b) The Process Diagram (flowchart) (IELTS exams)
(Rare, but it may be asked! It is easier than
the graph, which may explain its scarcity!)
Answer Structure:
Introduction
Description
Conclusion
Introduction
The same as in the graph (described above), e.g., ‘The report
describes the….’
Description
Passive Voice
We use passive voice (to be + p.p.) with present simple
(am/is/are + p.p.), e.g., Cows are milked twice a day by the farmers.// e.g.,
Milk from cows is stored in refrigerators.
We DO NOT use passive voice for something natural, e.g., We do NOT
say, ‘Trash is biodegraded’ or ‘Water is evaporated’ or ‘leaves are
turned yellow in Autumn.’ We say, instead, ‘trash biodegrades,’
‘water evaporates,’ ‘leaves turn yellow in Fall/ Autumn.’
Keywords:
The chain of production/ production chain; stage of production, dairy products (=
made of milk), mixture/ blend, filter, mash (e.g., mashed (adjective)
potatoes), tanker, lorries, plant, kiln/ furnace, the last stage
& packing (e.g., ‘The last stage is the packaging of the glass’), the
final product (e.g., ‘It ends up in the final product’),
roller conveyor/ belt conveyor system.
Verbs:
Create, transform into
(e.g., 'The blend is transformed into plastic bottles'), manufacture,
produce, is formed, filter, spin, chop, cut up, unload (= remove goods from a vehicle, ship, container,
etc. e.g., ‘She hadn't finished unloading the car (from the supermarket
bags)’), shake, mash, heat, end up (e.g.,
‘It ends up in the final product’), filter, temper
(= improve the hardness and elasticity of steel or other metal by
reheating and then cooling it, e.g., ‘Nearly always forged and tempered,
stainless steel blades hold an edge well’), remove, add, extract (pronounced ɪkˈstrækt) = remove or take out, especially by effort or force,
e.g., The fossils are extracted from the chalk),
packaged, packed; sold, pasteurized (e.g., Pasteurized milk),
harvest (also as a verb, e.g., ‘Sugar beets are
harvested’), transfer (e.g., Milk is transferred by a truck’),
convey on a belt (on roller conveyor/ belt conveyor system),
separate (e.g., ‘It ends up in separate molds’), shaped
(e.g., ‘Glass shaped bottles inside the molds’), cool
(e.g., ‘The glasses are cooled with water
spray’), melt & become molten (e.g., ‘These
materials melt and become molten glass in the kiln’).
Melt (vs) Molten
Melt = (verb)
become liquid, e.g., The snow usually melts by
mid-March.// e.g., ‘Melt the chocolate slowly so that it doesn’t burn’
(^^^).
Molten = (adjective)
(especially of materials with a high melting point, such as metal and glass) liquefied
by heat, e.g., One of the most important applications of silicon is its
use as a deoxidizer in molten steel.// e.g., Molten glass/ lava/ lead
((^^^) for the last example)
Note the difference: e.g., ‘These materials melt
and become molten glass in the kiln.’
Packaged (vs) Packed
Packaged = (verb)
To put goods into boxes or containers to be sold, e.g., These organic
olives are packaged in recycled glass containers.//// (adjective)
Sold already prepared in a container, usually paper or
cardboard, e.g., Packaged food/ soup/ cereals (^^).
Packed = (adjective)
completely full, e.g., This book is packed with useful
information.// e.g., The train was so packed that I could
not find a seat (^^)).
Useful Words
Furnace (pronounced ˈfɜː.nɪs) = (noun) a container
that is heated to a remarkably high temperature so that substances that are
put inside it, such as metal, will melt or burn.
See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Piec_krepa.JPG
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Condensing_furnace_diagram.png
// e.g., People who work with furnaces in a steel factory need to wear
protective clothing.// e.g., This room's like a furnace (= is very hot)!
/// (US English) A piece of equipment for heating a building, e.g., ''It is
cold here - should I turn on the furnace?'' (^^).
Kiln = (noun) a furnace or oven for burning, baking, or drying,
especially for calcining lime or firing pottery.
See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Porcelain_kiln_with_furnaces_%C3%A1_alandier.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/CatenaryArchAluminiumKiln.jpg
// e.g., Pottery jugs from kilns in the Pingsdorf and Badorf area.// e.g., The kilns that calcine
the lime used in cement are often natural gas-fired.
