TIPS for English (22): Words(I) (l)

·  Benevolence = (mass noun) The quality of being well-meaning; kindness e.g., Any positive act of benevolence or good will is one that could be considered sacred (pronounced ˈseɪ.krɪd).// e.g., The disaster left the world in great grief, but it has responded with unprecedented benevolence.// e.g., As Confucius saw long ago, benevolence or concern for humanity is the indispensable root of it all.

·    Benevolent (pronounced bəˈnev.(ə)l.(ə)nt) = (adjective) well-meaning; kindly and helpful e.g., A benevolent smile of my aunt.// e.g., He was a benevolent old man and wouldn’t hurt a fly (^^^ (for the last example).

·     Tenacity (pronounced tɪˈnasɪti) = grip; the quality or fact of being able to grip something firmly e.g., The baby took my finger in its tenacious little fist (**).// e.g., The sheer tenacity of the limpet./// The quality or fact of being very determined; determination. Synonym = persistence.// e.g., ‘You have to admire the tenacity of these two guys.’// e.g., It is only their tenacity that has brought about eventual justice.// e.g., If Richards's film is a tribute to the tenacity of the treasure hunters, its very existence is proof of his dogged obstinacy./// The quality or fact of continuing to exist; persistence e.g., The tenacity of certain myths within the historical record.

·     Tenacious (pronounced tɪˈneɪʃəs)  = (adjective) Tending to keep a firm hold of something; clinging or adhering closely e.g. A tenacious grip.// e.g., ‘I think that Africa will always hold a tenacious grip on me, and I do feel sad to be leaving my friends.’// e.g., The state is suffering under a tenacious recession./// Not readily relinquishing (= voluntarily cease to keep or claim; give up) a position, principle, or course of action; determined e.g., This tenacious defense of local liberties.// e.g., ‘You are tenacious, and you get at the truth.’// e.g.,  He was targeted by another stalker, equally as tenacious as the first./// Persisting in existence; not easily dispelled e.g., A tenacious local legend.// e.g., The tribal loyalties of some hostel residents have proved tenacious

·     Relinquish = (verb) (with object) Voluntarily cease to keep or claim; give up e.g., He relinquished his managerial role to become chief executive.// e.g., Their lawyer told the court that, since they had relinquished any claim to the child, there was no purpose in continuing the application.// e.g., Demands are made on parents relinquish custody of their disabled child in return for funding for support services for a disability.

·   Dogged (pronounced ˈdɒɡɪd) (not related to dogs!) = (adjective) having or showing tenacity and grim persistence e.g., Success required dogged determination.// e.g., For a man whose playing career was characterized by dogged resilience and bloody-minded determination, the manager cuts a very different figure.// e.g., From 1981 to 1997, no one played with as much tenacity and dogged determination as Mullen.//  Doggedly = Tenaciously.

·    Resilience (or resiliency) = (mass noun) The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties; toughness. Synonym = strength of character.// e.g., The often remarkable resilience of so many British institutions.// e.g., The panicky reaction of players at the US Open betrayed their lack of resilience in the face of adversity.// e.g., Poland's history has been marked by its resilience.// e.g., Consumer strength in the second half has been central to the resilience of the overall economy./// The ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape; elasticity. Synonym = flexibility. // e.g., Nylon is excellent in wearability, abrasion resistance and resilience.// e.g., Polypropylene (PP) is being used more and more widely in the manufacture of carpeting due to its high resilience to wear and stain proof properties.

·  Stick–to–it–iveness = (mass noun) (US English) (informal) the ability and determination to continue doing something despite difficulties (*). Synonym =Perseverance; persistence e.g., ‘Again, I speak from personal experience: I know I didn't have the stick-to-it-iveness as an undergrad.’// e.g., Today the coal miner's daughter and descendant of Daniel Boone is reaping the rewards for her stick-to-it-iveness.

·    Single-minded = having or concentrating on only one aim or purpose e.g., The single-minded pursuit of profit.// e.g., He is one of the most single-minded and obsessive sportsmen in the world, utterly intent upon relentless success.

·   Obstinate = (adjective) Stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or chosen course of action, despite attempts to persuade one to do so. Synonym = stubborn.// e.g., His obstinate determination to pursue a career in radio.// e.g., Despite his obstinate attitude, he beckoned for  Helen and Mary to accompany him.// (of an unwelcome situation) Very difficult to change or overcome e.g., The obstinate problem of unemployment.// e.g., The feature provides the workaround for its obstinate blocking of incoming packets, in some cases.// e.g., The movie is a study in intolerance, though less the big, genocidal brand than the petty, obstinate kind that occurs in situations where a man sets himself apart from his community.

·    Obstinacy (rare form: obstinancy) = (mass noun) The quality or condition of being obstinate; stubbornness e.g., His reputation for obstinacy.// e.g., He hoped his parents would not be difficult for he was not in the mood for their stubborn obstinacy.// e.g., If Richards's film is a tribute to the tenacity of the treasure hunters, its very existence is proof of his dogged obstinacy.

·    Beckon = (verb; no object) Make a gesture with the hand, arm, or head to encourage or instruct someone to approach or follow. See https://static3.depositphotos.com/1003687/241/i/950/depositphotos_2413909-stock-photo-businessman-hand-beckoning-someone.jpg and http://daily.wordreference.com/uploads/1456673388.jpg  // e.g., Anna beckoned to Susan.// (verb) (with object and adverbial of direction) Summon someone by beckoning to them e.g., She beckoned David over.// (with object and infinitive) e.g., He beckoned Sam to follow./// Appear attractive or inviting e.g., The going is tough and soft options beckon.

·     Oblivious (pronounced əˈblɪv.i.əs) = (adjective) not aware of or not concerned about what is happening around one e.g., He became absorbed, oblivious to the passage of time.// e.g., Unbelievably, they can walk among their victims, oblivious to their humanity.// e.g., This government is just as oblivious to the suffering of Bahamians as ever before.

·    Oblivion (pronounced əˈblɪv.i.ən) = (noun) The state of being unaware or unconscious of what is happening e.g., They drank themselves into oblivion.// e.g., ‘I remember that night you came into Bailey's to drink yourself into oblivion after Samantha died.’///  The state of being forgotten, especially by the public e.g., His name will fade into oblivion./// Destruction or extinction e.g., Only our armed forces stood between us and oblivion.

· Gregarious (pronounced ɡrɪˈɡeə.ri.əs) = (adjective) (of a person) fond of company; sociable e.g., She was a popular and gregarious woman.// e.g., Even though she was so gregarious and loved to chat, she also liked to listen.// e.g., He is naturally gregarious, and the work obviously suits him./// (of animals) Living in flocks or loosely organized communities e.g., They are gregarious throughout the year, except the laying and incubation period.// e.g., Other evidence, though, suggests tyrannosaurs were gregarious./// (of plants) growing in open clusters or in pure associations e.g., In the wild, trees are usually gregarious plants.// e.g., It is a gregarious spreading herb that quickly covers the ground and rocks.

·     Flock = (noun) A number of birds of one kind feeding, resting, or traveling together. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Red-billed_quelea_flocking_at_waterhole.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Sort_sol_pdfnet.jpg  and https://www.howitworksdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/wallpaper-of-a-flock-of-flying-birds-hd-bird-wallpapers-1024x640.jpg and  https://s-i.huffpost.com/gen/1393109/images/o-FLOCK-OF-BIRDS-facebook.jpg    //  e.g., A flock of gulls./// A number of domestic animals, especially sheep, goats, or geese that are kept together. Synonym = herd.// See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Herd_Of_Goats.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Sheep_and_herder_India.jpg  and http://www.eradicatescrapie.org/Images/Animals/Sheep%20Flock%20(775%20x%20301).jpg and   https://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/images_blogs/wiredscience/2013/03/ff_collectives4_large.jpg  // e.g., A  flock of sheep./// A large number or crowd of people. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7c/Crowd_in_street.jpg   //  e.g., A flock of paparazzi tailed them all over London./// A group of children or pupils in someone's charge e.g., But Mr. Smith believes his flock are taking a light-hearted approach to the West Yorkshire clash at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff./// A Christian congregation or body of believers, especially one under the charge of a particular minister e.g., Father George addressed his flock./// Soft material for stuffing cushions, quilts, and other soft furnishings, made of wool refuse or torn-up cloth. See  https://sc01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB14sg7HVXXXXaRXXXXq6xXFXXXW/200807345/HTB14sg7HVXXXXaRXXXXq6xXFXXXW.jpg   and http://cdn.patiolane.com/media/product/f3c/sunbrella-supreme-9433-0000-linen-with-linen-flock-60-in-awning-marine-fabric-pl-34314-78a.png   // e.g., Flock mattresses./// (verb) Congregate or mass in a flock or large group e.g., Students flocked to spring break sites.

