe. By contrast, a pullover (or sweater) does not open in front but must be ‘pulled over’ the head to be worn. It may be machine- or hand-knitted (or ‘knit’). Traditionally, cardigans were made of wool but can now be made of cotton, synthetic fibers, or any combination thereof (= of that) (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/NMA.0038588%2C_Fashion_Photo_by_Erik_Holm%C3%A9n_1947.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Sesame_Full_View.jpg
· Thereof = (adverb) (formal) Of the thing just mentioned; of that e.g., The member state or a part thereof.// e.g., The forensic evidence - or lack thereof - also proved to be a major stumbling block.// e.g., Prostitution does not in any way violate any law code or any part thereof.
· Chipmunk = (noun) a small burrowing, striped, ground squirrel (pronounced ˈskwɪr.(ə)l in UK English and ˈskwɝː.(ə)l in US English) with cheek pouches and light and dark stripes running down the body, found in North America and northern Eurasia. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Tamias_minimus.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Tamia_striatus_eating.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Tamias_striatus2.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_hO16o613A and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t3jTj2Bi8xU
· Papyrus (pronounced pəˈpaɪ.rəs) (plural = papyruses or papyri) = (noun) a material prepared in ancient Egypt from the pithy (of a fruit or plant) containing much pith (= soft or spongy tissue in plants or animals, in particular; pronounced ˈpɪθ.i) stem of the water papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, used in sheets throughout the ancient Mediterranean world for writing or painting on and also for making rope, sandals, and boats. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Papyrus.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Letter_on_Papyrus.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Egypt.Papyrus.01.jpg // e.g., The ramps were built out of clay, wood, and papyrus.
· Parchment (pronounced ˈpɑːtʃ.mənt) = (noun) a stiff, flat, thin material made from the prepared skin of an animal and used as a durable writing surface in ancient and medieval times. See (goatskin) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Parchment_from_goatskin.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A3%2C_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Sachsenspiegel.jpg // (My comment: the difference between parchment and papyrus is that the former is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals (primarily sheep, calves, and goats), while the latter is a writing surface made from the pith (= soft or spongy tissue in plants or animals, in particular; pronounced pɪθ) of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge (*****))./// e.g., To complete his birdman outfit, the monk must have stretched parchment or thin cloth over the frame, which, we are told, he attached to both his arms and his feet.// e.g., Ancient parchment (^^^ for this example)./// A document written on parchment e.g., A framed parchment hung on the wall (^^ for this definition)./// Parchment paper and bakery release paper (both also called bakery paper or baking paper) = cellulose (= a polysaccharide, main constituent of plant cell walls and vegetable fibers, consisting of chains of glucose monomers) based papers that are used in baking as a disposable non-stick surface. They should not be confused with waxed paper (also known as wax paper or rarely as butter paper) (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Leivinarkki.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Chocolate_chip_cookies_on_parchment_paper%2C_August_2009.jpg and (the difference between baking and wax paper) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juwrqdXoaDo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbdcuLFK9UA
· Wax paper (also known as waxed paper or paraffin paper) = (mass noun) paper that has been impregnated (= soaked) with wax to make it waterproof or greaseproof, used especially in cooking and the wrapping of foodstuffs. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Waxedpaper.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=to1VAtlQ3mo and (the difference between baking and wax paper) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juwrqdXoaDo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbdcuLFK9UA // e.g., ‘Pour the chocolate on to a sheet of waxed paper.’
· Impregnate (pronounced ˈɪm.preɡ.neɪt in UK English and ɪmˈpreɡ.neɪt in US English) (verb (the noun is impregnation; pronounced ɪmprɛɡˈneɪʃ(ə)n) = (verb) Soak or saturate something with a substance. Synonym = infuse.// See (car) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eO2jkP4FnyE and (wood) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQxtHxfqbeQ and (shoes) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYu5SX3qeYc // e.g., Wood which had been impregnated with preservative.// e.g., ‘Boil water vigorously or disinfect it with iodine; portable filters impregnated with resins, sold at camping stores, are another option.’ /// Fill with a feeling or quality e.g., An atmosphere impregnated with tension.// e.g., It was just really impregnated with this horrible, horrible atmosphere./// Make a woman or female animal pregnant (My comment: the American pronunciation ɪmˈpreɡ.neɪt makes this meaning more obvious) e.g., He was obliged to marry the woman he’d impregnated.// e.g., Fourteen males reported that they had impregnated a female, and one reported having one or more children./// (Biology) Fertilize an ovum. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Sperm-egg.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Acrosome_reaction_diagram_en.svg // e.g., There are thousands of millions of sperms that never impregnate eggs.// e.g., Abortion, or miscarriage, implies the premature expulsion of the contents of the impregnated uterus (= the womb; pronounced wuːm).
