English Language Lessons

English Language Lessons
*Politically Incorrect Opinion Texts: https://drjamesmanos.blogspot.com/2022/03/politically-incorrect-opinion-texts-of.html *Τexts with Ηealth-related Τopics: https://mymedicaltexts.blogspot.com *Herbs & Supplements: https://herbsanddietarysupplementsdatabase.blogspot.com *Source for the image (free to use): Hypothetical flag quartering the British and American flags (January 11, 2009). Author: Lunar Dragoon. Source: Wikipedia Link: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:UK-US_flag.png

Friday, July 5, 2019

TIPS for English (13): Words(I) (c)


Alluvium (pronounced əˈl(j)uːvɪəm) (alluvial is the adjective) = (mass noun) A deposit of clay, silt, sand, and gravel left by flowing streams in a river valley or delta, typically producing fertile (= (of soil or land) producing or capable of producing abundant vegetation or crops; pronounced ˈfɜː.taɪl)) soil. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Alluvial_Gravels_at_the_Blue_Ribbon_Mine_Alaska.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/South_Africa-Eastern_Cape-Gamtoos_Valley-Alluvial_Gravel01.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/AlluvialPlain.JPG/220px-AlluvialPlain.JPG and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Amazon_alluvium_deposit_-_autazes.jpg  and  http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/alluvial_fan_.jpg  and https://www.allbusiness.com/asset/image/glossaries/4966983.gif    

Silt = (mass noun) Fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as sediment, especially in a channel or harbor. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pA-KCrsEk0 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyoNHZFBOYQ  and http://www.worldatlas.com/r/w728-h425-c728x425/upload/11/f7/3c/silt.jpg and https://rashidfaridi.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/choosing-and-gathering-a-silt-soil.jpg and http://www.clrp.cornell.edu/images/qa/092-silt_fence_2.jpg and https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJCwu71SrY1UdX1_GGygVwgwaiX94uP-ZyRDJWDPpCyEpgKJhldoSeL6NpabuPXNB4r3iQDoGuEz4JFXd83u93Nvz2spTE9NyZTQoZWPeABefurCQgshFGMO8q_JzanLMa-WvokOK8zG3u/s640/The-soil-type.jpg and https://rashidfaridi.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/choosing-and-gathering-a-silt-soil.jpg?w=524&h=295 //(countable noun) A bed or layer of silt./// (technical) Sediment whose particles are between clay and sand in size (typically 0.002–0.06 mm)./// (verb; no object) Become filled or blocked with silt; e.g., The river's mouth had silted up.// e.g., The silting of the river estuary (= the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream; pronounced ˈes.tʃu.ə.ri)./// (verb with object) Fill or block with silt; e.g., The soil ends up silting up the stream.// e.g., The silted mouth of the river.

Grit (vs.) Gravel

Grit = (noun) Very small pieces of stone or sand. For stone grits See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFyovkBnPak  For sand grits See https://www.easylawnturf.co.uk/_images/_images/l/53-grit_sand_loose.jpg // e.g., The road had been covered with grit./// (noun) Courage and determination despite difficulty; e.g., It takes true (= real) grit to stand up to a bully./// Grits (US English; plural) food made from corn (maize) that is ground (grind = reduce something to small particles or powder by crushing it) into a coarse meal and then boiled. It is similar to an oatmeal-like corn soup. Hominy grits = a type of grits made from hominy, corn that has been treated with an alkali with the cereal germ removed. Grits is often served with other flavorings as a breakfast dish, usually savory (= (of food) belonging to the category that is salty or spicy rather than sweet). The dish originated in the Southern USA but now is available nationwide (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Grits1.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Grits_with_cheese%2C_bacon%2C_green_onion_and_poached_egg.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Gritsonly.jpg  /// (British English) To put small stones on a road or path that is covered in ice, in order to make it safer. See http://www.iceroadgritters.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/iceroadgritters-1171.jpg  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFEgWfXHYyw /// e.g., Council lorries had been out gritting the icy roads the night before (*) /// My comment: the gritting vehicle is called gritter.



Reinstate (pronounced riːɪnˈsteɪt) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (verb) Restore someone or something to their former position or condition; e.g., The union is fighting to reinstate the fired journalists.// e.g., It was the parliament that reinstated the monarchy during the Restoration period.// e.g.., We are reinstating the rights we always claimed we had.

Subtlety (pronounced ˈsʌt(ə)lti) (beware of the pronunciation!) (the adjective is ‘subtle, ’pronounced ˈsʌt(ə)l) = (mass noun) The quality or state of being subtle; e.g., The textural subtlety of Degas.// e.g., They have many qualities, but subtlety is not their strong suit./// (countable noun) A subtle distinction, feature, or argument; e.g., The subtleties of English grammar.

Trebuchet (pronounced ˈtreb.ʊ.ʃeɪ) (My comment: you may know it from medieval movies or computer games1) = (noun) a machine used in medieval siege warfare for hurling (= throwing) large stones or other missiles. See http://www.cardiffcastle.com/uploads/17.03.10%20mh%20Cardiff%20Council%20Firing55.jpg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qC6RJxFEMfY  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9faom6z5dZ0

Catapult (pronounced ˈkatəpʌlt) =  (noun) A device in which accumulated tension is suddenly released to hurl an object some distance, in particular. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Trebuchet_Castelnaud.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Trebuchet.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Stirling_Warwolf_Trebuchet.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Nyk%C3%B8bing_Falster_-_kastemaskine%2C_en_blide.jpg  and https://vignette.wikia.nocookie.net/0ad/images/1/17/SiegeCatapult.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20130418234017  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMqkL2qRdvY and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C57_0H-Z8AQ  and (mini catapult) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3J70OjaadBw /// (slingshot in North American English)  A forked stick with an elastic band fastened to the two prongs, used by children for shooting small stones. See  https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0150/9646/products/slingshot-product-image_grande.jpg?v=1440523314   and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBy1wlSD2Bo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNiqQyYbrME  // (verb) Hurl (= throw an object with great force; pronounced hɜːl) or launch something in a specified direction with or as if with a catapult; e.g., (figurative) The plane was refueled and catapulted back into the air again.// e.g., (figurative) Their music catapulted them to the top of the charts.

Slingshot = (noun) (US English) A (hand) catapult (catapult in British English) (see above). See  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Slingshot_%28weapon%29.png and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Praezisionssteinschleuder.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Development_of_clashes_in_Kyiv%2C_Ukraine._Events_of_February_18%2C_2014.jpg  /// (mass noun; often as modifier) The effect of the gravitational pull of a celestial object in accelerating and changing the course of another object or a spacecraft; e.g., Stars passing near a black hole might be ejected by a gravitational slingshot effect./// (noun) (fun park) an innovative vertical amusement ride, powered by a patented spring propulsion device. Passengers are propelled over 100 meters at high speed (Referred to SlingShot™/// A Sling Shot ride built by Funtime at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, and Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina (*****). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Cedar_Point_SlingShot_launch_%281599%29.ogv and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Cedar_Point_SlingShot_towers_and_ride_in_motion_%281594%29.jpg

Dagger = (noun) A short knife with a pointed and edged blade, used as a weapon. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Fs-dagger.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7892_full.jpg  and  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ReproMedievalDaggers.JPG/220px-ReproMedievalDaggers.JPG  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Art_Knives_by_Buster_Warenski.jpg  For a double-edged dagger See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtnQi30qc3A and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_ZPNjjG6eo // e.g., He drew his dagger and stabbed the leader./// A moth (kind of insect) with a dark dagger-shaped marking on the forewing. See https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/sites/default/files/bamona_images/Acronictaamericanaupper5874cropped.jpg and  http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/Files1/Live/EdBo/EdBo9256-300-4.jpg

Envoy (pronounced ˈɛnvɔɪ) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) A messenger or representative, especially one on a diplomatic mission; e.g., The UN special envoy to Yugoslavia.// e.g., A peace envoy./// In Ancient Egypt, the Pharaoh's messengers and diplomatic envoys carried with them the seal of the Pharaoh./// A minister plenipotentiary, ranking below ambassador and above chargé d’affaires.