·    Bulletin (pronounced ˈbʊlɪtɪn) = (noun) A short official statement or broadcast summary of news e.g., News bulletin.// e.g., All the major networks descended on the scene of the arrest, broadcasting bulletins warning of a terrorist threat.// e.g., The BBC bulletins and Channel 4 News limited coverage to 20-second news-reads, suggesting that the story was of little importance.// e.g.,  The bulletins will be broadcast by the station's new Dublin correspondent from a studio in the city center./// A regular newsletter or report issued by an organization e.g., Newsletters, bulletins, open houses or family meetings are more formal ways to stay in touch.// e.g.,  The commission found that viruses are foreseeable events, as evidenced by the regular security bulletins issued by software companies.// e.g., We also ask that you mention us in your church bulletin or organization's newsletter.

·  Greenery (pronounced ˈɡriːn(ə)ri) =  (mass noun) Green foliage, growing plants, or vegetation e.g., A mist lightly dusts the thick greenery of the trees that cover the surrounding hills.// e.g., ‘I live right on the outskirts of the city, and I am pretty much surrounded by trees and greenery.’// e.g.,  The roads in New Delhi are wide, the buildings nice and there is a lot of greenery in some parts.

·    Nap (take/ have a nap; catch napping) = (verb) (no object) Sleep lightly or briefly, especially during the day e.g., He took to napping on the beach in the afternoons./// (noun) A short sleep, especially during the day. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Hammock_nap_on_patio.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kREIeLSEF5Y and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3mgwEuUzrkg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE5d7vy8y6g and  http://sites.psu.edu/siowfa15/wp-content/uploads/sites/29639/2015/10/hammock-nap-110620.jpg // e.g., ''Excuse me, I'll just take a little nap.''/// ''Catch someone napping'' =  (phrase)(informal) Find someone off guard and unprepared to respond e.g., The goalkeeper was caught napping by a shot from Carpenter./// (noun) (in singular) The raised hairs or threads on the surface of fabric or suede leather, in terms of the direction in which they naturally lie. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Velours_pourpre.jpg and  http://www.teacuplion.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Fabrics-101-2.jpg and http://mrshutchingssewingroom.weebly.com/uploads/6/4/3/5/6435272/8799539.jpg?312  // e.g., Carefully machine the seam, following the direction of the nap./// (Australian) (dated, informal) A bedroll used for sleeping on in the open./// (mass noun) (also known as Napoleon) A card game resembling whist in which players declare the number of tricks they expect to take, up to five. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Euchre.jpg and https://sc01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1S1ApHpXXXXaIXpXXq6xXFXXXF/200675909/HTB1S1ApHpXXXXaIXpXXq6xXFXXXF.jpg  /// (UK English) A tipster's prediction of the probable winner of a race e.g., He discovered that his nap of the day had sprinted home at 10–1 at Doncaster./// (verb) (with object) (UK English) Name a horse or greyhound as a probable winner of a race e.g., Harbinger is napped to win the Novices' Hurdle./// ''Go nap'' =  (phrase) Attempt to take all five tricks in nap (a card game). a) Score or win five times e.g., Tranmere Rovers went nap to inflict a heavy 5–1 defeat on West Ham. b) Risk everything in one attempt./// (verb) (no object) (of a horse) Refuse, especially habitually, to go on at the rider's instruction; jib. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auCghHL1_cc // e.g., Horses which nap should be dealt with by professionals.

·       Jib (pronounced dʒɪb) = (noun) (Sailing)
A triangular staysail set forward of the mast. See [a jib (green) and a genoa (blue) with the foretriangle outlined in red] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Jib_vs_genoa.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Krusenstern_bowsprit_jibs.jpg  and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/cb/29/61/cb2961ea771dee480969a9c01e3bde60.jpg and https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgAPE3U1TE9vmnUzjYIg-b-wF_BULAqNuk9tADqsnAcWn-dS0-OaqEwFP2R_Y_NbS5RChFn4HbpNalHsSMTQ-Se3oPCFHsjdKtahBYSwRiYASjq7OnP4j8nMJ14819WIfDoIiZ2LJ1yAb_/s1600/ROTC+Sailing+Program+Diagrm01+basic+sailboat-03.gif ///  (also known as gib or gib-arm) The projecting arm of a crane. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Crane_machine_slewing_platform.svg and   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Truck-mounted_crane_building_a_bridge.jpg and   http://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/14275-2361653.jpg and http://www.jherbertcorp.com/crane-jib1.gif and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYaOUDK8VXQ /// ''The cut of someone's jib'' = (phrase)  (dated, informal) Someone's appearance or demeanor e.g., ''I like the cut of your jib, young fellow''./// (verb; no object) (of an animal, especially a horse) Stop and refuse to go on e.g., The horse jibbed at the final fence./// (of a person) Be unwilling to do or accept something e.g., He jibs at paying large bills./// (slang) = (informal) (slang) The act of maneuvering a bicycle, skateboard, snowboard or skis in a tricky manner on top of and around a structure such as a stump, rocks, stairs, railings, rooftops, etc. When you are playing around, showing off, jumping, flipping, hopping, etc. you are jibbing (#). See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ngmkf6ZrRs   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsxRUmWcI8c

·    Genoa = (noun) (sail) a type of large jib or staysail that overlaps the mainsail, sometimes eliminating it. It was originally referred to as an ‘overlapping jib’ and later as a Genoa jib (*****). See  [a jib (green) and a genoa (blue) with the foretriangle outlined in red] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Jib_vs_genoa.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/SC70_RETRO_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Schema-genois-enrouleur.jpg

·      Equivocation = (noun) The use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication e.g., ‘I say my view without equivocation.’// e.g., His reactions are relevant only because they seem to fit his career-long pattern of equivocation and calculation trying whenever possible to have it both way.// e.g., He answered openly and honestly without hesitation or equivocation (^^^ for the last example).

·    Prevaricate (pronounced prɪˈvarɪkeɪt) = (verb) (no object) Speak or act in an evasive way; to avoid telling the truth or exactly what you think e.g., He seemed to prevaricate when journalists asked pointed questions.// e.g., They simply must stop prevaricating and comply with the WTO ruling.// e.g., There’s no degree course in prevaricating, sadly, unless you count management science.// e.g., He accused the minister of prevaricating (^^ for the 2^nd part of the definition and the last example).

·    Subterfuge (pronounced ˈsʌbtəfjuːdʒ) = (noun) Deceit used to achieve one's goal e.g., She had to use subterfuge and bluff on many occasions./// (countable noun) e.g., ‘I hated all the subterfuges, I hated lying to you.’// e.g., Using guerrilla tactics and subterfuge, Alfred beat the Vikings at their own game.// e.g., The debate itself was a case study in the misinformation, obstinacy, subterfuge, resentment and fear that has characterized the fraught process.

·   Fraught (with) = (adjective) (of a situation or course of action) filled with something undesirable e.g., Marketing any new product is fraught with danger.// e.g., Driving on the Continent is fraught with problems for the UK driver and particularly the company car driver./// Causing or affected by anxiety or stress e.g., There was a fraught silence.// e.g., He sounded a bit fraught.

·     Bluff = (noun) An attempt to deceive someone into believing that one can or will do something e.g., The offer was denounced as a bluff.// e.g., ''How many games of double-and-triple bluff are going on here?''.// (mass noun) e.g., His game of bluff./// (verb) (no object) Try to deceive someone as to one's abilities or intentions e.g., He's been bluffing all along.// e.g., They bluffed their way past the sentries./// (verb) (with object) e.g., The object is to bluff your opponent into submission./// ''Bluff it out'' = survive a difficult situation by maintaining a pretense e.g., There's no point in trying to bluff it out./// A steep cliff, bank, or promontory./// (Canadian English) A grove or clump of trees./// (adjective) Direct in speech or behavior but in a good-natured way e.g., A big, bluff, hearty man.// (adjective) (of a cliff or a ship's bows) Having a vertical or steep broad front. For a bluff cliff See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Jefferson_Beach_1.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/White_Cliffs_of_Dover_02.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Ireland_cliffs_of_moher2.jpg  and http://www.uisgebeatha.org/waterfallbluff_101-0127_t1.jpg and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/8ik3XLlLIVM/maxresdefault.jpg  For buff bow (on a ship) See http://www.learneasy.info/webs/300cubits/ark_encounter/planking/images/bluff_bow.jpg

·      Appointee (pronounced əpɔɪnˈtiː) = (noun) A person to whom a job or role is assigned e.g., An appointee to the federal judiciary.// e.g., The Commission calls for a reduction in the number of political appointees./// (Law) A person empowered by the owner of property to decide the disposition of that property e.g., An appointee will arrange to receive your state benefits and pay your bills.// e.g., As an appointee you’re responsible for making and maintaining any benefit claims.