Quarry = (noun) a place from which dimension stone, rock, construction
aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate has been excavated from the ground. A quarry is the same as an open-pit mine from which minerals
are extracted. The only non-trivial difference between the two is that open-pit
mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred
to as quarries (*****).
See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Stone_quarry_adelaide.JPG
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Carrara-panorama_delle_cave4.jpg
Lime = (noun) A white caustic alkaline substance consisting of calcium
oxide, obtained by heating limestone and combining with water to produce much heat; quicklime. For a limestone quarry
Vat = (noun) large container used for mixing
or storing liquid substances, especially in a factory (^^).
See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Fuel_tank_gnangarra.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Milwaukee_tanks.jpg
Mash = (verb) to crush food, usually after cooking it, to form a soft mass, e.g., ‘Mash the potatoes and then mix in the
butter and herbs.’ /// (adjective) Mashed potatoes.
See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/MashedPotatoes.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Mash_Potatoes.jpg
// e.g., Sausage and mash (*).
Conveyor belt = a continuous moving band of fabric, rubber,
or metal used for moving objects from one place to another.·
See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Power_transmission_belt.gif
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/24/Belt-conveyor-handling.jpg
Temper = (mass noun) The degree of hardness and elasticity in steel or
other metal, e.g., The blade rapidly heats up, and the metal loses its
temper./// (verb with object) Improve the hardness and elasticity of
steel or other metal by reheating and then cooling it. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulfCxDsVTWo
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGF0SgnZuwk
// e.g., The way a smith would temper a sword.// e.g., Tempered
steel pins./// Improve a substance's consistency or resiliency (= toughness) by heating it or adding particular substances to
it, e.g., Hardboard tempered with oil or resin is more durable (=
able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage).
Extract (pronounced: a) Verb: ɪkˈstrækt;
b) Noun: ˈek.strækt) = (verb with object) (pronounced ɪkˈstrækt) remove or take
out, especially by effort or force, e.g., The fossils are extracted from the
chalk./// (noun) (pronounced ˈek.strækt) A
preparation containing the active ingredient of a substance in concentrated
form, e.g., Natural plant extracts.// (mass noun) e.g., A
shampoo with extract of chamomile.
Sludge (pronounced slʌdʒ) = (noun) thick, soft, wet mud or
a similar viscous mixture of liquid and solid components, especially an industrial or refining process product. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge#/media/File:Faecal_sludge_after_some_drying_(stock_piling)_-_this_is_the_feed_material_to_the_process_(8152055703).jpg
_-_this_is_the_feed_material_to_the_process_(8152055703).jpg){kind=link}
Slurry (pronounced slʌri)(not
to be confused with ‘surly’) = (mass noun) a semi-liquid mixture, typically
of fine particles of manure, cement, or coal, and water. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/High_angle.jpg
// e.g., Clay
slurry./// (countable noun) e.g., A slurry of ore and water.// e.g.,
The tankers are capable of sucking out waste, sludge, and slurry from a
depth of eight meters in absolutely no time.
Compost (pronounced ˈkɒmpɒst) = (noun) Decayed
organic material used as a plant fertilizer. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Compost_pile.JPG
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Composting_in_the_Escuela_Barreales.jpg
// e.g., Mulch with an organic material such as compost or
alfalfa hay./// (verb) Make vegetable matter or manure into compost, e.g.,
''Don't compost heavily infested plants.'
Mulch (pronounced mʌltʃ) = a material, such as decaying leaves,
bark, or compost, spread around or over a plant to enrich or insulate the
soil. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Mulch2.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Compost.mulch.jpg
/// (verb) Treat or cover with mulch.
Frigid (not to be confused with ''rigid'') = (adjective) Very cold
in temperature, e.g., Frigid water.// e.g., The cold, frigid
air from the open windows chilled his body.
Alloy (pronounced a) Noun: ˈalɔɪ b) Verb: ˈalɔɪ)
= a) (noun) (Pronounced ˈalɔɪ) A metal made by combining two or
more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to
corrosion. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Born_bronze_-_Bronze_casts.jpg
and (wood metal) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Wooduv_kov.jpg
// e.g., An alloy of nickel, bronze, and zinc.// (as
modifier) e.g., Alloy wheels./// An inferior metal mixed with a precious
one. b) (verb with object) (Pronounced ˈalɔɪ) Mix metals
to make an alloy, e.g., Alloying tin with copper to make bronze.
Amalgamate (pronounced əˈmalɡəmeɪt) = (verb with object) (Chemistry) Alloy metal with mercury. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Amalgam-200675.jpg // e.g., Amalgamated zinc.