· Scroll = (noun) (My comment: I guess most of you know the paper scroll from epic movies with ‘secret/ sacred scrolls,’ and all of you know the ‘mouse scroll’!) A roll of parchment or paper for writing or painting on. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Joshua_Roll.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Scroll.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Parliamentary_archives.jpg // e.g., He held out a papyrus scroll (pronounced pəˈpaɪ.rəs) bound with papyrus reeds./// The facility that moves a display on a computer screen in order to view new material. // e.g., One downside with this mouse is the fact it only has 2 buttons plus the scroll wheel button./// (movies, TV, animation, computer graphics) Sliding text, images or video across a monitor or display, vertically or horizontally. Scrolling does not change the layout of the text or pictures but moves (pans or tilts) the user’s view across what is apparently a larger image that is not wholly seen. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Parallax_scrolling_example_scene.gif /// On touchscreens, a multi-touch gesture, done by swiping one’s fingers vertically (***** for the previous 2 definitions)./// (verb) Move displayed text or graphics in a particular direction on a computer screen in order to view different parts of them e.g., He scrolled through her file./// Cause to move like paper rolling or unrolling e.g., The wind scrolled back the uppermost layer of loose dust.
· Scribe (pronounced skrʌɪb) = (historical) A person who copies out documents, especially one employed to do this before printing was invented. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Escribano.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/GD-EG-Louxor-126.JPG and (yes, scribes do exist today: in India!) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Scribes_with_typewriters_outside_Post_Office%2C_Mandi.jpg /// (informal) (humorous) A writer, especially a journalist e.g., Like all sites conceived as digital brochures, it has far too much text which includes an overly lavish (= sumptuously rich, elaborate, or luxurious) encomium by a Sunday newspaper scribe./// (historical) A Jewish recordkeeper or, later, a professional theologian and jurist./// A pointed instrument used for making marks on wood, bricks, etc., to guide a saw or in signwriting./// (verb with object) (literary) Write e.g., He scribed a note that he passed to me./// Mark with a pointed instrument e.g., ‘Mark the position of the lock body on the door edge, then scribe a center mark.’
· Graffiti (pronounced ɡrəˈfiːti) (= plural of graffito) = (My comment: I know that you all know this word; however, I refer to it for its meaning in archeology) (plural noun) (treated as singular or plural) Writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illicitly on a wall or other surface in a public place. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Graffiti_i_bagg%C3%A5rd_i_%C3%A5rhus_2c.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Grafiti%2C_%C4%8Cakovec_%28Croatia%29.2.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/OlindaGraffiti.jpg // e.g., The station was covered in graffiti.// e.g., The subway walls are covered with graffiti (^^^ for this example). (My comment: some guys who use a spray to cover walls in graffiti are artists, but others are just vandals. It is argued that graffiti is drawn on public or private walls, of course (usually) without any permission of the owner (or the state if the building is public) e.g., You may have a look at the photo on https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/M2109_Iraq_War_Protest_%28Black_Bloc_Element%29.jpg )./// (archaeology) a mark, image or writing, scratched or engraved into a surface. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Inscription_on_Wall_Plaster_-_Roman_Museum_-_Augusta_Raurica_-_August_2013.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Graffiti_Kom_Ombo.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Graffitti%2C_Castellania%2C_Malta.jpeg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg /// (verb with object) (usually as adjective graffitied) Write or draw graffiti on something e.g., The graffitied walls.//// Write words or drawings as graffiti e.g., Graffitied names sprayed on bus shelters.
· Tomb (pronounced tuːm) = (My comment: I know that you all know this literally grave word, but I just refer to it for the pronunciation) (noun) a large vault, typically an underground one, for burying the dead. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Akbar%27s_Tomb7.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Perelachaise-p1000391.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Cheops_pyramid_01.jpg // e.g., It is England’s oldest borough; Athelstan, the first king of England was initially buried here, and his tomb remains in the abbey.
· Entomb (pronounced ɪnˈtuːm) = (verb with object) (often passive) Place a dead body in a tomb. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Akbar%27s_Tomb7.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Perelachaise-p1000391.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Cheops_pyramid_01.jpg // e.g., Mummified bodies were entombed in the pyramids of Egypt.// e.g., Since there was nobody to entomb there is no shrine to him to which pilgrims can repair./// Bury or trap within something e.g., Many people died, most entombed in collapsed buildings.// e.g., Fifty men were entombed in the mine.
· Portal = (My comment: I know that you all know this word from the web; however, I refer to it for its meaning in architecture) (noun) a doorway, gate, or other entrance, especially a large and elaborate one./// (architecture) An opening in a wall of a building, gate or fortification, especially a grand entrance to an important structure. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/PorcheCentralNordCathedraleChartre041130-.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Baroque_portal_in_Brescia.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Porto_-_Sant_Mart%C3%AD_de_Cedofeita_-_Fa%C3%A7ana_principal.JPG // e.g., ‘I drove past the studios; the gates seemed like portals to some other world.’/// An Internet site providing access or links to other sites e.g., Industry related directories or portals are great sites to get links from./// (adjective) of or relating to an opening in an organ through which major blood vessels pass, especially the transverse fissure of the liver. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Portal_venous_system.png (My comment as a medic: referring to the portal venous system. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png ) e.g., The liver biopsy specimen showed portal triads and sinusoids infiltrated with lymphoid cells.