·   Interviewee (pronounced ɪn.tə.vjuˈiː) = (noun) A person who is interviewed e.g., Interviewees were asked to discuss their feelings about the interview.

·     Hemp = (noun) The cannabis plant, especially when grown for its fiber. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG/220px-La_Roche_Jagu_chanvre_1.JPG  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Hanf_zur_Milchviehf%C3%BCtterung.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Hanflabyrinth_Berlin_2009_-_40.jpg  and https://s3.amazonaws.com/leafly-s3/content/hemp-101-what-is-hemp-whats-it-used-for-and-why-is-it-illegal/znnHqRp0TzX0dlLgrp1A_hemp-field.jpg     For hemp seeds See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Hemp_bunch-dried_out_-seeds_close_up_PNr%C2%B00063.jpg

·  Entreat = (verb) Ask someone earnestly or anxiously to do something; implore e.g., His friends entreated him not to go.// e.g., The nobleman entreats the blacksmith to accompany him on a sacred mission.// Ask earnestly or anxiously for something e.g., A message had been sent, entreating aid for the Navahos.

·     Limpet (pronounced ˈlɪmpɪt) = (noun) A marine mollusk which has a shallow conical shell and a broad muscular foot, found clinging tightly to rocks. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Common_limpets1.jpg/220px-Common_limpets1.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Common_limpet.jpg/220px-Common_limpet.jpg /// Used in comparisons to refer to people and things that cling tightly e.g., The couples on the floor were clinging to each other like limpets.

·   Sensuous (pronounced ˈsɛnʃʊəs) = (adjective) Relating to or affecting the senses rather than the intellect e.g., The work showed a deliberate disregard of the more sensuous and immediately appealing aspects of painting.// e.g., The aesthetic is the sensuous, what is given to the senses.// Attractive or gratifying physically, especially sexually e.g., Her voice was rather deep but very sensuous.// e.g., He's undeniably attractive, with a sensuous mouth that twists with a thin, mocking smile.

·   Wisp (pronounced wɪsp) = (noun) A small thin or twisted bunch, piece, or amount of something.// For a wisp of straws See https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/wisp-straw-11468111.jpg  For a smoke wisp See https://motionarray.imgix.net/preview-182EDpsRBql5j_0012.jpg and https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/t/colorful-cocktail-straws-macro-shot-62659017.jpg  For a wisp of cinnamon sticks See https://d3t32hsnjxo7q6.cloudfront.net/i/fbf849ca46cc9172520484f2412bfd94.jpeg and  http://www.mcsoywax.com/images/cinnamo.jpg // e.g., Wisps of smoke rose into the air.// e.g., She nearly leaps with joy feeling a faint wisp of his breath upon her sensitive skin./// A small bunch of hay or straw used for drying or grooming a horse. For a wisp of hay cube See http://pethabitat.co.za/cmsimages/Image/excelFoodCubeProduct.jpg  and https://us.123rf.com/450wm/loskutnikov/loskutnikov1507/loskutnikov150700024/42206702-wisp-of-wheat-and-rye.jpg?ver=6  and https://previews.123rf.com/images/worakittipic/worakittipic1304/worakittipic130400055/19312364-Hay-cube-on-the-field-Stock-Photo.jpg    /// A small, thin person, typically a child e.g., A thirteen-year-old wisp of a girl./// (rare) A flock of snipe (see below)  e.g., A wisp of snipe utter their well-known cry.///  A genus of damselfly (insect) (***** for this). See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Agriocnemis_pygmaea_female%2C_Burdwan%2C_West_Bengal%2C_India_11_10_2012.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Agriocnemis_pieris_by_kadavoor.JPG

·  Snipe = (noun) a wading bird of marshes and wet meadows. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gallinago_stenura_-_Laem_Pak_Bia.jpg  and https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/snipe_tcm9-18450.jpg?width=530&crop=(166,340,1030,826) /// (verb) Shoot at someone from a hiding place, especially accurately and at long range e.g., The soldiers in the trench sniped at us./// Make a sly or petty (pronounced ˈpet.i) verbal attack e.g., The state governor constantly sniped at the president.// e.g., There are zealots (pronounced ˈzel.əts) on all sides sniping at this agreement./// (In an online auction) place a bid judged to be high enough to win an item just before the bidding is scheduled to close e.g., ‘I regularly snipe 10 seconds before the end of eBay auctions.’ /// (verb with object) Outbid another bidder in an online auction just before the bidding is scheduled to close e.g., ‘What is the point of sitting around for a seven-day auction when half the time you get sniped at the last second?’

·    Petty (pronounced ˈpet.i) (not to be confused with ‘pity’) = (adjective) Of little importance; trivial e.g., The petty divisions of party politics.// e.g., ‘I listened to all her problems, no matter how petty and insignificant, and offered solutions, never once laughing’.///  Unduly concerned with trivial matters, especially in a small-minded or spiteful way e.g., He thought readers were petty in writing to complain about blocked paths./// Of secondary or lesser importance, rank, or scale; minor e.g., A petty official.// e.g., ‘Now, I can't even tempt a minor secretarial official with a petty bribe.’ /// (Law) (Of a crime) of lesser importance e.g., Petty theft/ larceny.

·    Petty larceny = (mass noun) (Law) (in many US states and formerly in the UK) theft of personal property having a value less than a legally specified amount e.g., Arrest records confirmed popular charges that petty larceny was ‘a boy's crime.’ // e.g., He was charged with felonious assault and petty larceny.

·  Zealot (pronounced ˈzel.ət) = (noun) A person who is fanatical and uncompromising in pursuit of their religious, political, or other ideas. Synonyms = fanatic, extremist, radical.// e.g., He says there have always been religious zealots, but modern technology has given them a lethal capacity.

·     Zeal (pronounced ziːl) = (mass noun) Great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective e.g., His zeal for privatization.// e.g., Linda brought a missionary zeal to her work.// e.g., A zeal for money-making (^^^ for the last example).

·    Wade (pronounced weɪd) = (verb) (no object, with adverbial) Walk with effort through water or another liquid or viscous substance. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DNhEpWOuyo and https://us.123rf.com/450wm/bst2012/bst20121211/bst2012121104797/16070744-rear-view-of-woman-walking-in-water.jpg?ver=6  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SIBVAF_H1Mo   For a car wading through water See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riEVJJC1JbM  For a car wading through mud See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaceGVA2k0s  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGDmdruYT0Q  // e.g., He waded out to the boat.// (verb) (with object) Walk through something filled with water e.g., ‘I waded ditches instead of finding easier crossing places.’/// Wade through = read laboriously through a long piece of writing e.g., They could just click it up on screen rather than have to wade through some hefty document.// Wade in = a) (informal) (no object, with adverbial) = intervene in something or attack someone vigorously or forcefully e.g., Steven waded into the melee and started to beat off the boys. b) Make a vigorous attack or intervention e.g., Jenny waded in and grabbed the baby./// (noun) An act of wading e.g., The cave is a respectable size, but we didn’t follow it far, since after 30m wade degenerated into a full-on swim.

·      Hefty = (adjective) Large and heavy e.g., A hefty young chap./// (of a number or amount) Impressively large e.g., A hefty $15 million.// e.g., They could face hefty fines./// Done with vigor or force e.g., He aimed a hefty kick at the door.// e.g., There was no shortage of beefy tackles and hefty challenges in the long-standing tradition of Scottish football.

·    Throng = (noun) A large, densely packed crowd of people or animals. For a throng of people See https://static01.nyt.com/images/2013/03/07/world/legacy1/legacy1-jumbo.jpg  and http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/12/13/75/2670429/10/920x920.jpg For a throng of birds See http://www.odishanewsinsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Chilika-Birds.png   For a throng of sea lions at the Galapagos islands See  http://www.rutahsa.com/slion-1m.jpg  //  e.g., He pushed his way through the throng.// e.g., A throng of birds./// (Of a crowd) fill or be present in a place or area e.g., A crowd thronged the station.// e.g., The pavements are thronged with people./// (verb) (no object, with adverbial of direction) Flock or be present in great numbers e.g., Tourists thronged to the picturesque village.// e.g., In Afghanistan the cynics (pronounced   ˈsɪn.ɪks) were proved wrong as voters thronged to the polls.