Mingle = (verb) Mix or cause to
mix. Synonym: mix, e.g., (verb with object) e.g., A smell that
mingled disinfectant and soap.
Solder = (noun) A
low-melting alloy, especially one based on lead and tin or
(for higher temperatures) on brass or silver, used for joining less fusible
metals. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Solderedjoint.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Solder_on_spool.jpeg
// e.g., In the past, copper pipes were joined with lead-based
solder which is currently banned from usage./// (Verb) Join
with solder.
Crate (pronounced kreɪt) =
(noun) A slatted wooden case used for transporting goods. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/US_Navy_030830-N-6187M-001_Sailors_remove_a_hoisting_sling_from_an_ammo_crate_carrying_2000-pound_Mark_84_general_purpose_bombs.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wood_crate_sample_picture.jpg
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Plywood_sheathed_crate_2014-03-25.jpg
// e.g., A crate of bananas.// e.g.,
His cart was stacked three deep with wooden crates and boxes.//
e.g., George found piles of boxes and wooden crates upstairs./// A square rigid container divided into small
units used for transporting or storing bottles. For water bottles in
crates, See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Woda.mineralna.w.skrzynkach.jpg
and http://www.tucsonsentinel.com/files/entryimages/011718_nmd_report-2342.jpg
and http://i.imgur.com/hJBNCqC.jpg
and https://bwacapetown.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/crates-wood-glass.jpg
// e.g., A milk crate.// e.g., The
porch (= a covered shelter projecting in front of the entrance of a
building) was full of crates of beer bottles
and bags of rubbish.// e.g., ‘You
have a huge crate of empty wine bottles back in the kitchens, right?’
Dredge = (transitive verb) To remove unwanted things from the bottom
of a river, lake, etc., using a boat or special device. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Dredge_%28PSF%29.png
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D%2C_g%C5%82owica%2C_Wis%C5%82a%2C_Saska_K%C4%99pa%2C_Warszawa_3.jpg
// e.g., They have to dredge the canal regularly to
keep it open./// To search an area of water by dredging, e.g.,
They dredged up (= brought to the surface) all sorts of rubbish from the bottom
of the river (^^).
Dredger (or dredge) = (noun) a boat or a device that is used to
dredge rivers, lakes, etc. (^^). See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Dredge_%28PSF%29.png
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Pog%C5%82%C4%99biarka_%E2%80%9ESawa%E2%80%9D%2C_g%C5%82owica%2C_Wis%C5%82a%2C_Saska_K%C4%99pa%2C_Warszawa_3.jpg
Tow = (transitive verb) To
pull a car, boat, etc., along using a rope or chain tied to another vehicle or
boat. See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZdfEQeMdIA
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8AH5i6MtGJI
// e.g., The damaged boat was towed to safety.// e.g., The
vehicles that had been involved in the accident were towed away/ off.//
e.g., ‘You shouldn’t drive fast when your car is towing a caravan.’/// Tow
something away = (phrasal verb) To lift a vehicle that has
been parked illegally onto an official truck and take it to a place from which
you have to pay to collect it, e.g., ‘You are not allowed to park here –
your car will be towed away’ (^^).
Tow bar (or towbar or
tow hitch) = a bar fitted to the
back of a vehicle used in towing a trailer or caravan. See https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Kombi_anh%C3%A6ngertr%C3%A6k_med_stik.JPG
and https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Coupling_caravan_car.jpg
Transport (vs.) transfer
Note: transport and transfer are not the same!
Transport
Transport means to carry or bear from one place to another; to
remove; to convey, e.g., to transport goods; to transport troops.
Synonyms: convey, take, shift.
It means taking people or goods from one place to another
e.g. Such heavy items are expensive to transport by
plane (^^).
e.g., The pipeline was constructed to transport oil across
Alaska to ports on the coast (^^).
e.g., 162,000 convicts were transported to Australia from
1788 to 1868 (^^) (My comment as an Aussie: so, it seems that these are my
ancestors!)
e.g., Milk is transported to the dairy (here, we do not use the term ‘transferred’)
Transfer
Transfer means to move or pass from one place, person, or thing to another, e.g., to transfer the laws of one country to another;
to transfer suspicion. Synonyms: move/ change, transpose.