· Conflation (not to be confused with ‘inflation’) = (mass noun) the merging of two or more sets of information, texts, ideas, etc. into one. For ‘con-joined’ images on a flag See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Lord_Warden_Cinque_Ports_%28Lord_Boyce%29.svg // e.g., The forceful conflation of two traditions.// e.g., What we see is the near total conflation of news and entertainment.// e.g., One way this happens is through their conflation of memory with other activities.
· Condense = (verb with object) Make something denser or more concentrated e.g., The morning play on Saturday was condensed into a half-hour package.// e.g., So much had passed, all of which was condensed into a few short weeks./// Express written or spoken material in fewer words; make concise (= giving a lot of information clearly and in a few words; brief but comprehensive).// e.g., He condensed the three plays into a three-hour drama./// e.g., The first half is pretty faithful to the book; the rest is much more rushed and condensed.//// Change or cause to change from a gas or vapor to a liquid e.g., (verb; no object) e.g., The moisture vapor in the air condenses into droplets of water.// e.g., (verb with object) The cold air was condensing his breath.
· Divinity (pronounced dɪˈvɪn.ə.ti) = (noun) The state or quality of being divine (pronounced dɪˈvaɪn) e.g., (Jesus) Christ’s divinity./// For Elizabeth I and the 3 goddesses See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Isaac_Oliver_Elizabeth_I_and_the_Three_Goddesses.jpg /// A fluffy, creamy candy made with stiffly beaten egg whites. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Divinity_candy.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZpGWpK4LE8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xYSa3qiG_7M // e.g., Then it’s after dark, and we are sitting next to Aunt Bee on the porch swing, eating divinity candy and drinking iced tea out of fruit jars.
· Mural (pronounced ˈmjʊər(ə)l) = (noun) A painting or other work of art executed directly on a wall. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Capitole.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Meister_des_Mah%C3%A2janaka_J%C3%A2taka_001.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/SBmural.jpg // e.g., Huge murals depicting Norse legends.// e.g., Saturn (the ancient Titan Cronus, regarded as a god of agriculture) is one of the so-called Black Paintings - murals Goya painted on the walls of his home near Madrid. For this mural See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Francisco_de_Goya%2C_Saturno_devorando_a_su_hijo_%281819-1823%29.jpg
· Bestial (pronounced ˈbɛstɪəl) (not ˈbɪstɪəl) (from ‘beast’) = (adjective) of or like an animal or animals e.g., Darwin’s revelations about our bestial beginnings.// e.g., The stranger has animal magnetism, but no other bestial quality./// Savagely cruel and depraved e.g., Bestial and barbaric acts.// e.g., It was a bestial reminder of man’s inhumanity to man.
· Chest (as a noun; with meaning other than the body part) = (noun) A large, strong box, typically made of wood and used for storage or transport. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/ColonialEraChestMayer.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/19th_century_chest.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wakis_%281%29.jpg // e.g., An oak chest.// e.g., On one side of the room there were a few boxes and chests of storage, but John didn't mind./// A small cabinet for medicines, toiletries, etc. e.g., The medicine chest./// (UK English) The treasury or financial resources of some institutions e.g., The university chest.
· Theologian (pronounced ˌθiː.əˈləʊ.dʒ(ə)n) = (noun) a person who engages or is an expert in theology (= the study of the nature of God and religious belief; pronounced θiˈɒl.ə.dʒi) e.g., The bishops would do better to consult with moral theologians and criminologists.
· Encomium (pronounced ɛnˈkəʊmɪəm) = (noun) (plural = encomia or encomiums) (formal) a speech or piece of writing that praises someone or something highly e.g., Among the various guidelines for the speakers, one rule advises students to avoid encomiums at the beginning of the speech.// e.g., The study opens with the encomiums of his funeral in 1957.// e.g., This won him encomiums, inside and outside the House.
· Euphemism (pronounced ˈjuːfəmɪz(ə)m) (the opposite is called dysphemism) = (noun) mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing e.g., The jargon has given us ‘downsizing’ as a euphemism for cuts.// e.g., ‘As I remember, it was shortly after the word when ‘gay’ became the euphemism for homosexual.’ (My comment: the word ‘gay’ had the original meaning of ‘carefree’ or ‘bright and showy’! Gay meaning ‘homosexual’ became established in the 1960s).// e.g., It shows that the trend to hide unpleasant truths behind euphemisms is alive and well.
· Dysphemism (pronounced ˈdɪsfɪmɪz(ə)m) (the opposite is called euphemism) = (noun) a derogatory or unpleasant term used instead of a pleasant or neutral one e.g., Holder explains that labeling a word or expression as euphemistic or dysphemistic is, of necessity, subjective; ‘one woman’s euphemism is another man’s dysphemism.’// e.g., Aside from this confusion, this use of ‘homicide’ as a dysphemism for ‘suicide’ obscures the singular evil of suicide terrorism.// e.g., Of course, this comes from the rebel psychologist for whom diagnostic psychiatry is an authoritarian priesthood, and ‘insanity’ an institutional dysphemism for ‘minority.’