·    Bandana (or bandanna) = (noun) A large, colored handkerchief, typically with white spots, worn tied around the head or neck. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Ari%27s_back.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Bandana.jpg   and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/fb/c8/e3/fbc8e30c137787877f6e01cac7ba30ac--men-beard-hairy-men.jpg and http://s3.amazonaws.com/uploads.prod.gobigwin.com/app/public/spree/products/1450/large/machinima_bandanaonguy_z.jpg?1366928133 and https://s3.amazonaws.com/sacompany-assets/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/06035327/Tactical_Black-min.png

·   Bum bag (or bumbag) (UK English) (or fanny pack) (US English)) = (UK English) (informal) A small pouch on a belt, for money and small articles (items), worn around the waist or hips. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Red_Fanny_Pack.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Leather_Fanny_Pack.JPG  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Fannypack1a.jpg  and https://media.missguided.com/s/missguided/A2502040_set/4/black-studded-bum-bag.jpg?%24product-page__main--1x%24 and https://zibstore.com/image/cache/Productphotos/Bags/ZIB%20printed%20bum%20bag%20Silver%20orchid-1200x1200.jpg and http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1172031/thumbs/m-FANNY-PACK-620x930c.jpg?8  // e.g., ‘In America, looking like a trashy skank does not mean you don't have a bit of cash in your bumbag.// e.g., ‘I don't like bumbags, and money belts are a great alternative.’

· Money belt = A belt with a pouch for carrying money. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Jack_Wolfskin_money_belt_-_brown.JPG and https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1557/3855/products/Travelgenixx-money-belt-model-A-Amazon_afa51e5c-7d44-46c2-b9bc-2ef92e2402ea_530x.jpg?v=1477278796 and  https://d3dqioy2sca31t.cloudfront.net/Projects/cms/production/000/000/402/large/b688018293baa01fd7f223acc05da7cc/587_MoneyBelt.jpg  // e.g., ‘Wear a money belt to protect yourself against pickpockets.’ // e.g., ‘Carry cash and credit cards in a travel pouch or money belt worn inside your clothes.’

·  Chap = (verb; no object) (of the skin) Become cracked, rough, or sore, typically through exposure to cold weather. For chapped skin See http://www.miridiatech.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/chapped.jpg   and http://blog.shopsanctuaryt.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/blog-skin.jpg  and http://www.healthclinicweb.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Sin-t%C3%ADtulo-1024x487.png  // e.g., Her skin is very dry and chaps easily./// (verb) (with object) / (usually as adjective chapped) = (of the wind or cold) Cause skin to crack or become sore e.g., Chapped lips.// For chapped lips See  (image number 4) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Photographic_Comparison_of_a_Canker_Sore%2C_Herpes%2C_Angular_Cheilitis_and_Chapped_Lips..jpg  and http://dermashield.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/chapped_skin.jpg  and https://www.fabhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/intro-chapped-lips.jpg  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chapped_lips.jpg/1200px-Chapped_lips.jpg  /// (noun) A cracked or sore patch on the skin. /// (noun) (informal)  (UK English) 
A man or a boy e.g., He sounded like a nice, caring sort of chap./// (dated) A friendly form of address between men and boys e.g., ''Best of luck, old chap.'' /// (noun) (usually) Chaps = the lower jaw or half of the cheek, especially that of a pig used as food. For pork chap See https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/06/a9/af/6d/pork-chap.jpg   

·     Fray = (verb) (no object) (of fabric, rope, or cord) Unravel or become worn at the edge, typically through constant rubbing. Synonym = unravel. See http://wardrobeadvice.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Fray.jpg and  http://s9.favim.com/orig/130905/american-flag-clothes-clothing-denim-Favim.com-900381.jpg // e.g., Cheap fabric soon frays.// e.g., A cheap thread will fray, break and cause knotting of the thread while sewing./// (of a person's nerves or temper) Show the effects of strain e.g., As the temperature rose, tempers frayed.// e.g., ''What with that and the Cajun music my nerves are beginning to fray somewhat.''/// (verb) (with object) (of a male deer) Rub a bush or small tree with the head in order to remove the velvet from newly formed antlers, or to mark territory during the rut https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIHKGOKdGbs  // e.g., Bucks mark their territory by fraying small trees./// (noun) ''The fray'' = a situation of intense competitive activity e.g., Ten companies intend to bid for the contract, with three more expected to enter the fray.// e.g., What is really necessary is to curb the number of independent candidates who enter the fray, to no useful purpose./// A battle or fight. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YmYCHoE6TvY // e.g., He charged into the thick of the fray and went down fighting.// e.g., Police officers pushed several against cars to separate them from the fray as the fight spilled into a parking garage.

·     Shuffle = (verb; no object, with adverbial) Walk by dragging one's feet along or without lifting them fully from the ground. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aXSl9nQ7tA  (My comment: I guess you all know the shuffle dance of Michael Jackson! Also, the shuffling gait of Parkinson's disease may come to mind). For shuffle dance See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Q62hRk8eOE For the shuffle dance of Michael Jackson See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgQuYpg8Y-s  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJwLgMZd4j8   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0EvSkGcdhs   For shuffling gait on Parkinson's disease See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFA0aN8VpS4 and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWRgup0L-y0  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j86omOwx0Hk  // e.g., I stepped into my skis and shuffled to the edge of the steep slope.// e.g., ‘I heard Gran's shuffling steps./// Shift one's position while sitting or move one's feet while standing, typically because of boredom, nervousness, or embarrassment e.g., Christine shuffled uneasily in her chair.// (verb) (with object) e.g., John shuffled his feet in the awkward silence./// ''Shuffle something into'' = (verb) (with object) put part of one's body into an item of clothing, typically in a clumsy way e.g., He shuffled his feet into a pair of shoes./// (verb) (with object) Rearrange a pack of cards by sliding them over each other quickly. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Riffle_shuffle_1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Riffle_shuffle.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uW8zMwJF5ys and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh8iMZY4Nb4 e.g., She shuffled the cards and cut the deck./// (verb) (no object) e.g., Anybody who has played skat (a three-handed trick-taking card game with bidding) with my gran knows how to shuffle without dropping the cards.// Move people or things around so as to occupy different positions or to be in a different order. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bnem9cJD-4w For basketball shuffle See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7SwV6s_rz8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8loqSCMnxh4    // e.g., My father shuffled his money around various building societies.// e.g., She shuffled her papers into a neat pile.// e.g., The selectors have been shuffling their resources in recent matches./// Play or arrange tracks on a music player in a random order.  (My comment: on the YouTube, you may have noticed the option ‘shuffle’ on playing the videos of a playlist// // e.g., The control lets you shuffle or skip songs by flicking the phone with your wrist./// ''Shuffle through'' = (verb) (no object) Sort or look through a number of things hurriedly e.g., She shuffled through the papers.// ''Shuffle something off'' = (verb) (with object) Get out of or avoid a responsibility or obligation e.g., Some hospitals can shuffle off their responsibilities by claiming to have no suitable facilities.///  (noun) A shuffling movement, walk, or sound e.g., There was a shuffle of approaching feet./// A quick dragging or scraping movement of the feet in dancing e.g., Violet tried on a top hat and did a brief vaudeville shuffle./// A dance performed with quick dragging or scraping movements of the feet./// A piece of music for or in the style of a shuffle. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WaePUtXzelk and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myYZ2I5DMe4 // (mass noun) e.g., It's the usual blend of boogie, shuffle, and ballad./// A rhythmic motif based on a shuffle dance step and typical of early jazz, consisting of alternating crotchets and quavers in a triplet pattern./// An act of shuffling a pack of cards e.g., The discard is removed from the deck until the next shuffle./// A change of order or relative positions; a reshuffle e.g., The Prime Minister may have to consider a cabinet shuffle in the spring.// A facility on a music player for playing tracks in an arbitrary order e.g., I had my iPod on shuffle and ‘Eleanor Rigby’ just happened to begin playing./// (as modifier) e.g., A shuffle facility./// ''Be (or get) lost in the shuffle'' = (Phrase)  (informal) Be overlooked or missed in a confused or crowded situation e.g., A more established sport that sometimes gets lost in the shuffle is team handball.///''Shuffle the cards'' = (Phrase) make a different use of one's available options or resources.