Plenipotentiary (pronounced ˌplɛnɪpəˈtɛnʃ(ə)ri) = (adjective) Having full power to take independent action; e.g., He represented the Japanese government in Seoul as minister plenipotentiary./// (noun) A person, especially a diplomat, invested with the full power of independent action on behalf of their government, typically in a foreign country; e.g., Assistant commissars of foreign affairs, as well as ambassadors, plenipotentiaries, and consul-generals, also perished (perish = suffer death, typically in a violent, sudden, or untimely way).

Chargé d'affaires (or Chargé) (pronounced ˌʃɑː.ʒeɪ dæfˈeə(r)) = (noun) A diplomatic official who temporarily takes the place of an ambassador.

Showcase = (noun) (also known as a display case, display cabinet, or vitrine) (pronounced ˈvɪtriːn)  A glass case used for displaying articles (= items/ objects) in a shop or museum. Synonym = (public) display.// See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Gallery_of_Old_European_Painting_Campin.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Vidrieras_del_col._de_macaracas.JPG  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Bibracte_Musee_Salle_des_maquettes.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Branderszaal-4.jpg  and https://img.tradeindia.com/fp/1/001/040/designer-wooden-showcase-068.jpg    For a museum showcase See http://www.clicknetherfield.com/_assets/images/showcases/vision/image1.jpg   // e.g. The staff enjoyed seeing their sand castings displayed in a special showcase.// e.g., It is shipped after the buyer collects his or her Corvette from its showcase in the museum./// A place or occasion for presenting something favorably to general attention; e.g., The gallery will provide a showcase for Scotland young photographers./// (verb with object) Exhibit; display; e.g., The albums showcase his production skills.


Frolic = (verb, no object; usually with adverbial) Play or move about in a cheerful and lively way. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92HDF6jif_8 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUPKHL-q6jo and the hilarious video on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hyyuURU42Y    // e.g., Peter frolicked on the sand.// e.g., The birds chirped cheerful songs and the deer frolicked in the meadow (= a piece of grassland, especially one used for hay)./// Play about with someone in a flirtatious or sexual way; e.g., He denied allegations that he frolicked with a secretary.// e.g., ''And when you run out of ideas as a filmmaker do a montage of lovers frolicking.'' /// (often as ''frolics'') = A playful and lively movement or activity.// For Skeleton frolic See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vy32yBx053w  and  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXkQSiJG7fk&t=204s  For birds frolic See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36l5OTEl5ak  // e.g., It should be a magnificent day of fun and frolics for the younger children of the region./// Flirtatious or sexual activity or actions. For a couple frolic See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-k4EOE8_EM and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFRHMjAJeYs   // e.g., ''I believe you're making too much of what should be a thrilling but uncomplicated aspect of your bedroom frolics.''

Chirp (or ‘chirrup’) (pronounced tʃ ɜːp) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (irregular verb) (especially of a bird) to make a short high sound or sounds. See (the 1st video is a movie for cats to watch!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgc_ojhOADs and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMfeiwWkdMA /// e.g., The birds chirped cheerful songs./// (+ speech) to say something with a high happy voice; e.g., ‘ (Good) Morning!’, she chirped (^^).

Bivouac (pronounced ˈbɪv.u.æk) = (noun) (also known as military camp or bivouac shelter) A temporary camp without tents or cover, used especially by soldiers or mountaineers. For mountain bivouac See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Pratt_bivouac_by_Tom_Frost.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Bivouac2.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Aneto_-_bivuac.jpg  and http://images.summitpost.org/large/802186.JPG   and http://www.hikingonthemoon.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Giacometti-hikingonthemoon.norvege37-Bivouac..jpg // For army bivouac See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/A_Group_in_Camp%2C_39th_Bengal_Infantry.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Military_camp_at_Bagram%2C_Afghanistan.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Conway_Camp-1911.jpg  and http://www.rucker.army.mil/pao/armyflier/2013/10/24/Fort_rucker_traces_army_roots_to_early_1940s/camp01.jpg // e.g., Elsewhere, the only restraint is the presence of coalition forces at the airports or in temporary bivouacs, and these troops are poised (pose = behavior or a way of moving that shows calm confidence) to leave at any time./// (verb) Stay in a temporary camp without cover; e.g., ‘He’d bivouacked on the north side of the town.’

Overground (the opposite is ‘underground’) = (adverb or adjective) On or above the ground. For London overground suburban rail network See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Unit_378005_at_Canonbury.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Denmark_Hill_stn_high_eastbound.JPG  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Overground_Shoreditch_bridge_AB2.JPG  For an overground station See https://cdn.londonandpartners.com/asset/44eb750dfae41ee214ac41b3b50d7c3d.jpg For overground train line See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Denmark_Hill_stn_high_eastbound.JPG/220px-Denmark_Hill_stn_high_eastbound.JPG and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdThAirQRgs  // (as an adverb) e.g., It was suggested that a new line should be built overground./// (as an adjective) e.g., Overground stations. /// (as an adjective) Not subversive (= seeking or intended to subvert an established system or institution) or illicit; e.g., They devised plans for using overground political processes.// e.g., ''Sam is also working on a commission from the BBC for a piece to be played at the Proms - and you don’t get much more overground than that.''

Prom (promenade dance) (My comment: I think you all know this word from American movies!) = (noun) A formal dance, especially one held by a class in high school or college, at the end of a year. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Preprom.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/DecorateForProm2009.jpg  and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtpJwI1sEFo and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNpAxRBRxIg For prom dance See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Prom_crowded_dancefloor.jpg    // e.g., The prom is a formal dance, usually sponsored by a high school or a college./// (abbreviation) Promontory./// (noun) A memory chip that can be programmed only once by the manufacturer or use./// The proms = an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music concerts and other events held annually, predominantly in the Royal Albert Hall in central London ((*****) for this). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/BBC_Proms_at_the_Royal_Albert_Hall_-26July2008-2rpc.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/BBC_Proms_31.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Proms-albert-hall-04.jpg 

Impartial = (adjective) not supporting any of the sides involved in an argument; unbiased; e.g., Impartial advice.// e.g. A trial must be fair and impartial (^^^).// e.g., Independent and impartial advice.

Forerunner = (noun) something or someone that acts as an early and less advanced model of what will appear in the future, or a warning or sign of what is to follow; e.g., Germany’s green party was said to be the forerunner of environmental parties throughout Europe.// e.g., The drop in share prices in April was a forerunner of the financial crash that followed in July.

Contingency (pronounced kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si) = (noun) a future event or circumstance which is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty; e.g., A detailed contract which attempts to provide for all possible contingencies.// e.g., This second approach is complicated, because our missions in future contingencies will most often require offensive operations./// A provision (= the action of providing or supplying something for use) for a possible event or circumstance; e.g., Stores were kept as a contingency against a blockade.// e.g., A small contingency of seats was reserved for emergencies./// An incidental expense; e.g., Allow an extra 15 percent on the budget for contingencies./// (mass noun) The absence of certainty in events; e.g., The island’s public affairs can occasionally be seen to be invaded by contingency.// e.g., A space shuttle contingency has been declared in Mission Control as a result of the loss of communication with the Space Shuttle Columbia./// (mass noun) (Philosophy) The absence of necessity; the fact of being so without having to be so; e.g., Leibniz (a philosopher), in his discussion of contingency, had already recognized that existence is quite different from ordinary predicates.