It means moving someone or something from one place, vehicle, person,
or group to another
e.g., He has been transferred to a psychiatric hospital
(^^).
e.g., We were transferred from one bus to
another (^^).
e.g., The money was (not ‘the money were’ as it is
uncountable) illegally transferred from/ out of the
Trust’s bank account (^^).
e.g. The aim is to transfer control/ responsibility/ power to
the self-governing regional councils (^^).
e.g., The transfer of information.
e.g., David’s transfer to the LA office shocked his colleagues (^^).
e.g., Milk is
transferred by truck.
e.g., Victims were transferred (not ‘transported’) to trauma units
Order Keywords:
Initially, First,….
Next/ then/ After this/ Following this,….
Finally,…
We describe what/ why/ purpose
Linking words/phrases to describe purpose:
(here, the topic is milk production)
In order to + infinitive, e.g.,
‘Milk is pasteurized in order to kill any bacteria’
Which results in, e.g. ‘….which
results in a production that…’
As this, e.g., ‘...as
this produces more milk overall than once a day.’
To
So as to + infinitive
So that, e.g., ‘So that
they can be sold to the supermarket’
With the result that
As
Which are
Because, e.g., ‘...because
milk stays fresher longer in the refrigerator at
around 4 degrees Celsius.’
Therefore, e.g., ‘Therefore, by pasteurizing, they ensure that milk is
safe for consumption.’
This is done by, e.g., ‘Pasteurizing
is done by heating to 72 degrees Celsius.'
This (procedure) usually happens, e.g., ‘This procedure usually happens twice a day using
a milk machine.’
Process & Procedure example
Example (1): How paper is made
Paper is made of wood
Many of the world’s paper mills (1) are found in countries that have great forests, such as Canada and
the Scandinavian countries
The trees are felled (2)
The branches and leaves are
removed
The trees are transported to the sawmill
The bark is stripped from the trunks
The trunks are sawn into logs (log = a part of the
trunk or a large branch of a tree that has fallen or been cut off)
They are conveyed to the paper mill
They are placed in the shredder
(= a machine or other device for shredding
something, including documents)
They are cut into small chips
They are mixed with water and acid (pronounced ‘æs.ɪd’)
They are heated and crushed
to a heavy pulp
The wood pulp is
cleaned
Then it is chemically
bleached to whiten it
It is passed through rollers to flatten it
Sheets on wet paper are produced
The water is removed from the sheets
Then the sheets are pressed, dried, and
refined until the finished
paper is produced
(1) Mill = a building where grain is crushed into flour.// A factory where a particular substance is produced, e.g., cotton/ paper/ steel mill (*).
(2) Fell (as a verb) = cut down a tree; See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIBeL-3RB1U and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIBeL-3RB1U
Example (2): How chocolate is made
Chocolate is made of the cacao
(1) tree.
When the cacao fruit is ripe
(2), it is harvested.
Then their seeds are removed.
Next, cocoa beans are
fermented in vats (3) for approximately/about a week.
After this, the beans are dried/placed on a trace in the sun to dry
Following this, the cocoa beans are
sent to/are transported
to (here we do not
use the term ‘transferred’) the chocolate factory
There/At the factory, the cocoa beans are turned into chocolate.
Notes:
(1) Cacao (pronounced kəˈkaʊ)
is the tree, while cocoa is the drink. However, it is often
used interchangeably for both the tree and the beverage.
(2) Ripe (pronounced raɪp)= (of fruit or grain) developed to the point of readiness for harvesting and eating.
(3) Vat = large container for mixing or storing liquid substances, especially in a factory (^^).
TIPS for writing the flow-chart (examples)
Example: the diagram shows how carbon dioxide (CO2)
pollutes the oceans. … Billions of tons of carbon dioxide are released into the air from fossil
fuels that are burnt/burned in factories, homes, and vehicles….. These gases eventually pass into the oceans, forming a weak acid (pronounced ‘æs.ɪd’). Scientists predict that the oceans' acid levels will rise considerably
between now and 2080. If this occurs and the
Earth’s seas become too acidic, much of the plankton (1) that lives there will be destroyed.
(1) plankton = the
small and microscopic organisms drifting or floating in the sea or freshwater
(one word), consisting chiefly of diatoms, protozoans, small crustaceans, and the
eggs and larval stages of larger animals. Many animals are adapted to feed on
plankton, especially by filtering the water)
Example: the diagram illustrates
the various stages in the production of plastic items. The raw materials must be initially transported from the
oil refinery to the plant. On arrival, they are poured into
a large drum. From there, they pass into a special oven, which heats the material at
high pressure so that long molecules of a plastic form (My comment: not ‘molecules are formed’ – it is a natural
procedure). The granules are then funneled
(1) into a rectangular molder
with a narrow end. The molder melts the plastic in
order to push it out into a mold. When
the plastic has hardened in the mold, the items can be
removed, and any waste material discarded. Before they can
be packaged (not ‘packed’), the finished products must
be checked for any
faults, so next, they are placed on a
belt and observed by a specialized employee. If they pass the inspection, they can be packaged into boxes and taken to the warehouse for storage.