·    Dashboard (dash in US English) = (noun) the part of a car that contains some of the controls used for driving and the devices used for measuring speed and distance (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Bentley_Continental_GTC_011.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Lancia_beta_interior.jpg and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/DU8lkIyva-s/maxresdefault.jpg and https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*4EsJxUhS4w73rtxlDYK2rQ.jpeg  For a horse-drawn carriage dashboard See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Dashboard_%28PSF%29.png  

·     Rut = (noun) A long deep track made by the repeated passage of the wheels of vehicles. For vehicle ruts See http://www.cartrutsmalta.com/images/turkey-cart-tracks-11.jpg and http://www.cartrutsmalta.com/images/naxxar-cart-ruts-malta.jpg  Note: Ruts can be formed by wear, as from studded snow tires common in cold climate areas, or they can form through the deformation of the asphalt concrete pavement or subbase material. Rut-like depressions can be formed on gravel roads by the erosion from flowing water (***** for this note). For rut on a main road See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/DK1_koleiny.jpg  // e.g., Trees have been removed and deep wheel ruts can be seen among the overgrown weeds.// e.g., A stretch of road made impassable by ruts, holes, or waterlogging./// A habit or pattern of behavior that has become dull and unproductive but is hard to change e.g., ‘I knew I had it in me to try harder, but we were both stuck in a rut and using drugs.’// e.g., The EC was stuck in a rut and was losing its direction./// (noun) An annual period of sexual activity in deer and some other mammals, during which the males fight each other for access to the females. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Fighting_impalas_edit2.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Cades-cove-deer-fighting-tn1.jpg  and  (the following photo shows a male deer humping a female deer; sorry for this, but this is nature!) https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qeEC1aLnaOY/maxresdefault.jpg  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeEC1aLnaOY  For a rutting buck See also https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BBC4uPCsuwM   // e.g., A moose in rut./// (verb; no object)/ (often as adjective rutting) = (of a deer or other mammal) Engage in the rut e.g., A rutting stag.

·   Reindeer (plural = reindeer) = (noun) a deer of the tundra and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America, both sexes of which have large branching antlers. Most Eurasian reindeer are domesticated and used for drawing sleds and as a source of milk, flesh, and hide. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Reinbukken_p%C3%A5_frisk_gr%C3%B8nt_beite._-_panoramio.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Reindeer_licking_salt_from_roadway.jpg  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Caribou_using_antlers.jpg   /// Note: reindeers pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas (Xmas) Eve. The commonly cited names of the 8 reindeer are: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen (***** for this note). See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Santa_Claus_Parade_Toronto_2009_%282%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg   // e.g., ‘Because you are traveling so quietly, there are some great opportunities to spot elks/moose, reindeers or other Swedish wild animals.’

·      Antler = (noun) A horn with parts like branches that grow on the head of a deer. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Red_deer_stag_2009_denmark.jpg/1200px-Red_deer_stag_2009_denmark.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/KaempfendeHirsche-2-cropped.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Geweihe_Pierer.jpg    and  http://news.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/news/photos/000/637/63752.jpg // e.g., A pair of antlers (*)

·    Caribou (pronounced ˈkær.ɪ.buː) = (noun) A large North American reindeer (= a type of deer with large horns). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Rentier_fws_1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Caribou_Thelon_River_1978.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dc/Caribou_crossing_Leaf_River.jpg  and https://www.nps.gov/dena/learn/nature/images/Caribou-Profile-August_resize_3.jpg 

·     Elk (US English = wapiti.// UK English = moose – mentioned below) (plural = elk or elks) = (noun) A big deer. Note: Early European explorers in North America, who were familiar with the smaller red deer of Europe, thought that the larger North American animal resembled a moose, and consequently gave it the name elk, which is the common European name for moose (***** for this note).  See http://yourshot.nationalgeographic.com/u/ss/fQYSUbVfts-T7pS2VP2wnKyN8wxywmXtY0-FwsgxpcdYnqU2E1PaT7tHaV2RYYunLYxgOvKnx2qacIWY4aH1/  For elk (male) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Rocky_Mountain_Bull_Elk.jpg and (female) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Cervus_canadensis_%28North_American_elk%29_9_%288290359165%29.jpg For wapiti See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Bedford%27s_deer.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/The_deer_of_all_lands_%281898%29_Altai_wapiti.png

·      Moose = (noun) large deer, with large flat horns and a large nose that lives in North America and North Eurasia  (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Moose_superior.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Elch_3_db.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Cow_moose.jpg and http://yourshot.nationalgeographic.com/u/ss/fQYSUbVfts-T7pS2VP2wnKyN8wxywmXtY0-FwsgxoJPf7uc82Ysb-gzWhJp1aEKE2AvftmkbOf6cm4QZg_Do/   

·  Fawn (pronounced fɔːn)= (noun) A young deer in its first year. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Chital_%288458215435%29.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Baby_fawn%27s_first_steps.ogv/220px-seek%3D4-Baby_fawn%27s_first_steps.ogv.jpg  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Newborn-Fawn-web.jpg    and http://foxwoodrehab.typepad.com/.a/6a00d83453701b69e201b7c7892df2970b-pi and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NATbCwkzIE /// (mass noun) A light brown color e.g., Soft shades of pale green and fawn./// (as modifier) A fawn dress./// (of a deer) Produce young e.g., The forest was closed for hunting when the does were fawning./// In fawn = (phrase) (of a deer) Pregnant./// (of a person) Give a servile display of exaggerated flattery or affection, typically in order to gain favor e.g., Congressmen fawn over the President./// (of a dog) Show slavish devotion, especially by rubbing against someone. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1esovmrUs4 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5W9dQeJIf6E   // e.g., The dogs started fawning on me.

·    Doe (pronounced dəʊ) = A female deer, especially a female roe, fallow deer, or reindeer./// An adult female goat (***** for this definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Whitetail_doe.jpg and  https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/paw-patrol/images/5/56/Fdgi.png/revision/latest?cb=20160412034943  //  A female hare, rabbit, rat, ferret, or kangaroo.// (as modifier) e.g., Doe rabbits.

· Stag = (noun) An adult male deer. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Red_deer_stag_2009_denmark.jpg/1200px-Red_deer_stag_2009_denmark.jpg   and  https://previews.123rf.com/images/veneratio/veneratio1111/veneratio111100164/11310950-Portrait-of-majestic-powerful-adult-red-deer-stag-in-Autumn-Fall-forest-Stock-Photo.jpg and http://www.mattcolephotography.co.uk/Galleries/mammals/Red%20Deer%20Stag%201.jpg  For a stag drawn carriage (My comment: something like Santa Claus!) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Mavrogheni_trasura_cerbi.jpg   /// Stags = (noun) (UK English) (plural) A person who buys shares in a company that is being sold to the public with the intention of selling them immediately the profit.//// Stags = (informal) (plural) A man who is going to get married soon, when he is at a stag party ((UK English)= a party with only men (contrary to Bachelor party held by a man or woman about to get married and attended only by men or women respectively) to celebrate this. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVCyshUqdi0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlAcNraf6rg )./// (transitive or intransitive verb) To buy shares in a company that is being sold to the public with the intention of selling them immediately for profit (*)