Contingent (pronounced kənˈtɪn.dʒənt) = (adjective) Subject to chance; e.g., The contingent nature of the job.// e.g., Both artists acknowledged the contingent nature of the exhibition and their material relationship to the site itself, in these days an exemplary act of formal courtesy.// e.g., As a rule, Leibniz (a philosopher) emphasized the certainty of his metaphysical principles rather than the contingent nature of empirical knowledge./// (of losses, liabilities, etc) That can be anticipated to arise if a particular event occurs; e.g., Businesses need to be aware of their liabilities (pronounced ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.tis), both actual and contingent.// e.g., The contingent liability remaining on these open years of account is incalculable.// e.g., ‘I do not award damages under the heading of contingent liability for refunds.’ /// (Philosophy) True by virtue of the way things in fact are and not by logical necessity; e.g., ''That men are living creatures is a contingent fact.''/// Contingent on/ upon = Occurring or existing only if certain circumstances are the case; dependent on; e.g., Resolution of the conflict was contingent on the signing of a ceasefire agreement.// e.g., The only thing the lawyer can make contingent on the success of the suit (= lawsuit) is his fee! // e.g., Thus the truth we establish is contingent on the circumstances./// A group of people united by some common feature, forming part of a larger group; e.g., A contingent of Japanese businessmen attending a conference.// e.g., There is also a strong contingent of delegates from South Africa and UNESCO.// e.g., With 20 entries, swimmers form the largest contingent in the delegation./// Troops or police sent to join a larger force in an operation; e.g., A contingent of 1,000 marines.// e.g., The South Korean government said it would not be deterred and would send the next contingent of troops as planned.// e.g., Five warships were stationed off the coast with a contingent of 1,500 marines.

Liability (pronounced ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) The state of being responsible for something, especially by law; e.g., The partners accept unlimited liability for any risks they undertake.// e.g., He assumed liability for the accident.// e.g., He denies any liability for maintaining the machinery.// e.g., (as an uncountable noun) e.g., He denies any liability in the accident ((**) for the previous 3 examples)./// (usually as) Liabilities = a thing for which someone is responsible, especially a debt or financial obligation; e.g., Valuing the company's liabilities and assets./// (as a countable noun; usually plural) e.g., The business has liabilities of $5 million. ((**) for the previous example)./// (usually in singular) A person or thing whose presence or behavior is likely to cause embarrassment or put one at a disadvantage; e.g., He has become a political liability.// e.g., He said the party had become a liability to green politics.// e.g., Is the leader becoming a liability, or can he convince his critics he's not a racist?

Foyer (pronounced ˈfɔɪeɪ) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (also known as lobby, reception or entrance hall) (noun) An entrance hall or another open area in a building used by the public, especially a hotel or theater. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/World_Trade_Center_South_Tower_lobby_interior%2C_1988.jpg and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Palais_Garnier%27s_grand_salon%2C_12_February_2008.jpg  and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Burj_al_Arab_lobby_March_2008panob.jpg   // e.g., The foyer of the concert hall./// (US English) An entrance hall in a house or flat. See http://homeepiphany.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/56-Beautiful-And-Luxurious-Foyer-Designs-2.jpg

Belated = (adjective) Coming or happening later than should have been the case; e.g., A belated apology.// e.g., We broke for dinner and for more belated presents as the weather got steadily worse.// e.g., Her children, family, and friends wish her a belated happy birthday.

Entreaty (pronounced ɪnˈtriː.ti) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (transitive verb) To plead (= make an emotional appeal) with especially in order to persuade; ask urgently; e.g., He entreated his boss for another chance./// e.g., ‘I entreat you to help me.’// e.g., She began her letter by entreating me to forgive the belatedness of her reply.// e.g., She refused to  become involved with him despite his passionate entreaties (^^^ for this example)./// (archaic) To deal with; treat (***).

Petition (pronounced pɪˈtɪʃ(ə)n) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) an earnest request; entreaty; e.g., ‘We ask you to hear our petition.’/// A formal written request made to an official person or organized body such as a court/ a document embodying such a formal written request./// Something asked or requested; e.g., The surgery had 350 registered patients and 186 people signed a petition against plans to shut it down.// e.g., Τhey collected 3,000 signatures on a petition demanding that women be allowed to join the club.// e.g., ‘Would you like to sign our petition?’// e.g., We presented a petition to the legislature to change the law.// e.g., She filed a petition for divorce. (***)./// An appeal or request to a deity (= a god or goddess; pronounced ˈdeɪ.ɪ.ti) or a superior; e.g., A steady stream of petitions to Allah were audible./// (Law) An application to a court for a writ, judicial action in a suit, etc. e.g., A divorce petition.// e.g., In response, his lawyers submitted a petition to the high court urging it to make a decision as soon as possible./// (transitive verb) Τo make a request, especially to make a formal written signed request; solicit; e.g., The organization petitioned the government to investigate the issue.// e.g., All people had the right to petition the king for help.// e.g., He petitioned to join their club.// e.g., The leaders petitioned the government to hold free elections soon ((***) (as a verb; except the last example)).

Writ = (noun) (law) A form of written command in the name of a court or other legal authority to act, or abstain from acting, in a particular way; e.g., The two reinstated officers issued a writ for libel (= a written defamation; pronounced ˈlaɪ.b(ə)l) against the applicants.// e.g., ‘You or your representative have the right to go to a court and seek a writ of habeas corpus (see below).’ // e.g., An action began by writ or summons (= an order to appear before a judge or magistrate, or the writ containing it)./// (British English) A Crown document summoning a peer to Parliament or ordering the election of a member or members of Parliament./// ''One's writ'' = one’s power to enforce compliance or submission; one’s authority; e.g., ''You have business here which is out of my writ and competence.''

Habeas corpus (pronounced ˌheɪbɪəs ˈkɔːpəs) = (mass noun) (Law) A writ (= a form of written command in the name of a court or other legal authority to act, or abstain from acting, in a particular way) requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure the person’s release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention; e.g., His application for habeas corpus.// e.g., ‘You or your representative have the right to go to a court and seek a writ of habeas corpus.’ // e.g., The principle of habeas corpus is a demand that free people make toward state power./// The legal right to apply for a habeas corpus writ; e.g., Europe was first to introduce habeas corpus and the jury system.

Legislature (pronounced ˈledʒ.ɪ.slə.tʃʊə(r) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) The legislative body of a country or state; e.g., The California state legislature passed a law to prohibit dumping of nuclear waste.// e.g., That is how the legislature scrutinizes the laws the executive intends to pass.

Legislative (pronounced ˈledʒ.ɪ.slə.tɪv) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (adjective) Having the power to make laws; e.g., The country's supreme legislative body./// Relating to legislation; e.g., Legislative proposals./// Relating to a legislature; e.g., Legislative elections.

Solicitor = (noun) a type of lawyer in the UK or Australia who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal subjects and can represent people in lower courts; e.g., A firm of solicitors (^^).

Attorney = (noun) A person, typically a lawyer, appointed to act for another in business or legal matters./// (USA) A lawyer; e.g., Attorneys for both sides agreed to postpone the hearing (**)./// (South African) A solicitor.

Lawsuit (pronounced lɔː.suːt or ˈlɔː.sjuːt) (may also be called suit)= (noun) A claim or dispute brought to a court of law for adjudication; e.g., Her lawyer filed a lawsuit against the LA city.