· Toiletry = (noun) toilet articles./// Toiletry bag (toilet bag in US English) = a bag in which you put things for keeping yourself clean and tidy, especially when you are traveling (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Kulturbeutel1.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBtiN4cKvr0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uo0PX56A1oY
· Prowess (pronounced ˈpraʊɪs) (not to be confused with ‘pride’/ ‘proud’ or ‘prow’ (= the portion of a ship’s bow above water)) = (mass noun) Skill or expertise in a particular activity or field e.g., His prowess as a fisherman.// e.g., Her culinary of (= or for cooking; pronounced ˈkʌl.ɪ.nər.i) prowess.// e.g., When he returned, despite his academic prowess, his social ability was about 15 years behind./// Bravery in battle e.g., The hereditary nobility had no monopoly of skill and prowess in war.// e.g., He was a prodigious (= remarkably or impressively great in extent, size, or degree; pronounced prəˈdɪdʒ.əs) builder whose appetite for building was matched by his prowess in war.// e.g., Much that was read and sung celebrated prowess in war and the glorious deeds of ancestors.
· Precinct (pronounced ˈpriːsɪŋ(k)t) = (noun) (usually precincts) (My comment: I think that most know it with the American meaning of police station)The area within the walls or perceived boundaries of a particular building or place e.g., A former MP who still works in the precincts of the House (= (in the UK) the House of Commons or Lords).// e.g., At that temple you could find no dust or dirt anywhere in the sacred (= connected with God or the gods or dedicated to a religious purpose and so deserving veneration (= great respect; reverence); pronounced ˈseɪkrɪd)) precincts.// e.g., Within the sacred precincts were also included a stadium and a great theatre./// An enclosed or clearly defined area of ground around a cathedral, church, or college e.g., The precincts of the abbey church.// e.g. The Rector (= a member of the clergy who has charge of a parish) of Leeds started the races, which were held in the precincts of the parish church in Kirkgate./// (UK English) An area in a town designated for specific or restricted use, especially one which is closed to traffic. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfnFnY6Snak and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLYkifn71kE // e.g., A pedestrian precinct.// e.g., My shopping precinct has no less than 4 bakeries.// e.g., Arts and crafts have been crucial to the revival of Newtown as Johannesburg’s cultural precinct./// (US English) A district of a city or town as defined for policing purposes. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGddNaP_eP0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DTRZMjfzWlQ // e.g., He wrote yesterday from a police precinct house in New Orleans.// e.g., Data collection took place in 8 police precincts in Baltimore City between January and August 1990./// The police station situated in a precinct. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/5.29.10NYPDByLuigiNovi6.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/NYPD_One_Police_Plaza.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVi1xegDm0Q // e.g., At the precinct, a desk sergeant ran through her ID./// An electoral district of a city or town served by a single polling station e.g., With 30 percent of the precincts declaring, he had 52 per cent (or percent in US English; symbol %) of the vote.
· Repertoire (pronounced ˈrɛpətwɑː) = (noun) a stock of plays, dances, or items that a company or a performer knows or is prepared to perform e.g., Collaborations between dance and musical companies broaden audiences and enrich repertoire.// e.g., ‘Will the classical ballets (pronounced ˈbæl.eɪs) remain in the repertoire?’ // e.g., The tour repertoire, not finalized at press time, is expected to include Giselle and Coppelia./// The whole body of items which are regularly performed e.g., The mainstream concert repertoire.// e.g., The program included several other excerpts (excerpt = a short extract from a film, broadcast, or piece of music or writing; pronounced ˈek.sɜːpt) from the classical Balinese dance repertoire.// e.g., For others who missed it the first time, this is an ideal opportunity to claim an essential addition to the concerto repertoire./// A stock of skills or types of behavior that a person habitually uses e.g., His repertoire of denigratory gestures.// e.g., Few actors carry with them such a clear, familiar repertoire of gestures, movements, ways of speaking, declaiming.
· Ward someone/ something off = (phrasal verb) prevent someone or something from harming or affecting one e.g., She put up a hand as if to ward him off.// e.g., These behaviors generally are intended to ward off harm to the person with OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder) or others.// e.g., Armor is used to shield, but not solely to ward off physical harm.
· (Soft) underbelly = (noun) the soft underside or abdomen of an animal e.g., The most common color is dark brown - slightly brighter on the underbelly than the dorsal (= of, on, or relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ) surface./// An area vulnerable to attack e.g., These multinationals have a soft underbelly.// e.g., We find the soft underbelly of these groups and their use of the Internet.// e.g., No one thought their forwards would prove to be their soft underbelly./// A hidden unpleasant or criminal part of society e.g., The dark underbelly of a ghetto.// e.g., ‘I've seen a small glimpse (= a momentary (= lasting for a very short time; brief) or partial view) of the underbelly of our consumer-based society and it’s not nice.’ /// An Australian true crime drama television series, that borrows the title of the aforementioned book series and is primarily based on other works by the same authors (***** for this).