·     Buck = (noun) The male of some horned animals, especially the fallow deer, roe deer, reindeer, and antelopes. See http://www.awahuntclubs.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/buck4.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Red_deer_stag_2009_denmark.jpg/1200px-Red_deer_stag_2009_denmark.jpg  /// A male hare, rabbit, ferret, rat, or kangaroo./// (South African English) An antelope of either sex.// Another term for vaulting horse./// A vertical jump performed by a horse, with the head lowered, back arched, and back legs thrown out behind. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIOUPafMSZY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyPLn_tFSPI // e.g., The horse seemed to leap, making a mighty buck that shipped the rider off../// (informal) (US, New Zealand & Australian English) A dollar. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/US_%242_bill_obverse_series_2003_A.jpg   // e.g., A run-down hotel room for five bucks a night./// (South African English) A rand./// (Indian English) A rupee./// ''Big bucks'' = big./// ''A fast (or quick) buck'' =(phrase)  easily and quickly earned money e.g., These funds are not the domain of speculative, sophisticated individuals who put their money in for a quick buck./// An article placed as a reminder in front of a player whose turn it is to deal at poker./// ''The buck stops here (or with someone)'' = (phrase) (informal) The responsibility for something cannot or should not be passed to someone else e.g., ‘In the past, you could spread the blame, but now the buck stops here.’// ''Pass the buck'' = (phrase) (informal) Shift the responsibility for something to someone else e.g., Elected political leaders cannot pass the buck for crisis decisions to an alternative source of authority./// (verb; no object) (of a horse) To perform a buck. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWkWdZhyDTM // e.g., He’s got to get his head down to a buck.// (verb with object) e.g., He bucked them off if they tried to get on his back./// (of a vehicle) Make sudden jerky movements.  See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwXNLSWVqAg  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPXINUp2Udk For bucking machine (a mechanical bull) See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYzFvklXWy8    and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wg1LD7kris  // e.g., The boat began to buck in the water./// Log bucking = the process of cutting a felled and delimbed tree into logs (***** for this definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Bucker1.jpg and   https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Bucker2.jpg /// (verb with object) Oppose or resist something oppressive or inevitable e.g., The shares bucked the market trend./// ''Buck someone up" or "buck up'' = (informal) Make or become more cheerful.// (verb) (with object) e.g., Susana and Jack need me to buck them up.’// (verb; no object) e.g., ''Buck up, kid, it's not the end of the game''.//// (US English) 
(military slang) Lowest of a particular rank e.g., A buck private./// ''Buck up one's ideas'' = (phrase) (informal) Become more serious, energetic, and hard-working e.g., ‘She wouldn't have a job, she realized, if she didn't buck up her ideas.’

·     Garage is pronounced ˈɡær.ɑːʒ (or ˈɡær.ɪdʒ) in UK English and ɡəˈrɑːʒ in US English

·        Hawaii

·       They were rubbing salt in his wounds.

·   The US pulled out from the Paris climate summit and pushed other countries to relinquish (= voluntarily cease to keep or claim; give up) the summit as well. It was claimed that trillions of dollars are needed to curb climate changes (from the media). 

·     A Bangladeshi man who triggered a suicide bomb in New York was charged with terrorism (from the media).

·        Alabama candidate was accused of sexual misconduct (from the media).

·    Donald Trump was accused of sexual harassment in the past by several women (from the media).

·    Firefighters’ resources are stretched to the limit in California forest fires/ wildfire (= fire out of control in the countryside) (from the media).

·     An American defector (= a person who has abandoned their country or cause in favor of an opposing one) to North Korea dies aged 77. The absconder (= a member of the armed forces who deserts) to North Korea during the Vietnam war and he claimed he was drunk when he decided to desert (= abandon a person, cause, or organization in a way considered disloyal or treacherous) (from the media).

·      Millions of people are stateless (have no country that they officially belong to). Most have no access to education.

·      Midday = noon = twelve o’ clock in the middle of the day (**).

·      ‘In the end, they took pity on me.’

·      Tutor is pronounced ˈtʃuː.tə(r)

·      Smartphone (1 word)

·      He had a remarkable aptitude (= a natural ability to do something) for learning foreign languages.

·      Unnecessary = not necessary

·      Outdoor (vs) Covered markets

·      At work/ in the workplace

·      Exercise on the beach

·     ‘I have been living in Paris since 2004. I live in a flat in Paris. I live on the 2^nd floor. My apartment has an excellent view of the ships in the harbor. It is also close to the bus stop and the underground station.’

·  ‘I went to the zoo (‘go to’) with my grandfather. We spent our time marvelously (adverb)’

·      ‘I like watching TV and especially the news  bulletin’ (pronounced ˈbʊl.ə.tɪn)

·    ‘I have a flair (= a special or instinctive aptitude or ability for doing something well)/ an aptitude (=a natural ability or skill) for foreign languages’

·    Both men are renowned for their friendly demeanor (= outward behavior or bearing) and reassuring manner.

·   A mandate (= an official order or commission to do something) to seek the release of political prisoners.

·      Beige (pronounced beɪʒ) = a pale sandy yellowish-brown color.

·   The books had been stacked up in neat [pronounced niːt ; = (of a place or thing) arranged in an orderly, tidy way] piles. I have a tidy (= arranged neatly and in order) apartment. 

·    Surf the web (not ‘surf on the internet’ – I guess that the confusion comes from the 1^st browser called Internet Explorer)

·      At the age of 50 – 59,’ but we say, ‘in the age group 50 – 59.’

·      Stack up = pile up = heap up.

    Subjugate = (verb) (with object) Bring under domination or control, especially by conquest e.g., The invaders had soon subjugated most of the population.// e.g., Humiliation is a technique of deliberately subjugating a person or group by violating their dignity, and is often used as a political or military weapon./// Subjugate someone/something to = make someone or something subordinate to e.g., The new ruler firmly subjugated the Church to the state.// e.g., After a brief spell of glory in the 1920s and 1930s, the Babelsberg Studios near Berlin were subjugated to the Nazi propaganda machine.

· Grin = (verb) (no object) A broad smile. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/A_Smiling_boy_from_Bangladesh.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Girl_Portrait_Kid_Cute_Hair_Sunlight_Arab_Young.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/A_smiling_baby.jpg  and  http://www.ldoceonline.com/media/english/illustration/grin.jpg and http://www.clipartkid.com/images/7/big-grin-smiley-clipart-best-yug3QC-clipart.png and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mV3vpo6NhI      // e.g., Mary appeared, grinning cheerfully.// e.g., In all of the pictures, her mother was grinning like a Cheshire cat!’ /// Express with a broad smile.// (with direct speech) e.g., ''My lord,'' grinned the delighted man.// (verb) (with object) e.g., She grinned her approval./// Grimace grotesquely, so as to reveal the teeth e.g., A grinning skull! See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Chimpanzee_skull.jpg   /// (noun) A broad smile e.g., A silly grin./// (Phrase) ''Grin and bear it''= stoically suffer pain or misfortune e.g., ‘You'll just have to grin and bear it.’

· Cheshire Cat = a fictional cat popularized in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, known for its distinctive mischievous grin. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8e/DisneyCheshireCat.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Tennel_Cheshire_proof.png

·   Grotesque (pronounced ɡrə(ʊ)ˈtɛsk) = (adjective) Comically or repulsively ugly or distorted. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak,_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif#/media/File:Groteskmask_i_guldtr%C3%A5d_p%C3%A5_schabrak,_1600-1650_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102320.tif and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Greyfriars_grotesques.JPG and http://www.neatorama.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/grotesquemask-499x577.jpg and https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fa/c1/a1/fac1a19acba11966c2e15d7a6c91ded2.jpg // For a grotesque mask Gothic wall stone fountain See https://www.gardensite.co.uk/images/thumbs/database_images/518c6a3bc2873e165a4228b7a6b9c734_original.jpgc// e.g., A figure wearing a grotesque mask./// Incongruous or inappropriate to a shocking degree e.g., A lifestyle of grotesque luxury./// (noun) A very ugly or comically distorted figure or image e.g., The rods are carved in the form of a series of gargoyle faces and grotesques./// (mass noun) A style of decorative painting or sculpture consisting of the interweaving of human and animal forms with flowers and foliage. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Grotesqueengraving.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Renaissance_Grotesques_Composition.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/BLW_Pilgrim_Bottle%2C_about_1560-1570.jpg  and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/9a/f8/36/9af836503f89133fd735e9f3061b7553.jpg /// (Printing)
(mass noun) A family of 19th-century sans serif typefaces. See http://orig03.deviantart.net/999a/f/2012/353/2/8/history_of_type___grotesque_by_martinsilvertant-d5ohjs0.jpg and https://allbestfonts.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/BrandonGrotesqueBlack.gif

·   Gargoyle (pronounced ˈɡɑːɡɔɪl) = (noun) A grotesque carved human or animal face or figure projecting from the gutter of a building, typically acting as a spout to carry water clear of a wall. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Gargoyles_and_Saints_-_Siena_Cathedral.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Paisley_Abbey_gargoyle_13.jpg  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Meaux_Transept_Sud_140708_6.jpg/220px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Meaux_Transept_Sud_140708_6.jpg and http://www.ghoulishproductions.com/2446-thickbox/gargoyle.jpg

·  Incongruous (pronounced ɪnˈkɒŋɡrʊəs) = (adjective) Not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something. Synonyms = out of place, not in harmony, ill-matched.// e.g., The duffel coat looked incongruous with the black dress she wore underneath.// e.g., In the dream, his waking life seemed unreal and incongruous.// e.g., The new computer looked incongruous in the dark book-filled library (^^^ for the last example).