Lawmaker = (noun) a legislator e.g., He is expected to meet with British lawmakers and senior Foreign Ministry officials on Tuesday.

Bar (related to law) = (law) a partition in a courtroom or legislative assembly, now usually notional (existing only in theory), beyond which most people may not pass and, in court, at which an accused person stands; e.g., The lawyers sit at the bar table facing the magistrate and the defendant sits with his or her lawyer./// The legal profession; e.g., The young barrister, only at the bar nine months, then attempted to cross-examine this key prosecution witness.

Barrister (pronounced ˈbarɪstə) (or barrister-at-law) = (noun) A person called to the bar and entitled to practice as an advocate, particularly in the higher courts; e.g., So both barristers and judges have to be very careful that they deal with juries in a way that helps them to deal with the subject matter./// A type of lawyer in the UK and Australia. 

Synonyms for lawyer: counsel, advocate, attorney, attorney-at-law, counselor, solicitor.

Advocate = (noun) (law) A professional pleader in a court of justice; e.g., Solicitors may act as advocates in Crown Courts.// (figurative) The devil’s advocate (My comment: it’s also a movie).// (Scotland and South Africa) a barrister (pronounced ˈbær.ɪ.stər; = a type of lawyer)./// A person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy; e.g., He was an untiring advocate of economic reform.// e.g., ‘In general, I am a strong advocate of environmental protection and saving rare animal species.’/// A person who puts a case on someone else’s behalf; e.g., Care managers can become advocates for their clients.// e.g., At least the Commissioner for Children advocates on behalf of children./// 

Advocate = (noun) A professional pleader in a court of justice; e.g., Solicitors may act as advocates in Crown Courts.// e.g., Many juvenile court advocates harshly criticized how the police handled young offenders./// (Scottish, South African) A barrister.

Subpoena (pronounced səˈpiːnə) (also known as subpoena ad testificandum)  = (transitive verb) (law) To order someone to appear in a law court to answer questions; e.g., A subpoena may be issued to compel their attendance.// (mass noun) e.g., They were all under subpoena to appear.// e.g., A friend of the victim was subpoenaed as a witness by lawyers representing the accused./// (+ to (infinitive) e.g., They were subpoenaed to testify before the judge./// To order that documents must be produced in a law court./// A legal document ordering someone to appear in a law court; e.g., Subpoenas were issued to several government employees ((^^) apart from the 2 first examples)./// (verb with object) (Law) Summon someone with a subpoena; e.g., The Queen is above the law and cannot be subpoenaed.// e.g., The defense could have subpoenaed him but they could not force him to talk to them. /// Require a document or other evidence to be submitted to a court of law; e.g., The decision to subpoena government records.// e.g., It doesn't have the power to subpoena documents, evidence, or testimony, either.

Summon (pronounced ˈsʌm.ən) = (transitive verb) to issue a call to convene; convoke; e.g., The queen summoned him back to the palace.// e.g., Without explanation, the managing editor summoned me to his office.// e.g., The council was summoned to hear an emergency report on its finances ((^^^) for this example)./// To command by service of a summons to appear in court; e.g., If the person summoned does not appear he may be arrested.// e.g., Two other defendants, who were summoned for being intoxicated in a public place, had their respective cases struck out.// e.g., The judge was summoned and the court resumed (resume = begin to do or pursue something again after a pause or interruption) at 4 pm (***)./// To increase your courage or strength, especially with an effort; e.g., ‘It took him 5 months to summon (up) the courage to ask her out for a drink ((^^) for this definition)./// Order someone to be present; e.g., Police say the student was summoned by a call to his cellphone.// e.g., A waiter was summoned.// e.g., A local musician is summoned to play sweet harmonies.///  Urgently demand help; e.g., He summoned medical assistance.// e.g., The mobile phone is certainly a must for pedestrians as in times of distress they can summon immediate help.// e.g., His GP arrived and immediately summoned the air ambulance which took him to the county hospital./// Call people to attend a meeting; e.g., He summoned a meeting of head delegates.// e.g., A European conference was summoned at Constantinople.// e.g., The journalists summoned a mandatory meeting for his immediate reinstatement./// Make an effort to produce a particular quality or reaction from within oneself; e.g., She managed to summon up a smile.// e.g., ''That’s a perspective that I might not have been able to summon four years ago.'' // e.g., He said he was summoning his years of physical and spiritual training as a fighting monk./// Summon something up = call an image to mind; e.g., Names that summon up images of far-off places.// e.g., ‘I know men who when facing difficulty summon up images of themselves as Russell Crowe in ‘Gladiator’ (film).’

Summons (plural = summonses) = (noun) A warning or citation to appear in court such as a written notification to be served on a person as a warning to appear in court at a day specified to answer to the plaintiff or a subpoena to appear as a witness; e.g., The judge issued a summons  (***).// e.g., A summons for non-payment of a parking ticket.// e.g., A summons requiring the Defendant’s attendance was attached to the Order./// An authoritative or urgent call to someone to be present or to do something; e.g., (with infinitive) They might receive a summons to fly to the UK next day.// e.g., ‘So that was what the urgent summons had been about?’ // e.g.,  A royal summons, after all, could not be ignored./// (verb with object) (Law) Serve someone with a summons; e.g., (with object and infinitive) He has been summonsed to appear in court next month.// e.g., The 15 retailers who have been summonsed to the District Court face fines of up to $1000. // e.g., Two of those arrested were released but are expected to be summonsed to appear at a later date before the District Court.

Solicit (pronounced səˈlɪs.ɪt) = (verb) Ask for or try to obtain something from someone; (verb with object) e.g., She called a meeting to solicit their views./// (verb; no object) e.g., ‘Don’t solicit for money.’ // e.g., ‘Do you seek out major authors and solicit manuscripts?’ /// Ask someone for something; e.g., Historians and critics are solicited for opinions by the auction houses.// e.g., ‘Are you being solicited to do consulting work on this?’// e.g., Every time you pay a bill, buy something or have merchandise delivered, you give that company an opening to solicit you by phone/ email for the next 12 months./// (verb; no object) Accost someone and offer one's or someone else’s services as a prostitute; e.g., Although prostitution was not itself an offense, soliciting was.// e.g., He met her while she was soliciting in Soho.// e.g., Despite regular crackdowns (= severe measures to restrict or discourage undesirable or illegal people or behavior) on street sex work, prostitutes continue to solicit on the streets.

Jurist (pronounced ˈdʒʊərɪst) (My comment: not related to the jury) = (noun) an expert in or writer on law; e.g., Russia’s highest court generally gives these jurists free rein (= the power to direct and control).// e.g., There was always a gap between the theoretical formulations of the jurists and the de facto exercise of political power.// e.g., In fact, on the statue’s plaque he’s listed first as a jurist, and then as Premier./// (US English) A lawyer or a judge; e.g., Justices Breyer, Souter, and Ginsburg - all strong First Amendment (amendment = a minor change in a document) jurists - will almost certainly favor the prompt judicial decision requirement.// e.g., With minimal direction given in statute, jurists wrote case law in response to specific claims brought before them.// e.g., As a jurist, Justice O'Connor has refused to impose a ‘Grand Unified Theory,’ her own phrase, on each area of the law.

Sue (pronounced suː) (My comment: I know that you all know this word, but I mention it mainly for the 2nd meaning) = (verb) (sues, suing, sued) institute legal proceedings against a person or institution, typically for redress. Synonyms: take legal action against, take to court, bring an action/suit against.// (verb with object) e.g., She is to sue the baby’s father./// (verb; no object) ‘I sued for breach of contract.’ ///(formal) (verb; no object) Appeal formally to a person for something; e.g., The rebels were forced to sue for peace.// e.g., Wars are declared by politicians, who are the same people who at some point sue for peace! // e.g., Federal recognition would allow the Lemhi (Indian tribe that traditionally lived in Idaho) to sue for their rights independently.