· Cryptic (pronounced ˈkrɪptɪk) = (adjective) having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure (= uncertain/ concealed; pronounced əbˈskjʊər) e.g., He found his boss’s utterances too cryptic.// e.g., She sings cryptic, mysterious lyrics, letting her voice guide the song.// e.g., However, the storyline later digresses and becomes confusing and cryptic./// (of a crossword) having difficult clues which indicate the solutions indirectly e.g., Conversations were like cryptic crossword clues.// e.g., This is a book where even the title sounds like a cryptic clue from an Irish Times crossword./// (Zoology) (of coloration or markings) serving to camouflage an animal in its natural environment e.g., Cryptic plumage (a bird’s feathers collectively; pronounced ˈpluː.mɪdʒ) is thought to minimize predation./// (Cryptic crossword) A type of word puzzle, known colloquially as ‘Cryptics.’ See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/British_crossword.svg /// (Cryptic era) earliest period of the Earth. It is commonly accepted to have begun close to 4.5 billion years ago when the Earth and Moon formed (***** for the last 2 definitions).
· Wand (pronounced wɒnd) = (noun) A long, thin stick or rod. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Finds_from_a_priestess%27_grave.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_British_Museum_with_Cory_and_Mary%2C_6_Sep_2007_-_271.jpg // e.g., Driven by gears rather than a belt, it also has a telescopic wand to reach tight corners, no bag and washable filters.// e.g., Each musician uses a fiber-optic wand to trigger samples of the space sounds./// A rod thought to have magic properties, used in casting spells or performing conjuring tricks. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fe/Dumbledore_and_Elder_Wand.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flickr_-_Nic%27s_events_-_British_Museum_with_Cory_and_Mary%2C_6_Sep_2007_-_271.jpg and (Harry Potter) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5whe9XtdQgw // e.g., The fairy godmother waves her magic wand and grants the heroine’s (= a woman admired or idealized for her courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities; pronounced ˈher.əʊ.ɪn) wishes.// e.g., A blaze at a Bradford bookstore almost left Harry Potter fans snapping their wands in frustration./// A staff or rod held as a symbol of office e.g., Wizards (wizard = a man who has magical powers, especially in legends and fairy tales) are always sticking their wands into any sort of magical affair./// (informal) A conductor’s baton. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Stamp_Germany_1998_MiNr2025_S%C3%A4chsische_Staatskapelle_Dresden.jpg // A small stick with a brush at one end used to apply mascara. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Mascara_de_pesta%C3%B1as.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Eye_make-up.jpg // e.g., A mascara wand./// A handheld electronic device which can be passed over a barcode to read the encoded data. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdD0MeXz28I and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eq0n9YCoTgU // e.g., He waves the computer wand over the special barcode.// e.g., He swipes a bar-code wand across the waybill, a document that shows the contents and destination of the shipment./// (laser wand; also known as a laser pointer or laser pen) A device emitting a laser beam, used especially to create a pointer on a projected image or text. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Laser_Pointers.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Green-lased_palm_tree_%28crop%29.jpg // e.g., ‘You pull out a laser wand and point at the screen on the wall.’// e.g., The open surgical field of vision is being replaced by images seen through a telescopic wand./// Each of a pair of handheld lights used by a person on the ground to guide a taxiing aircraft at night e.g., Marshallers replaced their flashlight wands and instead used blue chem-sticks to convey their taxi instructions to pilots./// (suit of wands) One of the suits in some tarot (= fortune-telling playing cards; pronounced ˈtær.əʊ) packs, corresponding to batons in others. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Carte_veneziane_-_bastoni_-_Museo_Correr_-_Cl._XXX_n._0084.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/Wands01.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0f/Wands02.jpg
· Statuette (pronounced ˌstætʃ.uˈet) = (noun) a small statue or figurine, especially one that is smaller than life-size/ a figurine (a diminutive form of the word figure; pronounced ˌfɪɡ.əˈriːn in UK English and ˌfɪɡ.jəˈriːn in US English) (***** for figurine). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Status_of_Kuan_Yin.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg and (for GIJo animation soldier!) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/24/GIJoe_OriginalLineup.jpg // e.g., A bronze statuette of a Persian dancing boy with a high hat, long sleeves, and pointed shoes also testifies to the ubiquity of foreign performers.// e.g., The iconography of the Liege statuette further refutes (refute = prove a statement or theory to be wrong or false) the notion that it could have been offered in atonement.// e.g., Forman has photographed all of the presidential statuettes from Washington through Nixon, though not all the images were exhibited
· Clad = (adjective) Clothed. (My comment: I think this word is dated to use it today; some may not understand you). e.g., They were clad in T-shirts and shorts.// (in combination) e.g., Leather-clad boys.// e.g., ‘I saw him clad in rugged blue jeans and a decent black button-up shirt.’/// Covered with cladding.// (in combination) e.g., Copper-clad boards./// (verb) (archaic) past participle of clothe./// (verb with object) (clads, cladding, cladded) Encase a structure with a covering or coating. For cladding in architecture See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Grenfell_Tower_cladding.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b8/Tower_block_with_cladding_exposed_in_Sheffield_2017.jpg For cladding in metalworking See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Laser_Cladding_nozzle_configurations.jpg For copper cladding See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_cladding#/media/File:Copper-clad_spire_at_the_Sa%C3%AFd_Business_School_Oxford.jpg // e.g., He cladded the concrete-frame structure in stainless steel.// e.g., The outside is clad with a type of concrete slab (= a large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, or wood, typically rectangular) that only has to be painted every 20 years.// e.g., Fiber-cement siding clads the Greenpeace home’s exterior, and low-VOC paints cover interior walls.