·   Duffel (or duffle) (pronounced ˈdʌf(ə)l) = (mass noun) A coarse woolen cloth with a thick nap (nap = the raised small projection on the surface of fabric or suede) See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/c0/55/20/c055204ca450d3a61be9dbfa63d457f0.jpg and https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/b2/ef/f6/b2eff6ace1c60d112b9fc9edcea00375.jpg  // (as modifier) e.g., A duffel hat.// For a duffel hat See https://cdna.lystit.com/photos/2013/04/20/burberry-black-wool-duffel-hat-product-1-8019575-501238992.jpeg and https://i.pinimg.com/originals/eb/f1/8e/ebf18e52e0e65439900fc43f6b389f0a.jpg  /// Duffel coat = a coat made of thick wool that has toggles and a hood. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Duffle_coat.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Duffell_coat_%282210293264%29.jpg and  https://smhttp-ssl-33667.nexcesscdn.net/manual/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/mens-street-style-duffle-coat-min.jpg and http://www.british-sheepskin.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/mens-sheepskin-coat-Duffle.jpg /// (US English) Sporting or camping equipment.//  Duffel (or duffle) bag (US English) = A long bag used for carrying clothes, etc., when you are traveling (^^ for the definition). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Seabag.jpg   and https://i.pinimg.com/originals/96/6f/0f/966f0f16b4f8c0ea369e0273cd15b809.jpg   and https://www.frostriver.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/p-376-700_Explorer_lg_ang.png and https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1089/8530/products/Yeoman-Duffel-Medium-Verde-Ballistic_1024x1024.jpg?v=1505502180 /// For duffel sports gear equipment travel bag See https://www.picclickimg.com/d/l400/pict/201809668820_/Large-Duffel-Bag-Heavy-Duty-Cargo-Travel-Bag.jpg For a camp equipment duffel bag See https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/8a/75/e4/8a75e43cf8b435243d162224b35765c3.jpg // e.g., Our duffel was already stacked by the cook tent.

·     Suede (pronounced sweɪd) = (mass noun) Leather with the flesh side rubbed to make a velvety nap (nap = the raised small projection on the surface of fabric or suede). See http://www.closetfulofclothes.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/suede-dress-hanneli-spring-via-fashionjournal.com_.au_.jpg and http://cdn-img.instyle.com/sites/default/files/styles/480xflex/public/images/2015/03/031815-suede-3.jpg?itok=pUt2ZBOq  For Suede shoes See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Clarks_Wallabee_in_Cola_Suede.jpg  and (boots) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/George-Boot_Carson_%28Grenson%29.jpg and  https://smhttp-ssl-33667.nexcesscdn.net/manual/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Suede-chelsea-boots-beige-chinos-1170x600.jpg  and http://www.menstylefashion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/suede-4.jpg // e.g., If it is leather, suede, or a leather-fabric combination, a tote can be a good companion for a work outfit.// (as modifier) e.g., Suede shoes.

·     Grim (vs) Grime

·   Grim (pronounced ɡrɪm) = (adjective) Very serious or gloomy e.g., His grim expression./// (especially of a place) unattractive or forbidding e.g., Rows of grim, dark housing developments.// e.g., The future looks grim.// e.g., The expression on his face was one of grim determination (^^^ for the last 2 examples).

·   Grime (pronounced ɡrʌɪm) = (mass noun) Dirt ingrained on the surface of something. See https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/05/af/70/5a/the-castle.jpg and http://bookshow.blurb.com/bookshow/cache/P1406235/md/cover_2.jpeg  For an inner side of a computer thick with grime See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Dusty-dirty_PC.jpg   // e.g., The windows were thick with grime.// e.g., The walls were covered in grime (^^^ for this example)./// A form of dance music influenced by UK garage, characterized by machine-like sounds. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adC4sfD0AEc  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXScUU3alnc /// (verb) (with object) Blacken or make dirty with grime e.g., The windows were grimed like a coal miner's goggles.

·    Run-off = (noun) A further competition, election, race, etc., after a tie (= score the same time or number of points (percentage, here) or inconclusive result e.g., He won only 30% of the vote, so a run-off will be held.// e.g., A run-off race/ election (^^^ for this example)./// The draining away of water or substances carried in it from the surface of an area of land, a building or structure, etc. For water runoff See https://water.usgs.gov/edu/pictures/runoff-raingarden.jpg and http://www.hillsdalecounty.info/media/planningeduc/channel.jpgn  and http://seaotters.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/640x360-ag-runoff.jpg // e.g., Fertilizer run-off from the intensively farmed areas in the river basin.

·    Basin = (noun) a bowl for washing, typically attached to a wall and having faucets connected to a water supply; a washbasin. See http://www.aonehouse.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/washbasin-handcrafted10.jpg   and http://4.imimg.com/data4/TL/RT/MY-9307487/img-20160112-wa0021-500x500.jpg  and https://www.duravit.com/dimg/1596999_web2_prod_normal_2.jpg?derivate=width~221  For a sink basin See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Luxury_sink.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Sink.jpg  For a water basin See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Bell-krater_louterion_Louvre_CA1341.jpg  For white glass basin (for hand washing in a WC) See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/White_glass_basins.jpg  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Sinks_in_a_public_toilet%2C_Edinburgh%2C_Scotland.JPG  // e.g., I liked the traditional idea of washing with a basin and ewer./// Pudding basin = a bowl in which raw pudding dough or batter is placed for cooking (***** for this)./// A wide, round open container, especially one used for holding liquid. See http://www.bonsaibasho.com/images/trading/items/424image0.jpg and https://cdn3.volusion.com/5bze5.n6kj3/v/vspfiles/photos/BASIN-1-2.jpg // e.g., People saw them turn over her basins of food and all the tofu products, eggs and all, splashed on the ground./// A natural depression on the earth's surface, typically containing water. For the Arctic basin./// Drainage basin = (hydrology) a topographic region in which all water drains to a common area. See    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/EN_Bazinul_hidrografic_al_Raului_Latorita%2C_Romania.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Uureg_Nuur.jpg  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Mississippi_River_basin.jpg  /// Oceanic basin = a structural basin covered by seawater (for the last 2 definitions). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Oceanic_basin.svg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Arctic_Ocean_bathymetric_features.png and http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v4/n1/images/ngeo1044-f1.jpg e.g., The Indian Ocean basin./// Emesis basin (or kidney dish) =  a kidney-shaped bowl used in hospitals etc for vomit (***** for this). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/2008-04_Nierenschalen.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Metallic_Kidney_Dish.jpg

·  Flush toilet (also known as a flushing toilet, flush lavatory or water closet (WC)) (my comment: ‘lavatory’ is used especially in passenger airplanes) = a toilet that disposes of human excreta (urine and feces) by using water to flush it through a drainpipe to another location for disposal, thus maintaining a separation between humans and their excreta. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Toilet_photo.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/BelizeCity75CityFlushToilet.jpg  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Old_toilet_with_elevated_cistern_and_chain.jpg   For a squat (or squatting) toilet (where you squat) (also known as ‘Turkish toilet’ or ‘Indian toilet’) See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Squattoilet.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Squat-toilet-with-tank.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/French_Squatter_Toilet.jpg 

·     Tap (UK English) (faucet (US English)) = (noun) a device (valve) that controls the flow of liquid, especially water, from a pipe. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Tap_in_Fu%C5%BEine_castles_yard.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Wasserhahn.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Tap.png  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Water_spigot.jpg and  http://www.maxeyplumbing.co.nz/uploads/2/8/0/9/28090715/3672547_orig.jpg  For gas tap See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0b/Gas_taps.jpg     // e.g., Turn the tap on/off.// e.g., A hot/cold tap (^^). /// An instrument for cutting a threaded hole in a material. For a tapping screw See https://i.ytimg.com/vi/oEpzH8iVvJI/hqdefault.jpg and  https://cmeimg-a.akamaihd.net/640/ppds/bd427709-9cd1-4668-9e09-e67dfc9c1e57.jpg   // e.g., The Heiner screw box and its original tap are for threads of two-inch nominal diameter with two and a half threads per inch./// Self-tapping screw = a screw that can tap its own hole as it is driven into the material (***** for this definition). See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Schroef.jpg and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Vis-auto-taraudeuse.jpeg   /// A taproom (see below) e.g., The tap was a veritable hub of activity and human drama./// A game where an object, such as a ball, is caught and thrown in one jump from one player to another (***** for this)./// A quick light blow or the sound of such a blow. Synonyms: pat, blow, slap, jab, poke.// See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8ALwzmxwhk  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BtBFnArN60   // e.g., A quick tap on the first door to his right was all he gave before pushing it open and entering./// Tap dancing. See  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4FYNF02yEM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y60nqyhwYoM  // e.g., Soon after she got a job as a dancing assistant in tap at Arthur Murray Studios./// (countable noun) A piece of metal attached to the toe and heel of a tap dancer’s shoe to make a tapping sound./// A bugle call for lights to be put out in army quarters e.g., At taps, he personally inspects each man with standards that would make a recruit company commander flinch, says goodnight and turns out their light./// (verb) Draw liquid through the tap or spout of a cask, barrel, or other container. Synonym: drain./// Cut a thread in something to accept a screw e.g., ‘I had to drill holes in the frame and tap them so the screws turn in the frame.’/// Strike someone or something with a quick light blow or blows e.g., One of my staff tapped me on the shoulder./// Designate or select someone for a task or honor, especially membership in an organization or committee e.g., He had been tapped earlier to serve in Costa Rica.