Plaintiff (claimant) = (noun) someone who makes a legal complaint against someone else in court (*); e.g., The defendants negligently told the plaintiffs that he was much wealthier than in fact he was.// e.g., Two defendants were each found liable to the plaintiff in a personal injuries case.// e.g., Several years later the plaintiff gave the defendant notice to quit under the lease agreement.

Defendant = (noun) a person in a legal case who is accused of having done something illegal; e.g., The jury concluded from the evidence that the defendant was innocent (*).

Appellant (pronounced əˈpɛl(ə)nt) = (noun) (Law) A person who applies (appeals) to a higher court for a reversal of the decision of a lower court; e.g., In this case, several appellants have been convicted of more than one bank robbery.// e.g., In the event, no evidence was given by the complainant or the appellant about these matters.// e.g., The jury acquitted (acquit =free someone from a criminal charge by a verdict of not guilty) the appellants on the conspiracy as it was originally charged.

Affidavit (pronounced ˌafɪˈdeɪvɪt) = (noun) A written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court; e.g., A former employee swore an affidavit relating to his claim for unfair dismissal.// e.g., It is the content of his affidavit or statement which determines the assertion.// e.g., ‘Would you read onto the record the affidavits that contain the evidentiary material that is before us?’ // e.g., The appellant's solicitor swore an affidavit as to why the witnesses were not called at the trial.

Depose (pronounced dɪˈpəʊz) = (verb with object) (Law) Testify to or give evidence under oath, typically in a written statement; e.g., Every affidavit (see above) shall state which of the facts deposed to are within the deponent’s knowledge.// e.g., She deposed to the fact that the two are ‘a genuine and committed couple’.// e.g., He deposed to the fact that he was afraid of his ex-wife and her family./// Remove from office suddenly and forcefully; e.g., He (the country's leader/ dictator) had been deposed by a military coup.// e.g., Under the proposed resolution (= motion, proposal), failure to comply with this deadline would justify the use of force to depose him.// e.g., He was deposed after demonstrators stormed his office more than a month ago.

Deposition (pronounced dep.əˈzɪʃ.(ə)n) = (mass noun) (Law) The giving of sworn evidence. For an expert witness deposition in a mock (= imitation) trial See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Expert_witness_deposition_in_mock_trial.jpg  For mock deposition See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5NAxrpk2TU and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGughpPXbt4  // e.g., The deposition of three expert witnesses.// e.g., No defense attorneys were allowed to be present for his deposition, and now, obviously, they are unable to cross-examine him.// e.g., Mr. Smith informed us that neither the transcript of the memorandum interview, the video of it, or any other deposition is available to the Respondent./// (countable noun) A formal, usually written, statement to be used as evidence; e.g., A commissioner to take depositions from witnesses.// e.g., All four made individual depositions and none had any reason to cover up what happened.// e.g., Besides his own confession, no other witnesses but the plaintiffs themselves provided depositions against Mrs. Jones.

Deponent = (noun) (Law) A person who makes a deposition (= the giving of sworn evidence) or affidavit (= a written statement confirmed by oath or affirmation, for use as evidence in court) under oath; e.g., ‘If that is what the deponent of this affidavit wants to say, I want to cross-examine him.’ // e.g., ‘I understand from the affidavits that the various deponents have inconvenienced themselves by coming to the Court today.’ // e.g., ‘Are you the deponent of the affidavit which you have provided to the Court Registry in support of the application?’

Indict (pronounced ɪnˈdʌɪt) = (verb with object) (US English) Formally accuse of or charge with a serious crime. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SVwV1y5o174&list=PLkabqKbOJMGcfJSv4tWBTy4aVNfqIsdcy&index=2 and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT7Q67uSDvQ  // e.g., Her former manager was indicted for fraud.// e.g., ‘If you so testify in front of a jury, I will indict you for first-degree murder.’ // e.g., ‘What legal grounds are there for indicting him for treason (= the crime of betraying one's country, especially by attempting to kill the sovereign or overthrow the government; pronounced ˈtriː.zən)?’

Indictment (pronounced ɪnˈdʌɪtm(ə)nt) = (noun) (US English) a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime; e.g., An indictment for conspiracy.// e.g., They presented the indictment and brought the charges on behalf of the Commonwealth.// e.g., Under the agreement, the military is not obliged to turn over personnel accused of crimes until a formal indictment has been made./// (mass noun) The action of indicting or being indicted e.g., The indictment of ten people who had imported cocaine.// e.g., This offence (''offense'' in North American Engish) is punishable with up to 9 years' imprisonment following conviction on indictment. /// A thing that serves to illustrate that a system or situation is bad and deserves to be condemned; e.g., These rapidly escalating crime figures are an indictment of our society.// e.g., That appears to be a strong indictment of the situation which has developed over the past few years.// e.g., The documentary seemed more of an indictment of the star system.

Quash (pronounced kwɒʃ) = (verb with object) reject as invalid, especially by legal procedure; e.g., His conviction was quashed on appeal.// e.g., A judge later quashed Mr. Smith’s jail term.// e.g., The appellant applied for judicial review to quash this decision./// Put an end to; suppress; e.g., A hospital executive quashed rumors that nursing staff will lose jobs.// e.g., The leader’s speech today will effectively quash any idea that he will go quietly.// e.g., A demolitions expert has spoken out to quash concerns over dust coming from a Colchester building site, which contains asbestos (a carcinogenic material in old buildings, pipes, and train rails).// e.g., Police in Sierra Leone quashes clashes after elections (from the media).

Adjudicate (pronounced əˈdʒuːdɪkeɪt) = (verb) Make a formal judgment or decision about a problem or disputed matter; e.g., The committee adjudicates on all betting disputes.// (verb with object) e.g., The case was adjudicated in the High Court.// e.g., The Supreme Court in America adjudicates on acts passed through the political system by the Congress and the President./// Act as a judge in a competition; e.g., ‘We asked her to adjudicate at the local flower show.’ // e.g., Local children who competed had their posters adjudicated on at the recent Charleville Agricultural Show.// e.g., The competition organizers would like to extend a sincere thank you to the judges who adjudicated all the entries..// (verb with object and complement) Pronounce or declare judicially; e.g., He was adjudicated bankrupt.// e.g., This ballot (= a process of voting, in writing and typically in secret) was just adjudicated as a legal ballot.// e.g., Each refugee claim has to be adjudicated on its own merits (merit = the quality of being particularly good or worthy, especially so as to deserve praise or reward).

Adjudication = (noun) The action or process of adjudicating; e.g., The matter may have to go to court for adjudication.// e.g., The dispute was not validly referred for adjudication under the contractual provisions (provision = a condition or requirement in a legal document.).// e.g., The process of adjudication involves not only the taking of the evidence but the formulation of the reasons for the decision.

Infringement (pronounced ɪnˈfrɪn(d)ʒm(ə)nt) = (noun) The action of breaking the terms of a law, agreement, etc.// violation e.g. Copyright infringement.// (countable noun) e.g., An infringement of the rules.// e.g., ‘I have also underlined those features of the claim which are relied on for the allegation of infringement.’ // The action of limiting or undermining something; e.g., The infringement of the right to privacy.// (countable noun) e.g., This bill is an infringement of our civil liberties.// e.g., Protesters complain that this defensive structure is an outrage - an infringement on free speech.