· Smut = (noun) a small flake of soot or other dirt or a mark left by one e.g., All those black smuts from the engine.// e.g., ‘On the tube (= subway in London), trying to get to King’s Cross (railway station in London/ King's Cross St. Pancras is a tube station (as a medic I always call it wrongly ‘pancreas!’)) in time for the Intercity, I noticed in the squeeze a woman with a smut on her forehead.’//// (mass noun) A fungal disease of cereals in which parts of the ear change to black powder. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Carex_utriculata_1.jpg For corn smut See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpHdNN6sOuo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBqyV6HWQIo // e.g., A few bad crop years with smut and drought and frost.// (countable noun) e.g., Fungal infections such as the smuts./// (mass noun) Obscene or lascivious (= (of a person, manner, or gesture) feeling or revealing an overt and often offensive sexual desire; pronounced ləˈsɪvɪəs) talk, writing, or pictures e.g., Porn, in his view, is far from being harmless smut.// e.g., Most marvel that once upon a time, TV and movies helped adults to protect children and the rest of us from daily exposure to violence, profanity, and smut./// (verb with object) Mark with flakes or soot or other dirt e.g., The smutted sky.// e.g., Then Night came down like the feathery soot of a smoky lamp and smutted first the bedquilt, then the hearth-rug, then the window-seat, and then, at last, the vast, stormy, far away outside world./// Infect a plant with smut e.g., Smutted wheat.
· Soot (pronounced sʊt) = (noun) a black powdery or flaky (= breaking or separating easily into small thin pieces) substance consisting largely of amorphous carbon, produced by the incomplete burning of organic matter. See (diesel smoke) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Diesel-smoke.jpg and (sooted train engine) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/MML43083_at_Nottingham_2005-10-14_03.jpg // e.g., Diesel particulate matter consists of soot mixed with anything from volatile organic compounds to sulphur (or sulfur) and nitrous oxides.// e.g., The ring had black soot on it, but one thing was clear, and that was a glistening amethyst crystal in the center./// (verb with object) Cover or clog something with soot e.g., The tremendous heat has consumed all vegetation, destabilized ground areas, sooted the work environment and caused burned trees to become unsafe.// e.g., ‘You have previously sooted the underside of their plate by holding it over a candle.’
· Grubby (pronounced ˈɡrʌbi) = (adjective) (grubbier, grubbiest) Covered with dirt; grimy (pronounced ˈɡraɪ.mi). See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J0J98V0fZwE and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXBTbw0A7Ls // e.g., The grubby face of a young boy.// e.g., Instead, we could all walk around like we did in the 1970s, with dirty glasses and grubby faces, and be happy.// e.g., The room has blank, unpainted walls, and a grubby green carpet covering the floor.//// Involving dishonest or disreputable activity; sordid (= involving ignoble actions and motives; arousing moral distaste and contempt) e.g., The grubby business of selling arms.// e.g., ‘What does any of this all-consuming grubby affair have to do with the business of politics?’// e.g., ‘This week I want to look a little more at the process by which grubby politics is seamlessly transformed into dirty journalism.’
· Shard = (noun) a piece of broken ceramic (pronounced sɪˈramɪk), metal, glass, or rock, typically having sharp edges. For broken pottery shred (shard) in archeology See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/AGMA_Ostrakon_P%C3%A9ricl%C3%A8s.jpg // e.g., Shards of glass flew in all directions.// e.g., The wings were shards of mossy glass - shards of a broken mirror, each adorned by a frightening eye.// e.g., His feet suffered many cuts due to the broken shards of glass on the filthy floor.
· Voyeur (pronounced vwɑːˈjɜː(r)) (not to be confused with ‘voyage’ that means a long journey involving travel by sea or in space) = (noun) a person who gains sexual pleasure from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity. b) ‘Sexual pleasure’ usually means, if male, an erection!) // e.g., He stood transfixed, a voyeur feasting on the swell of her buttocks./// A person who enjoys seeing the pain or distress of others, e.g., A voyeur of death.// e.g., Murder trials make us voyeurs./// Voyeuristic (pronounced vɔɪjəˈrɪstɪk or vwʌɪjəˈrɪstɪk) = (adjective) relating to or denoting sexual pleasure gained from watching others when they are naked or engaged in sexual activity e.g., Women as objects of voyeuristic pleasure.// e.g., He seeks to recast the voyeuristic impulse in terms of love rather than violation./// Deriving or relating to enjoyment from seeing the pain or distress of others e.g., The voyeuristic pleasure of spying on relationships under pressure.// e.g.., There is something uncomfortably voyeuristic about being led into the hospital room.