·   Taproom = (noun) A room in which alcoholic drinks, especially beer, are available on tap; a bar in a hotel or inn. See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Bar_bus_terminal.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Bar-P1030319.jpg and http://taproommp.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/taproom_bar.jpg and https://static.thatsup.co/content/img/place/t/a/tap-room-7.jpg    // e.g.,  One day, he wandered into the taproom of Lionel's pub.

·  Veritable (pronounced ˈvɛrɪtəb(ə)l) = (adjective) (attributive) Used as an intensifier, often to qualify a metaphor e.g., The early 1970s witnessed a veritable price explosion.// e.g., At the prisoner of war camp at Springvale there is a certain Captain Waterston who is a veritable Nero.// e.g.,  Anyone walking through the doors of the company premises should prepare themselves for a veritable banquet of glass.

·      Jag (vs.) Jug

·   Jag (not to be confused with ‘jug’ (= container)) = (noun) a sharp projection. See http://similesmiles.com/simages/jagged.png  and http://public-domain-photos.com/free-stock-photos-4/plants/jagged-leaves.jpg  // e.g., The shingles on the roof were missing, and what once used to be grand stained-glass windows was now nothing but broken jags of colored glass./// A short period when someone behaves in a particular way and finds it difficult to stop e.g., A coughing/ crying/ sneezing jag (^^ for this meaning)./// (verb with object) Stab, pierce, or prick e.g., He jagged himself in the mouth.// e.g., He went through the fence, one of the metal spokes jagging him in the arm./// Jagged (adjective) Rough and with sharp points e.g., A jagged cut/ tear/ line/ edge.// e.g., Jagged rocks (^^ for the meaning as an adjective).

·    Jug (pitcher in US English – mentioned below) = (noun) a container for holding liquids that has a handle and a shaped opening at the top for pouring (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Irish_pottery_water_jug.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/DublinSterlingSilverHotWaterJug.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Glass_juglet_with_vertical_ribbing_MET_DP141682.jpg

·    Pitcher = (US English) a container with a spout used for storing and pouring contents which are liquid in form. Note: in English speaking countries outside North America, a jug is any container with a handle and a mouth and spout for liquid (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Pitcher_%28Beer%29.svg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Pitcher_with_Black_on_White_Geometric_Designs%2C_900-1300%2C_01.1538.1756.jpg

·     Ewer (pronounced ˈjuːə) = (noun) (archeology) A large jug with a wide mouth, formerly used for carrying water. [Νote: a vase-shaped pitcher, often decorated, with a base and a flaring spout, though the word is now unusual in informal English describing ordinary domestic vessel (***** for this note)]. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/MuseAcrotiriItems-133-134-6645-2.JPG and https://ka-perseus-images.s3.amazonaws.com/5369364dfa3b5cb3e760dc024375b03eb65aba33.jpg and https://img1.etsystatic.com/194/0/6945524/il_340x270.1299991547_ncm5.jpg  and https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/media/collection_images/2/278.1975%23%23S.jpg

·   Tide (plural = tides) = (noun) the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of Earth.  Tide changes proceed via the following stages: a) Sea level rises over several hours, covering the intertidal zone: flood tide. b) The water rises to its highest level, reaching high tide. c) Sea level falls over several hours, revealing the intertidal zone: ebb tide. d) The water stops falling, reaching low tide (*****). For tide See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Tide_and_Moon.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Tide_terms.png  For the intertidal zonation See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Intertide_zonation_at_Kalaloch.jpg   For low tide See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Bangchuidao_Island.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Negative_low_tide_at_Ocean_Beach_1.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Atlantic_coast_at_low_tide%2C_Bar_Harbor_IMG_2262.JPG

·  Ebb = (noun) (usually) The ebb = The movement of the tide out to sea. For the ebb tide Seve https://lawyerist.com/lawyerist/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Sea-Ebb.jpg  and https://i.ytimg.com/vi/JwlXBpTpuEg/hqdefault.jpg    and https://previews.123rf.com/images/kruwt/kruwt1205/kruwt120500018/13762301-Coast-of-Brittany-during-ebb-tide-Stock-Photo.jpg // (as modifier) The ebb tide./// (verb) (no object) (of tidewater) Move away from the land; recede e.g., The tide began to ebb./// (of an emotion or quality) Gradually decrease e.g., My enthusiasm was ebbing away.

·     Flow (of the sea or a tidal river) = (of the sea or a tidal river) move towards the land; rise./// Note: Ebb and flow (also called ebb and flood and flood drain) are two phases of the tide or any similar movement of water. The ebb is the outgoing phase when the tide drains away from the shore, and the flow is the incoming phase when the water rises again. The terms are also common in figurative use (*****).

·   Nowhere = (Adverb) Not in or to any place; not anywhere e.g., Plants and animals found nowhere else in the world.// e.g., The constable was nowhere to be seen.///  (Pronoun) No place e.g., There was nowhere for her to sit.// e.g., There's nowhere better to experience the wonders of the Pyrenees./// A place that is remote, uninteresting, or nondescript e.g., A stretch of road between nowhere and nowhere./// (Adjective) (informal) (attributive) Having no prospect of progress or success e.g., A nowhere job.

·   Constable (pronounced ˈkʌn.stə.b(ə)l) = (noun) (UK English) A peace officer with limited policing authority, typically in a small town. See http://www.twbishop.com/tomimgs/constable_Tom.jpg and http://therecordlive.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Cop-Series-Philpott1.jpg    // e.g., The police constables had given clear and credible evidence of the circumstances in which the identification took place./// The governor of a royal castle e.g., Orford was held by a royal constable and was built next to what was at the time a major port.

·      Tonne = metric ton (weight measurement = 1,000 kilograms)

·     Addressee (pronounced ˌæd.resˈiː) = (noun) The person to whom something, typically a letter or parcel, is addressed e.g., The post gradually stacks up in messy piles, until it eventually gets removed by one or other of the addressees, many of whom still appear to have a door-key.

·     Ease (pronounced iːz) = (noun) Absence of difficulty or effort e.g., She gave up smoking and alcohol with ease./// (verb) Make something unpleasant, painful, or intense less serious or severe e.g., A huge road-building program to ease congestion.// Move carefully, gradually, or gently e.g., ‘I eased down the slope with care.’

·   Rectify = (verb) (with object) Put right; correct e.g., Mistakes made now cannot be rectified later.// e.g., Efforts to rectify the situation.// e.g.,  The GP was given a reprimand after her solicitor said she ‘accepted there was a lack of sympathetic handling’, but had made efforts to rectify her mistakes./// (usually as adjective rectified) = Purify or refine a substance by repeated distillation e.g., Add 10 cc of rectified alcohol./// Convert alternating current to direct current e.g., The current from the transformers is rectified by high-voltage diodes.// e.g., Rectified AC power systems./// Find a straight line equal in length to a curve e.g., His methods of rectifying the cycloid.

·   Originally = (adverb) From or in the beginning; at first e.g., Potatoes originally came from South America./// In a novel and inventive way e.g., The suggestions so originally and persuasively outlined.

·     Humane (pronounced 'hjʊˈmeɪn', not 'hum-an') = (adjective) Having or showing compassion or benevolence e.g., The regulations ensure the humane treatment of animals.// e.g., Therefore, they have rights of dignity, humane treatment, access to legal advice, and even correspondence./// Inflicting the minimum of pain e.g., Humane methods of killing animals.// e.g., Under new guidelines, most seals are meant to be shot and not clubbed to death in a bid to make the killing more humane./// (informal) (of a branch of learning) Intended to have a civilizing effect on people e.g., The humane education of literary study.