Vindicate (pronounced ˈvɪndɪkeɪt) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (verb with object) Clear someone of blame or suspicion. Synonym: acquit.// e.g., Hospital staff were vindicated by the inquest verdict.// e.g., Yet it goes to the credit of the author that she has tried to vindicate him with rare conviction and commitment.// e.g., But people need to remember, he’s in prison and we're hoping to vindicate him./// Show or prove to be right, reasonable, or justified; e.g., More sober views were vindicated by events.// e.g., Our approach to training was vindicated by the results achieved when the dogs were formally evaluated.// e.g., These warnings appear to be amply (= plentifully) vindicated by events in recent years.

Exonerate (pronounced ɪɡˈzɑnəˌreɪt) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (verb with object) (especially of an official body) absolve (= to free someone from guilt, blame or responsibility (^^)) someone from blame for a fault or wrongdoing, especially after due consideration of the case; e.g., They should exonerate these men from this crime.// e.g., The court-martial exonerated me.// e.g., A former Texas police officer who was sentenced to life in prison after being accused of raping a 13-year-old girl in 1994 was exonerated on Friday. [My comment: the last example is from the article http://people.com/crime/former-police-officer-exonerated-after-21-year-prison  in which you can read the story].////  Exonerate someone from = release someone from a duty or obligation; e.g., At least it exonerated them from their usual role in being unable to hold on to leads.

Exculpate (pronounced ˈekskəlpeɪt) =(verb with object) (formal) show or declare that someone is not guilty of wrongdoing; e.g., The article exculpated the mayor.// e.g., ‘No one arranged my speech,’ he said as if exculpating his colleagues from what he was about to say.’// e.g., The Crown had to take that statement as a whole so that the version of facts that it contained at once implicated and tended to exculpate the appellant.

Verdict = (noun) a decision on a disputed issue in a civil or criminal case or an inquest; e.g., The jury returned a verdict of ‘not guilty.’ [My comment: the verdict is ''guilty'' or ''not guilty.'' The word ''innocent'' is not used in a court's verdict. Similarly,  at the beginning of trial proceedings, the court asks the defendant whether he/she pleads ''guilty'' or ''not guilty''].

Accusatorial (pronounced əˌkjuːzəˈtɔːrɪəl) = (adjective) (Law) (Attributive) (of a trial or legal procedure) involving accusation by a prosecutor and a verdict reached by an impartial (= unbiased) judge or jury; e.g., 'We have a rather special legal system which is accusatorial,' said the judge.// e.g., A criminal trial is an accusatorial and adversarial process.// e.g., The third point is that our adversary system is accusatorial.

Shyster (pronounced ˈʃʌɪstə) (beware of the pronunciation! It is not pronounced as ‘sister’) = (noun) (informal) A person, especially a lawyer, who uses unscrupulous (= having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair), fraudulent, or deceptive methods in business // a dishonest person, especially a lawyer or politician; e.g., He's a real shyster.// e.g., ''What are those shyster politicians doing now?'' ((*) for the 2nd definition and the previous examples).// e.g., An ambulance-chasing shyster.// (as modifier) e.g., This guy makes used-car salespeople and shyster real-estate agents look good.// e.g., He was a shyster lawyer.

Adversarial (pronounced ˌæd.vəˈseə.ri.əl) (beware of the pronunciation!) =  (Law) of a trial or legal procedure in which the parties in a dispute have the responsibility for finding and presenting evidence; e.g., Equality between prosecution and defense is essential in an adversarial system of justice.// e.g., In the adversarial system at the beginning of trial proceedings, the court asks the defendant whether he/she pleads guilty or not guilty.//// (adjective) involving or characterized by conflict or opposition; e.g., Industry and government had an adversarial relationship.// e.g., The adversarial nature of the two-party system.// e.g., We have an adversarial relationship with them./// Opposed; hostile e.g., The reviewer’s presumed adversarial relationship to his subject.

Adversary (pronounced ˈædvəs(ə)ri) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) One's opponent in a contest, conflict, or dispute; e.g., Davis beat his old adversary in the quarterfinals.// e.g., He was a vigorous adversary to opponents, but he was also a very fair and honest man.// e.g., The trade unions, in particular, looked with deep suspicion at an administration still headed by their old adversary./// The Devil; e.g., Fasting combined with prayer is a powerful weapon against our adversary, the devil./// e.g., The confrontations of adversary politics./// Another term for adversarial; e.g., Amendments (amendment = a minor change in a document) to the Criminal Procedure law in 1996 introduced adversary elements to the fact-finding process in criminal trials.// e.g., The confrontations of adversary politics.// e.g., The adversary procedure followed in a court of law is not appropriate in its investigations.

Bylaw (or by law or bye-law) = (noun) a rule adopted by an organization chiefly for the government of its members and the regulation of its affairs or a law or regulation that is made by a local government and that applies only to the local area; an ordinance; e.g., The Public Health Act of 1875 also empowered local authorities to impose by-laws on house construction, to monitor standards and facilities.// e.g.,  The by-laws allow police to fine those caught boozing (= drinking excessive alcohol) in controlled areas ((***) except the examples)./// A rule made by a company or society to control the actions of its members; e.g., He believed these areas should be brought under the control of the overall parking bye-laws.// e.g., Leicester's council is considering a new by-law which will help control the activities of both charitable and commercial collector.

Legitimacy (pronounced lɪˈdʒɪtɪməsi) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (mass noun) Conformity to the law or to rules; e.g., Refusal to recognize the legitimacy of both governments.// e.g., He seems to suggest that the process by which approval was given for the Barbican complex lacked legitimacy.// e.g., However, it is the leader's moral principles and integrity that give legitimacy and credibility to the vision and sustain it./// (concerning a child) The quality of being legitimate; e.g., Disputes over the legitimacy of heirs (= successors)./// Ability to be defended with logic or justification; validity; e.g., It is difficult to judge the legitimacy of the rumor.// e.g., Her justification for the legitimacy of astrology as a valid science went something like this.// e.g., The protectors of pornography have arguments and principles; the status quo supports the validity and legitimacy of their world view.

Statute (pronounced ˈstætʃ.uːt) (not to be confused with ''statue''!) = (noun) A written law passed by a legislative body; e.g., The Act consolidated statutes dealing with non-fatal offenses.// e.g., ‘Is there a difference conceptually limiting jurisdiction conferred by statute?’ // (mass noun) e.g., Immunities (= officially granted exemption from legal proceedings or liability) granted to trade unions by statute./// A rule of an organization or institution; e.g., The appointment will be subject to the statutes of the university.// e.g., Today, they are marketing themselves as ‘financial cooperatives,’ even though they are organized under different statutes.// e.g., Both sides claim the backing of the World Trade Organization (WTO) statutes for their positions./// (archaic) (religious) (in biblical use) A law or decree made by a sovereign, or by God.

Statutory = (adjective) Required, permitted, or enacted by statute; e.g., Statutory controls over prices.// e.g., ‘If I can just assist, the independent advisory group is not expected to replace statutory consultation processes.’ // e.g., Unlike medicine, nursing and osteopathy, there is no statutory regulation of homeopaths./// Having come to be required or expected through being done or regularly made; e.g., His statutory Christmas phone call to his mother.