· Salacious (pronounced səˈleɪʃəs) = (adjective) having or conveying an undue or inappropriate interest in sexual matters e.g., Salacious stories.// e.g., Even if you knew some delicious, salacious gossip, some tantalizing (= tormenting or teasing with the sight or promise of something unobtainable; tandalising in UK English) indiscretion, to let it slip would feel like treason (= the crime of betraying one’s country, especially by attempting to kill the sovereign or overthrow the government; pronounced ˈtriːz(ə)n).// e.g., She desperately wanted to rest, avoid the salacious Tinsel town gossip, and take control of her life.
· Infatuation (pronounced ɪnˌfætʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən = (noun) an intense but short-lived passion or admiration for someone or something e.g., He had developed an infatuation with the girl.// e.g., ‘I hope this is merely a passing infatuation.’ // e.g., This volume is less obsessed with his rather absurd infatuation with the diary’s editor.// (mass noun) e.g., The thrill of infatuation.// e.g., Surely girls also go through one-sided infatuations and get rejected.
· Raunchy (pronounced ˈrɔːn(t)ʃi) = (informal) (adjective) (raunchier, raunchiest) energetically earthy and sexually explicit e.g., His raunchy new novel.// e.g., Madonna has admitted she was too raunchy in her early career.// e.g., The midnight shows let you try a more raunchy, daring, adult kind of humor./// (US English) Shabby or grubby e.g., ‘I finally sneak a look up at him, suddenly feeling incredibly raunchy and dirty.’
· Brothel (pronounced ˈbrɒθ.(ə)l) = (noun) a house where men visit prostitutes. Synonyms: bordello (pronounced bɔːˈdel.əʊ - plural = bordellos), whorehouse (especially in US English); house of ill repute, house of prostitution.// See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Joachim_Beuckelaer_-_Brothel_-_Walters_371784.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Get_lautrec_1894_salon_in_the_rue_des_moulins.jpg For a modern brothel denoted by the red lights See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/RedLightDistrictAmsterdam.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Trier_Hafenmelodie1.jpg // e.g., This parcel he took to a local brothel and presented to a prostitute he knew.// e.g., The City of South Sydney has taken the bold step of trialing safe house brothels (My comment as an Aussie guy: never heard; never been there!). // e.g., Men will be taught to respect women, to abandon their old-fashioned views of patriarchy, and stop visiting brothels.
· Enamor (pronounced iˈnamər) = (transitive verb) (usually as enamor of) to inflame with love./// (usually as enamored of/ with) To cause to feel a strong or excessive interest or fascination e.g., Baseball fans enamored of statistics.// e.g., Not only are critics enamored with it, but so are audiences, snapping up advance tickets at a pace that has analysts expecting director Ryan Coogler’s film to shatter previous February records.// e.g., Of course, the internet became instantly enamored with Kim. (My comment: I guess it refers to Kim Kardashian, an American reality TV personality!) (***).
· Penchant (pronounced ˈpɒ̃ʃɒ̃ or ˈpɑ̃ːŋ.ʃɑ̃ːŋ in UK English and ˈpen.tʃənt in US English) = (noun; usually in singular) A strong or habitual liking for something or tendency to do something e.g., He has a penchant for adopting stray (= that wander) dogs.// e.g., We’ve all encountered characters with a penchant for telling tall tales.// e.g., The Bulgarian man has a penchant for going to ground easily under challenges.
· Treatise (pronounced ˈtriː.tɪs) = (noun) a written work dealing formally and systematically with a subject; a disquisition e.g., Aristotle (an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist) wrote two ethical (= of or relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these) treatises: the Nicomachean Ethics and the Eudemian (= meaning literally to have the grace of the demons, meaning literary the gods and indirectly our fate – the word means intense happiness) Ethics.// e.g., His treatise on Scottish political theory.// e.g., He wrote several intellectual treatises that are admired even today.
· Disquisition = (noun) a long or elaborate essay or discussion on a particular subject. Synonym = essay.// e.g., Nothing can kill a radio show quicker than a disquisition on intertextual analysis.// e.g., ‘I’m thinking especially of the photographs that accompany Austerlitz’s architectural disquisitions.’ // e.g., The article in question is a learned disquisition upon the art of binding books - and other objects - in human skin.
· Rights (in Law) = (noun) (law) The authority to perform, publish, film, or televise a particular work, event, etc. (My comment: as ‘legal rights’).// e.g., They sold the paperback rights.// e.g., Feature film rights to the novel have been kicked around Hollywood for some time, with Tom Cruise mooted to be involved.// e.g., Television rights to the Davis Cup have been signed again by BBC Sport, following successful coverage of Great Britain ties.// e.g., The broadcasters have paid large sums of money for the rights to televise Wimbledon, so they have a right to expect some give from the organizers.