(1) Funnel (pronounced ˈfʌn(ə)l) = guide or channel something through or as if through a funnel, i.e., a tube or pipe that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding liquid or powder into a small opening.
Avoiding mistakes on the flow-chart (examples)
Example (1)
Vegetables and fruits
in the greenhouse (1 word) are gathered
and transported to the factory. There, they are laid (not
‘being laid’) on a conveyor belt system (better
than the ‘belt conveyor system’). They enter the
chain of preparation where initially they are sorted
(beware of the typo ‘shorted’) by hand so
that the undesirable vegetables are removed (not ‘to
be removed’). Following this, they are peeled or
polished according to their type. Next, when
is needed (not ‘it is needed’), they are sliced.
After this, they enter the stage of chilling.
Following this, they are placed in a spinning
machine so that they get dried (not ‘so that to get dried’).
Example (2)
Firstly, as can be inferred from the flowchart, the chain begins with the
three main ingredients, water, flour, and yeast, that are poured into
an (do not omit the article ‘an’ here) industrial mixer. Then
dough (1) is mixed, (then) fermented and after this, it
is transferred to a special divider.
There, with the power of a plunger, it enters a rotating cylinder
where it is divided into (not ‘divided in’) pre-specified
weights of (not ‘weights to’) equal proportions. Following this,
it is conveyed on a (do not omit the article ‘a’ here) belt
to the factory (not ‘manufactory’), where it is ready to be baked/
it is ready for use. (
1) Dough (ronounced dəʊ) = a thick, malleable mixture of flour and liquid, used for baking into bread or pastry
Example (3)
As can be seen from the flowchart, refinery oil is transferred by
truck (1), and the
raw (= unprocessed) material
is transported to the plant where it is poured
into (not ‘pour in’) a large vat (2). Next, it passes to a
high-pressure oven where it is heated – a procedure by
which it is (not ‘by with is’) converted into (not
‘converted to’) long molecules consisting of plastic granules. Following
this, plastic granules are funneled (3) into a moulder (or
‘molder’ in North American English), where plastic is melted
and (becomes) molten. After this, the molten product
is released and hardened. Then it is conveyed
on a belt and packaged (not packed).
(1) Beware of the typo ‘track’ – remember ‘music track’ and the phrase ‘follow the track to the farm’ to avoid the typo!
(2) Vat = a large tank or tub used to hold liquid, especially in the industry
(2) Funnel (pronounced ˈfʌn.(ə)l) = guide or channel something through or as if through a funnel, i.e., a tube or pipe that is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, used for guiding liquid or powder into a small opening.
·
c) The Diagram (illustration) (IELTS exams)
(Rare, but it may be asked! It is easier than
the graph, which may explain its scarcity!)
It is actually a diagram without process. It consists of a diagram and often a table with figures
related to the diagram. The
key here is to compare. The TIPS have already been given above.
Example:
The diagram and table provide information
on different types of dredgers used to clean up water from mud. Canal and coastal dredgers perform a similar function, but they differ considerably
regarding their size and power. A canal
dredger boat carries a suction pump with rotating blades, which are lowered into the canal by two hydraulic arms. These stir up the slurry (1) on the bottom of the canal, which is sucked up by the
centrifugal (2) pump. From the pump, the mud is
discharged through a large tube
into a shuttle (3) boat behind the
dredging boat. When the shuttle boat is full of mud, it is towed away (4),
and the mud is dumped. Compared to a coastal dredger, a canal dredger is a lot smaller. It
is only 20 meters long, rather than 90 meters, and is also less broad, with
a hull breadth of 7 meters compared to the hull breadth of 14 meters of the coastal dredger. Coastal
dredgers are made to be used
in the sea and can suck up sand
and slurry from a depth of 40 meters, while canal dredgers are made for much shallower waters (1.9 meters). Clearly, dredgers must be designed to suit the environment in which they operate.
(1) Slurry (pronounced
slʌri) = a semi-liquid mixture, typically of fine particles of manure,
cement, or coal and water.