Fiduciary (pronounced fɪˈdjuːʃ(ə)ri) = (adjective) (Law) Involving trust, especially with regard to the relationship between a trustee and a beneficiary; e.g., Sale is a commercially adverse relationship; agency involves a fiduciary relationship of trust and confidence.// e.g., The company has a fiduciary duty to shareholders.// e.g., The Defendants' fiduciary relationship only came into being in the course of the fraud and was incidental to the means by which the fraud was perpetrated./// (Finance) (of paper currency) Depending for its value on securities (as opposed to gold) or the reputation of the issuer; e.g., Loss-making firms sustained through the issue of fiduciary media are artificial forms of life, consume accumulated savings, and impoverish society.// e.g., Furthermore, this tendency is now strengthened by the decrease in the objective exchanged value of money following the increase of fiduciary media issued by the banking system./// (noun) A trustee; e.g., They'll whine (= give or make a long, high-pitched complaining cry or sound) and scream and sue their fiduciaries.// e.g., Equity, which imposed obligations on trustees and fiduciaries, was always a separate entity.// e.g., It is entitled to compel the faithless fiduciaries to answer for their default according to their gain.

Trustee (pronounced trʌsˈtiː) = (noun) (Law) An individual person or member of a board given control or powers of administration of property in trust with a legal obligation to administer it solely for the purposes specified; e.g., Pension fund trustees.// e.g., Lawyers and trustees have statutory and other legal obligations but are still fiduciaries.// e.g., All three schemes were regulated by trust deeds or rules which conferred on the trustees' wide powers of investment./// A state made responsible for the government of an area by the United Nations; e.g., Cameroon was originally a UN Trustee Territory administered by France and the UK prior to its independence in 1960.// e.g., They inherited Papua from Britain in 1906 and took New Guinea from Germany in World War I, administering it in recent years as a U.N. trustee.

Eviction = (mass noun) The action of expelling someone from a property; expulsion; e.g., The forced eviction of residents.// e.g., At that date, it was apparent that the claimant had decided not to pursue any proceedings for unlawful eviction.// e.g., The group also retained an attorney and filed two lawsuits challenging the evictions in the two counties.

Liable (pronounced ˈlaɪ.ə.b(ə)l) = (adjective) Responsible by law; legally answerable; e.g., The supplier of goods or services can become liable for breach of contract in a variety of ways.//e.g., The trial judge held the defendants liable for failing to close down that part of the factory.// e.g., The law holds parents liable if a child does not attend school ((**) for this example)./// Likely to do, happen, or experience something; e.g., Patients were liable to faint if they stood up too suddenly. (My comment: this occurs especially if they are hypotensive, i.e., with low blood pressure; this is called orthostatic hypotension).// e.g., Basic cable service is liable to cost hundreds of dollars per year.// e.g., The areas of town near the river are liable to flooding (pronounced ˈflʌd.ɪŋ)((**) for this example and (*) for the 2nd definition).

Sentence (with the meaning of punishment) = (noun) (law) The punishment assigned to a defendant found guilty by a court or fixed by law for a particular offense; e.g., Her husband is serving a four-year sentence for fraud./// (verb with object) Declare the punishment decided for (an offender); e.g., Twelve army officers were sentenced to death.

Remand (pronounced rɪˈmɑːnd) = (verb with object) (Law) Place a defendant on bail or in custody, especially when a trial is adjourned (= ended); e.g., He was remanded in custody for a week.// e.g., The defendants were remanded on continuing bail to see how they would behave.// e.g., He was remanded on theft charges. ((**) for this example).///  Return a case to a lower court for reconsideration; e.g., The 2nd Circuit appeals court vacated the decision and remanded the case.// e.g., The Court remanded the case to a lower court for further fact-finding consistent with its reasoning.// e.g., But the Court of Appeals rejected the settlement and remanded the case to the District Court that had approved it for further consideration./// (noun) (Law) A committal to custody; e.g., The prosecutor applied for a remand to allow forensic evidence to be investigated.// (as modifier) e.g.,  A remand home.// e.g., A third of all inmates are remand prisoners who are awaiting trial or sentencing./// On remand = in custody pending trial; e.g., Most of the prisoners are on remand and awaiting trial!

Custody (pronounced ˈkʌs.tə.di) = (noun) (law) The state of being kept in prison, especially while waiting to go to court for trial; e.g., The suspect is now in custody./// (law; finance) The legal right to manage and look after another person’s money, investments, etc., e.g., Investment advisers (or advisors) with actual custody of clients’ funds pose a higher risk to clients.// e.g., The property was placed in the custody of a trustee./// The protective care or guardianship of someone or something./// The right or duty to care for someone or something, as for a child whose parents have separated or died; e.g., The court awarded custody of the child to the mother ((*) apart from the 3rd example and definition)

Plea (pronounced pliː) = (noun) A formal statement by or on behalf of a defendant or prisoner, stating guilt or innocence in response to a charge, offering an allegation of fact, or claiming that a point of law should apply; e.g., The defendant changed his plea to ''not guilty.'' // e.g., During his mitigation plea, he restated his claim that he was the victim of a political conspiracy./// A request made urgently and emotionally e.g., He made a dramatic plea for disarmament (= the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons).// e.g., An urgent plea has been made for cash help for a charity which provides a vital service for vulnerable residents.// e.g., ‘I think the Home Office should seriously reconsider his urgent plea for asylum forthwith.’/// A claim that a circumstance means that one should not be blamed for or should not be forced to do something; e.g., Her plea of a headache was not entirely false.// e.g., He was given five years for forgery (= the action of forging or producing a copy of a document, signature, banknote, or work of art; pronounced ˈfɔː.dʒ(ə)r.i) despite his plea that he regarded painting banknotes as ‘a new form of art.’ (My comment: is he kidding?).

Committal (pronounced kəˈmɪt(ə) (not to be confused with ''community,'' ''communal'' or ''commuter rail'') = (mass noun) The action of sending a person to prison or a psychiatric hospital; e.g., His committal to prison.// (countable noun) e.g., The high level of committals in our country.// (as modifier) e.g., Committal proceedings./// The burial of a dead body; e.g., The funeral service was held on February 21, followed by committal at Forest Lawn Cemetery.// e.g., This was followed by a blessing and a private committal.// e.g., A (funeral) service will be held at Overdale Crematorium’s West Chapel before committal at 1pm on Wednesday.

Caveat (pronounced ˈkæv.i.æt) = (noun) a warning or proviso (= a condition attached to an agreement; pronounced prəˈvaɪ.zəʊ) of specific stipulations, conditions, or limitations; e.g., But it is also liberally sprinkled with caveats and warnings as to the difficulties in turning up more evidence./// e.g., There are a number of caveats which concern the validity of the assessment results.// e.g., ‘I want to make a proviso, a caveat, that we may have slipped past earlier.’ /// (Law) A notice, especially in a probate (= the official proving of a will; pronounced ˈprəʊ.beɪt), that certain actions may not be taken without informing the person who gave the notice; e.g., Had the caveats been upheld a marriage certificate could not have been issued and the civil wedding at Windsor Guildhall would not have gone ahead.// e.g., According to the next sentence, the wife could have registered what we would call a caveat and she could only do that if she had a proprietary interest.

Probate (pronounced ˈprəʊ.beɪt) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (mass noun) the official proving of a will; e.g., The will was in probate.// (as modifier) e.g., A probate court.// e.g., A solicitor taking out probate is not bound to do everything in his own person./// (countable noun) A verified copy of a will with a certificate as handed to the executors; e.g.,  A copy of the probate certificate was e-mailed last week to an American in Hyattsville, Maryland.// e.g., For instance, if a decedent (= a person who has died’ pronounced di-ˈsē-d(ə)nt) was married at the time of death, the spouse will likely start the probate alone.// e.g., Wills, probates, property and tax records are also valuable sources of information./// (verb with object) (US English) Establish the validity of a will; e.g., ‘Your mother’s will should be probated if you can’t otherwise gain control of her property.’// e.g., ‘Upon his death his will would get probated, and you would become the owner of the home.’ // e.g., ‘Can the draft version be probated after my death just like the original?’