· Snippet (pronounced ˈsnɪpɪt) = (noun) a small piece or brief extract e.g., Snippets of information about the war.// e.g., ‘I had indirectly picked up snippets of news during the two weeks.’ // e.g., We want to show you a couple of quick snippets here and then get the panel’s reaction.
· Bushel (or bu.) (pronounced ˈbʊʃ(ə)l) = (noun) (UK) A measure of capacity equal to 8 gallons (equivalent to 36.4 liters), used for corn, fruit, liquids, etc./// (US) A measure of capacity equal to 64 US pints (equivalent to 35.2 liters), used for dry goods.
· Benefaction (pronounced ˌbɛnɪˈfakʃ(ə)n) = (noun) a donation or gift e.g., An exceptional benefaction.// e.g., (mass noun) ‘Take official receipt of such benefaction.’ // e.g., ‘I was brought up by the country, and I am always thinking of repaying the benefaction with my little contribution,’ James said.
· Chore = (noun) A routine task, especially a household one e.g., The early risers were up and about, doing their chores.// e.g., Ann was a woman of gentle disposition (= a person's inherent qualities of mind and character) who went quietly about her daily chores.// e.g., But at the time, a dozen years ago, cloning a gene was not the routine chore it is today./// A tedious (= tiresome or monotonous) but necessary task e.g., ‘Tackle winter cleanup chores and repair garden tools.’// e.g., She sees interviews as a chore.// e.g., The week starts with demands from our jobs, lovers, friends and tedious chores.
· Dispose = (verb) (dispose of) (verb; no object) Get rid of by throwing away or giving or selling to someone else e.g., The waste is disposed of in the South Sea.// e.g., People now have substantial assets to dispose of after their death.// e.g., Smith told the jury he realized that he didn’t have any way of effectively disposing of the body and threw the pieces into bushes before returning to the house./// (informal) Kill e.g., All of them have been efficient in disposing of their rivals by deadly means.// e.g., Jesus was a serious political liability who had to be quickly disposed of. (My comment: some say that a clause shouldn’t finish with a preposition at its end, but Oxford dictionary says its Ok)./// Overcome a rival or threat e.g., Having disposed of their Northern rivals Park now face Midlands club Ampthill.// e.g., ‘We will unify, to combat this threat and dispose of it forever!’ /// (informal) Consume food or drink quickly or enthusiastically e.g., I watched him dispose of a large slice of cheese.// e.g., Shortly after the horrendous cafeteria ‘food’ was disposed of, a familiar cheery voice resounded through the room./// (verb with object) Incline someone towards a particular activity or mood e.g., Prolactin, a calming hormone, is released, disposing you towards sleep./// (verb with object and infinitive) e.g., Personalities that dispose them to be uncooperative and egotistic./// (verb with object and adverbial) Arrange in a particular position e.g., The chief disposed his attendants in a circle.// e.g. The base portions are disposed in a matrix arrangement having rows and columns.// (literary)(verb; no object) Determine the course of events e.g., The government proposed, but the trade union movement disposed.// e.g., The Pentagon proposes, the press disposes - albeit within softer confines than prevailed in the Gulf War.
· Disposition = (noun) a person’s inherent qualities of mind and character e.g., ‘Your sunny disposition has a way of rubbing off on those around you.’// e.g., He has the disposition of a saint.// e.g., His cheery disposition masked a fierce (= having or displaying an intense or ferocious (= savagely fierce, cruel, or violent) aggressiveness) determination to win, which culminated in a phone call to Cochrane - now his agent./// (often with infinitive) An inclination or tendency e.g., The Prime Minister has shown a disposition to alter policies.// e.g., The judge’s disposition to clemency (= mercy; leniency; pronounced ˈklɛmənsi)./// (mass noun) The way in which something is placed or arranged, especially in relation to other things e.g., The plan shows the disposition of the rooms.// e.g., In the early 2010, Jim began to seriously plan for the inevitable disposition of his collection./// The action of arranging people or things in a particular way e.g., By observing the spirit of the enemy’s men and getting the best position, you can work out the enemy’s disposition and move your men accordingly.// e.g., We would not interfere with his disposition of the costs./// Dispositions = the stationing of troops ready for military action e.g., The new strategic dispositions of our forces.// e.g., The relative ease with which it is possible to define forts and fortresses allows us to consider the impact of the revolt on military dispositions./// (mass noun) (Law) The distribution or transfer of property or money to someone, especially by bequest (= a legacy) e.g., This is a tax which affects the disposition of assets on death.// e.g., There was some contention as to the sale and disposition of certain assets./// The power to deal with something as one pleases e.g., If Napoleon had had railways at his disposition, he would have been invincible.// e.g., You have dedicated some of the material resources at your disposition to the creation of Art.
· Clemency (pronounced ˈklɛmənsi) = (mass noun) mercy; leniency e.g., An appeal for clemency.// e.g., He was freed on Friday after being granted royal clemency and immediately announced that he had been forced into confessing to the bombings.// George was devastated and put into motion a petition (= a formal written request, typically one signed by many people, appealing to authority concerning a particular cause) for clemency.
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