(2) Centrifugal ((pronounced ˌsen.trɪˈfjuː.ɡ(ə)l in British English or senˈtrɪf.jə.ɡ(ə)l in North American English) = (of a turning object) moving away from the point around which it is turning (**))
(2) shuttle = travel regularly between two or more places.
(4) Tow something away = (phrasal verb) To lift a
vehicle that has been parked illegally onto an official truck and take it to a
place from which you have to pay to collect it (^^)].
Reference
1) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into
IELTS, Workbook with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 1st
published 2008, reprinted 2016
2) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights
into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge
University Press, 3rd edition, 2008, 17th printing, 2015
3) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights
into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge
University Press, 2016.
Reference for the Writing part 1
Bibliography
1) Cambridge English Official IELTS 11 Academic,
Cambridge University Press, UK, 2016. www.cambridge.org/elt
2) Milton J., Bell H., Neville P., IELTS Practice Test 1
with Answers (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2002, 5th impression
2016. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
3) Milton J., Bell H., Neville P., IELTS Practice Test 2
with Answers (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2003, 5th impression
2016. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
4) IELTS Premier by British Council, Student Handbook,
2016.
5) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS (Coursebook &
CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2010. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
6) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS Teachers book,
Express Publishing, Liberty House, UK, 2010, 3rd impression
2015. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
7) Obee B., Spratt M., Mission IELTS Workbook (1),
Academic & General Training (& CD), Express Publishing, Liberty House,
UK, 2011. www.expresspublishing.co.uk
8) Dimond – Bayir S., Improve your Skills, Writing for
IELTS 6.0 – 7.5 with Answer Key, Macmillan Education, UK, 2014
9) Tsoukala – Smyrni Lela, The Wonderful World of English
Grammar (1) & (2)
10) Vince M., Sunderland P., Advanced Language Practice
with key, English Grammar and Vocabulary, Macmillan Education, UK, 2003.
11) Grivas C.N., Guided Composition, and Letter Writing,
(5). Proficiency
12) De Castle L., Gilmore H., SOS, A step–by–step
approach to composition writing for the Cambridge First Certificate, 2nd edition,
Hillside Press.
13) Speak your Mind in Writing (Proficiency), C2,
Teacher’s Super Course System.
14) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials
with CD, March 2009
15) British Council, Official IELTS Practice Materials
with CD, Vol. (2), 2010
16) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS,
Workbook with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 1st published
2008, reprinted 2016
17) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into
IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University
Press, 3rd edition, 2008, 17th printing, 2015
18) Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback
with CD-ROM, 4th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge
University Press, 2013.
19) British Council, Clarity, ROAD TO IELTS, IELTS
preparation and practice (Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking), Academic
Module, 2012
20) Humphries P., Yu S., Nakazawa L., Goni M., Campsall
H., LET’S IELTS, 10 Complete Practice Tests, Academic Module, Super Course
System, Cyprus, 2013
21) Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, 4th edition,
Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016
22) Official IELTS 12 Academic (with Answer Keys),
authentic examination papers, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2017
23) Lougheed L, Barron’s IELTS, P. (48) – (49), 4th edition,
Barron’s Educational Series Inc., New York, 2016.
24) Jakeman V., McDowell C., New Insights into IELTS, Student’s Book with Answers, Cambridge English, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
Reference – Links
(Retrieved: September 12, 2017):
Oxford online dictionary https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/
Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback with
CD-ROM, 4th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge University Press, 2013
Cambridge online dictionary
http://dictionary.cambridge.org
Merriam – Webster (US English) online dictionary
https://www.merriam-webster.com
The Free Dictionary by Farlex (online)
http://www.thefreedictionary.com
‘Google translation’ and Google explanation on
www.google.com
My own definition (in a few words)
(Retrieved February 16, 2017):
https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/172164/what-is-the-difference-between-rest-of-the-things-and-remaining-things
http://wikidiff.com/remaining/rest
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/rest
(Retrieved: February 17, 2017):
Cambridge Advanced Learning Dictionary, paperback with
CD-ROM, 4th edition, edited by Colin McIntosh, Cambridge University Press, 2013
(^^) (^^^ for the examples)
http://wikidiff.com/transport/transfer
http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/273292/transfer-vs-transmit
(Retrieved June 5, 2017):
http://wikidiff.com/remain/remaining
https://hinative.com/en-US/questions/897973
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/remainder
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/remaining
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/rest
(Retrieved: December 16, 2017):
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/punctuation/apostrophe
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