Decedent (pronounced dɪˈsiːd(ə)nt) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (noun) (Law) (US English) a person who has died. (My comment: in legal documents, you may also find the word ''demise'' that means a person's death); e.g., The executor of a decedent’s estate.// e.g., We need to make sure the decedent’s property passes to his children.// e.g., Taxes on inheritance were more favorable to legitimate than to illegitimate children of the decedent.// e.g., Both wives were thus allowed to share equally in the decedent’s property.

Vigilantism (pronounced ˌvɪdʒ.ɪˈlæn.tɪ.zəm) (beware of the pronunciation!) (My comment: not related to ''vigilant'' and ''vigilance'') = (noun) law enforcement that is undertaken without legal authority by a self-appointed group of people; e.g., As he explains, vigilantism could often be considered a socially conservative form of violence.// e.g., The message here is not to encourage vigilantism.// e.g., This was the first conviction of cow vigilantism in India (in India cows are sacred) (from the media).

Matrimony = (noun) The state of being married; marriage; e.g., Two people joined in matrimony.// e.g., We intend to be joined in matrimony until ‘death do us part’ (***).// e.g., A confirmed bachelor, he vows never to get caught in the noose (= a loop with a running knot, tightening as the rope or wire is pulled and typically used to hang people or trap animals) of matrimony.

Reprieve = (verb with object) Cancel or postpone the punishment of someone, especially someone condemned to death; e.g., Under the new regime, prisoners under sentence of death were reprieved.// e.g., Antipholus of Ephesus, finally obtaining the ransom money he sent for, offers to pay it to redeem Egeon, but the Duke reprieves the old man without payment.// e.g., An examination of the role of the Home Office in reprieving condemned prisoners can be found in R. Chadwick's Bureaucratic Mercy: ‘The Home Office and the Treatment of Capital Cases in Victorian Britain.’ /// Abandon or postpone plans to close or abolish something; e.g., The threatened pits (pit = a large hole in the ground/ an area reserved or enclosed for a specific activity, in particular) could be reprieved.// e.g.,  But now the town hall is reprieving 8 of the toilets and is to spend more than $9,000 keeping them open, following a wave of protest./// A cancellation or postponement of a punishment; e.g., He accepted the death sentence and refused to appeal for a reprieve.// e.g., The president can grant reprieves and pardons (except in the case of impeachment).// e.g., When Anabaptists in 1575 and Jesuits in 1581 were condemned to death, Foxe wrote vehement (= showing strong feeling; forceful, passionate, or intense; pronounced ˈviː.ə.mənt) letters to Queen Elizabeth and her courtiers, begging reprieves./// A cancellation or postponement of an undesirable event; e.g., A mother who faced eviction (= expulsion from a property) has been given a reprieve.// e.g., The bank won a reprieve by coming back to us with an offer we couldn’t refuse.// e.g., Instead, they have won reprieves because their economies are still developing.

Pardon (pronounced ˈpɑːd(ə)n) = (mass noun) The action of forgiving or being forgiven for an error or offence; e.g., He obtained pardon for his sins.// e.g., The branches hereof are pardon of sin, and personal acceptance.// e.g., ‘I smile, as I used to do with the hard men who worked for my father, and ask their pardon in my broken Arabic.’ /// (countable noun) A cancellation of the legal consequences of an offense or conviction; e.g., He offered a full pardon to four convicted men.// e.g., It turns out that New Square leaders lobbied for full pardons but did not get them.// e.g., Such cases were specifically excluded from the amnesty laws and the presidential pardons.//// (countable noun) (Christian Church) An indulgence, as widely sold in medieval Europe; e.g., In medieval times a practice of dealing in pardons developed./// (verb with object) Forgive or excuse a person, error, or offence; e.g., ‘I know George will pardon me.’ /// Release (an offender) from the legal consequences of an offence or conviction, and often implicitly (= in a way that is not directly expressed; tacitly) from blame; e.g., He was pardoned for his treason (= the crime of betraying one's country, especially by attempting to kill the sovereign or overthrow the government)./// e.g., Pursuant to English common law, the King had flexible powers to pardon offenses either before or after an indictment, conviction or sentencing.// e.g., However, they were later pardoned and amnesty laws now protect most officers from trial.//// Be pardoned = used to indicate that someone is justified in doing or thinking a particular thing given the circumstances; e.g., One can be pardoned the suspicion that some of his errors were deliberate./// (exclamation) A request to a speaker to repeat something because one did not hear or understand it; e.g., ‘‘Pardon?’ I said, cupping a hand to my ear.’ ///  I beg your pardon = (phrase) a) Used to express polite apology; e.g., ‘I beg your pardon for intruding.’ b) Used to indicate that one has not heard or understood something; e.g., ‘I beg your pardon—I'm afraid I didn't catch that.’ c) Used to express one's anger or indignation (= anger or annoyance provoked by what is perceived as unfair treatment) at what someone has just said; e.g., ‘‘I beg your pardon!’ Josh snapped.’ /// If you'll pardon the expression = (phrase) used to apologize for having used or being about to use coarse or offensive expressions; e.g., ‘Four of those years I spend in a bloody prison camp—if you'll pardon the expression.’ /// Pardon me for = (phrase) used to express in a sarcastic way one's indignation at being criticized for doing something; e.g., ‘Well, pardon me for breathing!’

Indulgence (pronounced ɪnˈdʌl.dʒəns) (noun; the verb is ''indulge (in)'') = (noun) the action or fact of indulging// an occasion when you allow someone or yourself to have something enjoyable, especially more than is good for you. Synonym: satisfaction/ self-gratification; e.g., I'll bet most of you reading this can relate to the struggle back and forth: indulgence vs. virtue, comfort food vs. fitness fuel.// e.g., ''Chocolate is my only indulgence!'' // e.g., ''All the pleasures and indulgences of the weekend are over, and I must get down to some serious hard work'' ((**) for the previous 2 examples and the 2nd part of the definition)./// (in the Roman Catholic Church) a grant by the Pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages.// e.g., The practice of granting indulgences (= remission of punishment for sins through the intercession of the Church) already had a long history./// An extension of the time in which a bill or debt has to be paid; e.g., It is merely intended as an indulgence offered by the lender to the borrower.// e.g., The notice given granted a final indulgence of 5 weeks

Forthwith (pronounced ˌfɔːθˈwɪθ) (beware of the pronunciation!) = (formal) (adverb) immediately; e.g., We expect these practices to cease forthwith.// e.g., He must be given a fair trial in full accordance with international fair trial standards or released forthwith.// e.g., If he is not forthwith medically treated, he will die (*).// e.g., They must rediscover their hunting instincts forthwith.

Abolish = (verb with object) Formally put an end to a system, practice, or institution; e.g., The tax was abolished in 1979.// e.g., On 21 September the monarchy was abolished in France and a republic was declared.// e.g., The only people who can actually abolish hunting are its practitioners!// e.g., National service (= a period of compulsory service in the armed forces of some countries during peacetime) was abolished in the UK in 1962 ((^^^^) for the last example).

Abolition = (mass noun) The action of abolishing a system, practice, or institution; e.g., The abolition of the death penalty.// e.g., The abolition of all prescription charges and home care charges for the disabled will also be of direct benefit.// e.g., The abolition of slavery ((^^^) for the last example).

Abolitionist = (noun) A person who favors the abolition of a practice or institution, especially capital punishment or (formerly) slavery; e.g., The themes of slavery and the abolitionist movement are clearly presented in the film.// (as modifier) e.g., The abolitionist movement.
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